肾移植后高尿酸血症与移植肾的远期功能:是慢性移植肾功能丢失的因素吗?(英文)

背景:大量研究充分证实高血压、血管性肾硬化、慢性全身炎症反应都是移植肾慢性失功的重要诱因.高尿酸血症与原发性高血压及血管性肾硬化有关,并且可引起全身炎症反应,那么肾移植后高尿酸血症发病及病变程度是否对移植肾远期功能有影响呢?目的:实验首次探讨肾移植前后高尿酸血症及其病变程度对移植肾远期功能的影响.方法:选择解放军第一八一医院全军肾移植与透析治疗中心肾移植后肾功能恢复正常患者216例,男性146例,年龄(40.98±11.09)岁;女性70例,年龄(40.01±11.62)岁.为比较移植前后高尿酸血症对移植肾远期功能的影响,将病例分为4组:正常组、移植前高尿酸血症组、移植后高尿酸血症组、移植前后均高组.为比较移植后不同血清尿酸水平对移植肾远期功能的影响,将病例分为3组:血尿酸水平正常组、血尿酸水平高于正常但<500 μmol/L组、血尿酸水平>500 μmol/L组.观察移植前后高尿酸血症对移植肾远期功能的影响;移植后不同程度增高血尿酸水平对移植肾远期功能的影响.结果与结论:移植前男性患者高尿酸血症患病率为34.2%,女性患者为37.7%;移植后30 d肾功能恢复正常时,男性患者高尿酸血症患病率为36.2%,女性患者为42.4%,与移植前相比差异均无显著性意义.女性患者肾移植后高尿酸血症患病率高于男性患者(P<0.05).男女患者移植后血尿酸水平均高于移植前(P<0.01).随访3年时,移植前血尿酸水平对患者远期血肌酐水平无显著影响(P>0.05),但移植后血尿酸水平持续增高者,远期血肌酐水平显著高于移植后血尿酸水平正常者.实验结果显示,肾移植后肾功能恢复良好患者的高尿酸血症患病率及程度均高于移植前,尤其是在女性患者.移植后尿酸持续增高患者远期移植肾功能不如移植后尿酸正常患者,提示移植后高尿酸血症可能是导致慢性移植肾失功的因素之一.     

冠心病患者高尿酸血症发生率与年龄相关性分析

目的探讨冠心病患者血尿酸水平及高尿酸血症发生率与年龄的关系。方法 982例冠心病患者根据年龄分为6组,分析不同年龄组患者血尿酸水平及高尿酸血症发生率。结果冠心病患者血尿酸水平及高尿酸血症发生率随年龄增长而增高,不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者血尿酸水平及高尿酸血症发生率与年龄呈正相关。     

心血管疾病与高尿酸血症的关系探讨

目的:探讨心血管疾病与高尿酸血症的关系.方法:对210例心血管疾病患者血尿酸水平进行检测,并分析其与心血管疾病患者性别、病种之间的关系.结果:伴高尿酸血症68例中,男性显著多于女性(P＜0.01);高尿酸血症在各心血管病中分配比例比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);高血压、冠心病、急性心肌梗死患者血尿酸水平比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:在心血管疾病中,男性患高尿酸血症的比例明显高于女性;血清尿酸水平升高,对高血压、冠心病、急性心肌梗死的发生无鉴别意义.     

降尿酸治疗对脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的:研究高尿酸血症的急性脑梗死患者降尿酸治疗对血管内皮功能及血压的影响。方法:搜集同一中心共138例患者入选该研究。高尿酸血症并急性脑梗死者入选92例,随机（随机数字法）分为实验组46例,对照组46例,同时入选同期血尿酸正常的急性脑梗死患者46例,实验组口服别嘌醇3个月治疗高尿酸血症。对这些人群进行抽血化验,记录治疗前后血尿酸、血脂及hs-CRP,同时检测患者血压、体质量指数（BMI）,并采用超声无创血流介导的血管舒张功能（FMD）进行血管内皮功能评估,治疗前后各组之间比较并进行统计学分析。结果:别嘌醇治疗3个月后实验组血尿酸[(479.7±49.0) μmol/L vs. (381.2±76.7)μmol/L]、hs-CRP[(8.1±6.7) mg/L vs. (5.1±4.6) mg/L]、收缩压[(124.7±26.3) mmHg vs. (97.4±13.5) mmHg]明显降低( P<0.05),FMD[(7.6±3.5%) vs. (11.2±3.9%)]明显升高( P<0.05),FMD升高的程度与血尿酸降低的程度呈正相关( r=0.463, P<0.01),多元回归分析显示血尿酸是FMD的独立影响因子（ β=-0.229, P=0.035)。 结论:高尿酸血症的急性脑梗死患者中降尿酸治疗可明显改善患者的血管内皮功能,改善炎症状态,降低患者血压,进一步印证了高尿酸血症导致血管内皮功能紊乱,促进动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展。     

