应用扩张器修复颈部瘢痕行皮肤扩张术的护理体会

目的：探讨应用扩张器修复颈部瘢痕行皮肤扩张术的护理体会。方法：2000年1月-2007年8月应用多个扩张器置入颈部正常皮肤下，扩张皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕切除后创面45例，均手术前后制定护理细则，保证病情观察的规范化。结果：43例患者扩张皮瓣转移后无继发畸形，1例皮瓣部分血运障碍，1例扩张器外露、切口感染，经换药后均痊愈。结论：皮肤软组织扩张术是修复较大颈部瘢痕切除后创面的首选方法，规范化的护理，能有效预防术后并发症，提高手术效果。     

应用皮肤扩张术修复四肢瘢痕38例分析

目的：寻找一种修复四肢瘢痕挛缩畸形理想的治疗方法.方法：应用皮肤扩张术在四肢瘢痕附近正常皮肤皮下植入扩张器2～5个,扩张器容量100～600 ml,切口愈合后开始注水扩张,每周1～2次,每次注水量为扩张器容量的10%～20%,1～2个月完成注水扩张后,在全麻下行瘢痕切除,扩张器取出,扩张皮瓣转移术.结果：自1999-02～2006-12共治疗38例四肢瘢痕挛缩患者,瘢痕面积为5 cm×3 cm～20 cm×5 cm.随访6～12个月,术区皮肤肤色、质地、弹性良好,畸形矫正,四肢功能明显改善,治疗效果满意.结论：应用皮肤扩张术修复四肢瘢痕不仅能使外观及功能得到改善,而且供区可直接缝合,不产生新的瘢痕,是一种修复四肢瘢痕挛缩畸形的理想手术方法.     

皮肤扩张术皮瓣转移治疗面颈部皮肤缺损

目的 应用皮肤扩张术修复面颈部皮肤缺损。 方法 应用多个扩张器置入面颈胸部正常皮肤下，定期注水行皮肤扩张，扩张后皮瓣修复92例面颈部瘢痕、斑痕、血管瘤等皮肤病变切除后创面。选用不同类型、不同容积的扩张器，以最佳的设计方案埋植一个或数个扩张器，尽量减少术后瘢痕及辅助切口。 结果 除4例扩张器出现感染而取出外，其余病例面颈部器官形态、功能均获得满意效果，随访皮瓣颜色、质地均佳。 结论 面颈胸部有可供扩张的正常皮肤时，皮肤扩张术为面颈部皮肤缺损修复的首选方法。     

面颈部皮肤扩张器植入Ⅰ期术护理体会

面颈部烧伤后瘢痕挛缩常致上下唇外翻畸形,扩张皮瓣修复瘢痕优于游离植皮、皮瓣等疗法,它有与皮肤色泽接近、质地相当、不易挛缩、不产生色素沉着、不增加供区瘢痕、无臃肿等优点,可改善治疗效果,但由于其治疗过程长,并发症的发病率较高,要求护理更细致、更耐心。笔者总结20例面颈部皮肤扩张器植入I期术的护理经验,报告如下。     

微型扩张器快速扩张在面颈部美容22例的应用

目的:总结微型扩张器快速扩张在面颈部体表肿物、色素痣及萎缩性瘢痕切除修复中的应用经验及教训。方法:系统回顾我科自2003年2月至2005年2月两年间共使用微型扩张器进行面颈部体表肿物,色素痣及萎缩性瘢痕切除后修复共22例,统计修复面积、微型扩张器位置设计、扩张方法、修复效果、并发症及常见原因。结果:本组修复面积最大为6cm2,平均4mL扩张器容量可以修复1cm2的瘢痕区,并发症发生率为5%。结论:面颈部较大的瘢痕、血管瘤、色素痣等切除后,直接拉拢缝合而造成眼脸、鼻翼、口唇等组织移位,严重影响美观。通过微型扩张器快速注水扩张,使其产生“额外”皮肤,然后将瘢痕、肿物等切除,用扩张产生的“额外”皮肤制成皮瓣转移修复创面,在色泽、质地、厚度与缺损区完全相似,从而达到理想的形态和满意的效果,克服皮瓣传统方法的许多弊端;重视术前设计,提高扩张器质量,提高外科基本技能,可降低手术并发症发生率,达到预期手术目的。     

扩张超薄穿支皮瓣在面颈部体表良性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨扩张超薄穿支皮瓣在面颈部体表良性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用。 方法 一期术前就用多普勒超声血流探测仪定位血管的部位及走行,于前胸部皮肤全层下埋置扩张器,二期切除面颈部巨大肿瘤,以穿支血管为蒂设计扩张超薄皮瓣以修复面颈部巨大肿瘤术后缺损,供区一期闭合。 结果 2011年1月至2014年12月期间对12例面颈部面颈部良性肿瘤切除术后缺损以前胸部扩张超薄穿支皮瓣修复,11例皮瓣完全存活,其中1例末端血运障碍,经处理后皮瓣均存活良好。转移皮瓣大小24cm×16cm-8cm×9cm。术后随访6个月,皮瓣颜色接近正常皮肤,感觉良好,面部表情自如。 结论 此超薄扩张穿支皮瓣血运良好、厚薄适中,是面颈部良性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复的理想方法,值得临床推广。     

