两种透析方法对尿毒症患者微炎症状态及毒素清除的疗效比较

目的比较高通量血液透析(HFHD)和血液透析滤过(HDF)对尿毒症患者微炎症状态及毒素清除的效果。方法选择重庆三博长安医院收治的尿毒症患者100例,随机分成两组,每组50例。对照组采用HDF治疗[2次低通量血液透析(LFHD)+1次HDF],治疗组采用HFHD治疗(2次LFHD+1次HFHD)。比较透析前后两组患者的C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、肌酐、清蛋白水平。结果治疗后两组以上指标(除清蛋白外)水平较治疗前下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),提示HFHD和HDF均能有效清除炎症介质及中、小分子毒素。与对照组比较,治疗组CRP、IL-6、PTH、β2-MG水平明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),提示HFHD清除炎症介质及中分子毒素的效果更优于HDF。而在小分子毒素(肌酐)清除方面比较,二者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HFHD可有效清除炎症介质及中、小分子毒素,并且治疗费用低,不需要特殊设备,值得临床推广。     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者β_2-微球蛋白及钙磷代谢的影响

目的比较3种血液净化方式对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)及钙磷代谢的影响。方法选取MHD患者84例,随机分为低通量血液透析(HD)、低通量HD联合血液透析滤过(HD+HDF)、高通量血液透析(HFHD)3组各28例。HD组给予每周3次低通量HD,HD+HDF组给予每周2次低通量HD+每周1次HD滤过,HFHD组给予每周3次高通量HD。观察治疗前和治疗6个月后患者血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、β_2-MG的变化。结果 HD组治疗前后血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG无显著下降(P0.05);HD+HDF、HFHD组治疗前后血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG明显下降,分别与HD组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);HFHD组较HD+HDF组降磷效果更为显著(P0.05)。而两组在钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG水平下降方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HFHD组与HD+HDF组均可显著清除血磷、降低钙磷乘积、iPTH、β_2-MG水平,有效纠正透析患者的钙磷代谢紊乱。高通量HD操作方便、经济成本较低,是较佳的HD方式。     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者体内分子毒素清除的影响

目的:探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)在维持性血液透析(MHD)患者分子毒素清除中的应用观察及护理方法。方法:对50例MHD患者采用HFHD,比较治疗前、治疗6个月及12个月时肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等指标的变化情况。结果:治疗6个月时hs-CRP、β2-MG显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗12个月时hs-CRP、IL-6、β2-MG显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗12个月时β2-MG显著低于治疗6个月(P<0.05)。结论:HFHD可有效清除MHD患者体内分子毒素,改善体内微炎性状态,提高治疗效果,值得临床推广。     

不同的血液透析方式对肾衰竭患者血清中致病因子的影响

目的 探讨不同的血液透析方式及透析器对肾衰竭患者血清中致病大、小分子的清除作用.方法 109例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者,随机分为观察组(55例)和对照组(54例).观察组患者采用聚矾膜透析器行血液透析滤过(HDF)治疗;对照组则采用血仿膜透析器行常规血液透析(HD)治疗.观察两组患者在单次血液透析前后对尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、血磷、血钾等致病小分子物质以及β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、瘦素、同型半胱氨酸等致病大分子物质的清除状况.结果 透析后,两组患者的BUN、Scr、血磷、血钾等含量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组的β2-MG、iPTH、瘦素、同型半胱氨酸等含量与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 两种不同的血液透析方式对致病小分子物质具有相似的清除效果,但对致病大分子物质的清除以HDF透析方式的疗效更优,可在临床上推广使用.     

血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者血清β2-微球蛋白的清除效果

目的 研究血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者血清β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的清除效果.方法 将42例维持性血液透析患者随机分为2组A组血液灌流+血液透析(HD+HP)、B组血液透析(HD),A组接受树脂吸附联合血液透析治疗,B组接受常规血液透析治疗,均在单次治疗前后用放射免疫法测定血清β2-MG水平.结果 A组治疗后患者血β2-MG从(22.61±5.17)mg/L降至(11.98±3.92)mg/L,治疗前后比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);B组治疗后血β2-MG从(23.37±5.13)mg/L降至(23.34±5.08)mg/L,治疗前后比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 血液灌流联合血液透析能有效地清除β2-MG.     