降尿酸治疗对脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的:研究高尿酸血症的急性脑梗死患者降尿酸治疗对血管内皮功能及血压的影响。方法:搜集同一中心共138例患者入选该研究。高尿酸血症并急性脑梗死者入选92例,随机（随机数字法）分为实验组46例,对照组46例,同时入选同期血尿酸正常的急性脑梗死患者46例,实验组口服别嘌醇3个月治疗高尿酸血症。对这些人群进行抽血化验,记录治疗前后血尿酸、血脂及hs-CRP,同时检测患者血压、体质量指数（BMI）,并采用超声无创血流介导的血管舒张功能（FMD）进行血管内皮功能评估,治疗前后各组之间比较并进行统计学分析。结果:别嘌醇治疗3个月后实验组血尿酸[(479.7±49.0) μmol/L vs. (381.2±76.7)μmol/L]、hs-CRP[(8.1±6.7) mg/L vs. (5.1±4.6) mg/L]、收缩压[(124.7±26.3) mmHg vs. (97.4±13.5) mmHg]明显降低( P<0.05),FMD[(7.6±3.5%) vs. (11.2±3.9%)]明显升高( P<0.05),FMD升高的程度与血尿酸降低的程度呈正相关( r=0.463, P<0.01),多元回归分析显示血尿酸是FMD的独立影响因子（ β=-0.229, P=0.035)。 结论:高尿酸血症的急性脑梗死患者中降尿酸治疗可明显改善患者的血管内皮功能,改善炎症状态,降低患者血压,进一步印证了高尿酸血症导致血管内皮功能紊乱,促进动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展。     

原发性醛固酮增多症患者血尿酸水平与肾脏早期损害的关系

目的:比较原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)和原发性高血压(EH)患者血尿酸水平的差异,探讨血尿酸水平与肾脏早期损害的关系。方法:选择因"高血压查因"住院确诊的资料完整的病例,按性别、年龄、高血压水平及其病程等匹配原则纳入117例PA患者和117例EH患者,比较两组患者血脂、血糖、血尿酸等代谢紊乱程度和肾靶器官损害的差异。结果:(1)PA患者尿酸水平显著低于EH患者[(314.00±89.52)μmol/L vs(379.16±101.25)μmol/L,P0.01],但其尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)显著高于EH患者[18.65(9.58,35.99)μg/min vs 9.00(4.53,18.70)μg/min,P0.01],两组患者e GFR、肌酐、尿素氮水平无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)高尿酸血症的PA患者与正常尿酸水平的PA患者之间UAER、肌酐、尿素氮、e GFR水平无显著差异(均P0.05);高尿酸血症的EH患者较正常尿酸水平的EH患者UAER、肌酐、尿素氮升高,而e GFR水平下降(均P0.05)。(3)多重线性回归分析显示在校正年龄、病程、BMI后,PA患者的卧位醛固酮水平、入院收缩压对其UAER有独立预测价值(P0.05),但尿酸对UAER无影响(P0.05);EH患者尿酸及入院收缩压均对其UAER有独立预测价值(P0.05)。结论 PA患者尿酸水平较EH患者低。PA患者血尿酸水平与其肾脏早期损害无相关性,而EH患者血尿酸水平与肾脏早期损害有关。     

脑梗死与高尿酸血症临床相关性分析

目的：探讨脑梗死与高尿酸血症的关系。方法：选取210例脑梗死患者作为观察组,另选体检正常者195例作为对照组,检测两组患者空腹血尿酸水平并作对比分析。结果：脑梗死组患者的血尿酸水平明显高于对照组。结论：高尿酸血症是发生缺血性卒中的危险因素。     

高血压病与血尿酸水平的关系

【目的】探讨高血压病与血尿酸水平的关系及其临床意义。【方法】选择60～80岁高血压病人140例,行血压及血尿酸水平检测,分析高血压与血尿酸水平的关系。【结果]60-80岁高血压患者血尿酸水平及伴发高尿酸血症的发生率均明显高于血压正常门诊病人,且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;但与60岁以下高血压患者血尿酸水平及伴发高尿酸血症的发生率相比差异无显著性。【结论】高尿酸血症与高血压存在一定关系;高血压治疗同时不能忽视血尿酸检测及高尿酸血症的治疗,降低高血压病病人血尿酸能减少高血压病心血管事件的发生。     

2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血尿酸及血脂水平分析

目的分析2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血尿酸与血脂水平,探讨2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死与血尿酸和血脂水平之间的关系。方法将120例2型糖尿病患者按是否合并急性脑梗死分为观察组(2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者)和对照组(单纯2型糖尿病患者),每组60例。检测2组患者血尿酸及血脂指标(TC、HDL-C、TG、LDL-C)水平并进行比较。结果观察组患者血尿酸值显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病与血尿酸水平呈负相关(r=-0.594,P=0.025)。观察组患者TG、TC和LDL-C水平均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组HDL-C水平相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论造成2型糖尿病并发急性脑梗死的主要高危因素是高尿酸血症和和高脂血症。     

高尿酸血症与青年脑梗死的相关性临床分析

目的探讨高尿酸血症与青年脑梗死之间的相互关系。方法选择18～45岁青年脑梗死住院患者84例进行空腹血尿酸水平、血压、血脂和血糖水平的测定,与80例年龄相匹配的体检者进行比较,通过多因素回归分析探讨高尿酸血症及其他危险因素与青年脑梗死之间的相关性。结果病例组血尿酸、血压、血脂、血糖均高于对照组(P0.05)。血尿酸的OR值=1.94,95%CI=1.28～2.83,P=0.0320。结论高尿酸血症与青年脑梗死发病有相关性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.