皮肤软组织扩张术在面颈部烧伤整形中的实践

目的 探讨扩张器在皮肤软组织扩张技术治疗软组织瘢痕整形手术中的应用.方法 应用扩张器分二期给面颈部烧伤患者进行整形,一期采用扩张器生成皮瓣;二期旋转式推进岛状扩张皮瓣至患处,修复患者皮肤.共修复10例软组织瘢痕患者.结果 10例患者中除1例在扩张过程中出现扩张器折叠,1例出现血肿,1例扩张后局部皮瓣边缘坏死外,扩张皮瓣均全部成活,修复后形态自然,随访6个月～1年,效果满意.结论 在手术前充分做好设计和严防并发症的情况下,皮肤软组织扩张术是修复软组织瘢痕的理想选择.     

扩张超薄穿支皮瓣在面颈部体表良性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的:探讨扩张超薄穿支皮瓣在面颈部体表良性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用价值。方法:2011年1月~2014年12月,采用前胸部扩张超薄穿支皮瓣修复了12例面颈部良性肿瘤切除术后缺损患者,一期术前用多普勒超声血流探测仪定位血管的部位及走行,于前胸部皮肤全层下埋置扩张器,二期切除面颈部肿瘤,设计扩张超薄皮瓣修复面颈部肿瘤术后缺损,供区一期闭合。结果:11例皮瓣完全存活,仅1例出现末端血运障碍,经处理后,皮瓣存活良好;转移皮瓣大小为8 cm×9 cm~24 cm×16 cm;术后随访6个月,患者皮瓣颜色接近正常皮肤,感觉良好,面部表情自如。结论:超薄扩张穿支皮瓣是面颈部良性肿瘤切除术后修复缺损的理想方法,值得临床推广。     

面部皮肤软组织扩张器植入术护理体会

[目的]探讨面部皮肤软组织扩张器植入治疗瘢痕的护理体会。[方法]对35例面部瘢痕病人I期行扩张器植入术,注水2个月～3个月后行Ⅱ期瘢痕切除皮瓣转移修复皮肤缺损区。[结果]35例病人皮肤创面愈合良好,1例病人出现扩张器漏水,重新放置扩张器。[结论]做好术前、术后护理对皮肤软组织扩张术的成功至关重要。     

远位扩张皮瓣在颜面部瘢痕修复中的应用

目的 探讨扩张的远位皮瓣在修复颜面部大面积缺损中的应用.方法 在胸部或上臂内侧深筋膜浅面放置1枚400～800 ml的扩张器,扩张充分后对皮瓣进行1～2次延迟,然后转移至颜面部瘢痕切除后的创面.结果 修复颜面部大面积瘢痕挛缩7例,皮瓣全部成活,色泽正常,供皮瓣区均直接缝合.经术后1～3年随访观察, 转移皮瓣色泽与颜面部接近,厚度适中,感觉正常,外形美观.结论 扩张的远位皮瓣修复颜面部大面积缺损是一种安全可靠、实用有效的方法.     

Burned unilateral half-cheek resurfacing techniques

Postburn cheek deformities are a tragedy for patients and pose a great challenge to surgeons due to a limited number of well-matching donor sites. In cases of unilateral half-cheek deformity, the flap's skin should match the contralateral cheek and the residual skin of the deformed cheek. The skin of a distant flap does not match the facial skin and resembles a patch. The most suitable skin type is the neck's skin and residual cheek's skin transposed on the defect with special techniques. Seventy-six patients with unilateral cheek scars covering nearly half of cheek's surface (total cheek deformities are not included in this series) were personally operated. The deformities were divided into four types or forms: lower cheek, lateral, medial, and upper. The flaps and techniques were designed for each type. The cervical skin, residual cheek skin, and periauricular skin (most matching the cheek's skin) was used in form of different flaps, depending on the scar location on the cheek. The basic flap used was the cervical split flap which could include A) a thoracic adipose-cutaneous layer (cervico-thoracic flap); B) periauricular fasciocutaneous layer (cervico-periauricular and cervico-thoraco-periauricular flaps); C) residual healthy facial adipocutaneous layer (cervico-facial, cervico-facio-periauricular, and cervico-thoraco-facioperiauricular flaps). Cervical flap has axial circulation and is elevated without platysma; it is transposed on the cheek with some tension. The lower and lateral cheek deformities were eliminated most successfully with the cervico-thoraco-periauricular flap by one-stage procedure. Medial and upper cheek deformities were eliminated with the cervico-facio-thoraco-periauricular flap. The facial segment can be expanded (usually in cases of upper cheek reconstruction); in such cases, the thoracic region is not included in the flap (cervico-facio-periauricular flap). The cheeks were reconstructed in all patients without serious complications. The flap's skin matched the contralateral cheek and surrounding healthy skin; the donor site's damage was minimal; operation scars' line was maximally shortened. The use of cervical split flap in combination with thoracic, facial, and periauricular adipose-cutaneous layer opens, in author's opinion, a reliable and most successful way for postburn half-cheek resurfacing.     