高、低通量血液透析对尿毒症病人透析质量的比较

目的比较低通量血液透析(LF-HD)与高通量血液透析(HF-HD)对尿毒症患者不同分子质量毒素的清除及营养情况的评估。方法22例维持性血液透析患者,先后接受LF-HD及HF-HD各3月,每周均透析3次,每次透析时间为4h。分别于透析前及3月后测定患者血清的肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)以及血浆白蛋白水平,并进行统计学处理。结果LF-HD和HF-HD透析治疗后患者的Scr下降率分别为62.5%和61.1%,血BUN的下降率分别为66.9%和65.8%,两种透析方式比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。HF-HD透析治疗后血β2-MG的下降率为45.1%,明显优于LF-HD透析治疗后β2-MG下降率-1.8%(P<0.01)。结论HF-HD能有效清除中分子毒素(血β2-MG),LF-HD不能清除中分子毒素(血β2-MG)。对于小分子毒素(Scr、血BUN)的清除率以及对血浆白蛋白的影响,两者比较无统计学差异。     

慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者血液透析滤过与高通量血液透析透析效果比较

选择我院收治的86例慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用高通量血液透析治疗,观察组采用血液透析滤过治疗。比较两组后尿素清除指数改善情况,血清Urea、Cr改善情况,β2-MG清除情况,血清白蛋白、电解质清除情况。结果观察组透析后β2-MG、血清Urea、Cr显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组透析后K+、Ca2+、P-含量显著低于透析前,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血液透析滤过治疗慢性肾衰竭尿毒症毒素清除效果更佳,不引起蛋白质丢失,使用方便,值得临床推广应用。     

高通量血液透析与低通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病患者的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)与低通量血液透析(LFHD)对糖尿病肾病(DN)患者代谢及肾功能的影响。方法将60例DN患者按照随机数字表分为HFHD组与LFHD组,每组30例。比较2组肾功能指标及代谢指标水平。结果透析前,2组血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);透析后,HFHD组以上指标均高于LFHD组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。2组透析前后血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血尿酸(BUA)、血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);HFHD组透析后TC、hs-CRP、P、PTH、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于LFHD组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相较于LFHD,HFHD治疗DN能够有效清除毒素,调节机体代谢,显著改善患者肾功能及炎症状态。     

高通量血液透析在治疗尿毒症患者中的应用

目的:探讨高通量血液透析在治疗尿毒症患者中的应用效果。方法:将120例尿毒症患者随机等分为高通量组和低通量组,高通量组应用高通量血液透析,低通量组应用低通量血液透析。比较两组患者血液透析治疗前后血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血钾(K+)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、血清甲状旁腺激素(IPTH)、血红蛋白(Hb)的变化情况。比较两组患者血液透析期间低血压、感染等不良反应的发生率。结果:两组患者在血液透析治疗前后Scr,BUN,K+差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高通量组在透析治疗后β2-MG,IPTH水平低于低通量组(P<0.05),Hb高于低通量组(P<0.05)。两组患者血液透析后低血压、感染等不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者耐受性好。结论:采用高通量血液透析治疗尿毒症能有效清除中大分子毒素如β2-MG、IPTH等,减少透析的慢性并发症,改善患者生活质量。     

前稀释高容量联机血液滤过与低通量血液透析清除效果的前瞻性交叉研究

目的:比较前稀释高容量联机血液滤过(HF)与低通量血液透析(HD)清除的效果.方法:对10例维持性HD患者采用前瞻性、随机、交叉研究,观察两种血液净化治疗前后血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血磷、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、瘦素(leptin)水平变化及评价尿素清除指数.结果:HF组β2-MG、瘦素下降率明显高于HD组(P＜0.01),而BUN、Scr下降率及一室尿素清除指数、二室尿素清除指数低于HD组(P＜0.05).两组血磷下降率差异无显著性.结论:前稀释高容量联机HF清除较大分子量尿毒症毒素明显优于低通量HD.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.