游离肩胛皮瓣移植修复头皮大面积缺损合并骨外露

背景：游离肩胛皮瓣具有可提供面积大、皮瓣色泽好、质地优良、薄厚适中、皮瓣易于切取、血管恒定、供区隐蔽等特点,适合作为大面积头皮缺损伴有骨外露的首选皮瓣之一。目的：回顾性分数应用肩胛皮瓣游离移植修复复杂的大面积头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的方法及经验。方法：对8例头皮大面积缺损合并颅骨外露患者,采用切取游离肩胛皮瓣,将旋肩胛动静脉与颞浅动静脉或面动静脉吻合方法修复大面积缺损及骨外露。随访6-12个月,观察游离肩胛皮瓣移植后皮瓣感染情况,游离肩胛皮瓣成活情况,供皮区处理及愈合结果及不良反应。结果与结论：全部8例肩胛皮瓣均一期成活,2例出现静脉回流不畅,给予针刺放血及拆除远端部分缝线后好转;术后随访期间,皮瓣血运良好,头部局部外形好,未见并发症。结果提示游离肩胛皮瓣血管恒定,血运可靠,皮瓣色泽质地优良,可切取面积大,对供区影响小,可作为修复大面积头皮缺损的选择方法之一。     

应用邻近皮瓣Ⅰ期修复颜面部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨根据解剖部位的不同合理选用邻近皮瓣Ⅰ期修复颜面部皮肤缺损的方法和疗效.方法 163例患者颜面部皮肤肿瘤在切除后,采用邻近皮瓣Ⅰ期修复皮肤缺损.有8种皮瓣被成功的设计和应用.结果 在所有患者中,有155例患者切口Ⅰ期愈合,缺损愈合满意,瘢痕隐匿,无明显面部畸形及色差.5例患者术后皮瓣远端表皮出现坏死.应用最多的是旋转皮瓣,其次是滑行推进皮瓣.结论 合理设计的邻近皮瓣修复面部较大皮肤缺损可获满意疗效和美容效果.     

Microcirculation in hypertrophic scars after burn injury

Hypertrophic scar formation is a common complication after burn injury. Early active scars show hyperemic appearances that change as the scar matures. This is a report on microcirculation in hypertrophic scars after burn injury among 50 Chinese patients with a laser Doppler flowmeter. The average period of follow-up for the patients was 20 months. The microcirculatory response in scars to vasodilation (heat) stimulus was studied. Significant differences (p less than 0.0001) were demonstrated between scars of different clinical grades of maturity when compared with normal skin. The qualitative and quantitative differences in microcirculatory blood flow were correlated with site variations and different physiologic demands from different grades of scars. The study showed that laser Doppler flowmetry was useful in the clinical grading assessment of or for scar maturity.     

The island myocutaneous flap reconstruction in electrical burn injuries of severely traumatized cervical region

Trauma patients with high-energy injuries often present with severe tissue damage that extends beyond the immediate zone of injury and require recruitment of vascularized and massive tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of the island myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of the electrical burn injuries on the cervical region. We conducted a retrospective chart review on all trauma patients treated by the Department of Plastic Surgery at Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University who required a large amount of vascularized tissue for the reconstruction of the electrical burn injuries on the cervical region from July 1994 to June 2006. Of them, 23 patients underwent reconstruction of severe traumatic deformities and disfunction on the cervical region with 23 island myocutaneous flaps from adjacent regions. Of the 23 patients, 17 were male and 6 were female, with an average age of 38 years. Conservative surgery method for debriding necrotic tissues and three different types of island myocutaneous flaps, including pectoralis major island myocutaneous flap, latissimus dorsi island myocutaneous flap and trapezius island myocutaneous flap were used. The defect area ranged from 6 cm x 4 cm to 20 cm x 15 cm. The sizes of the dissected myocutaneous flap ranged from 8 cm x 6 cm to 35 cm x 15 cm. All the 23 cases acquired complete recovery. The secondary defect of donor areas had primary closure after being directly sutured or covered with skin grafts. Island myocutaneous flaps have distinctive advantages in treatment of electrical burn injuries on cervical region and it can obtain satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcomes.     

62例侧颅底肿瘤根治术后缺损重建方法分析

  目的  对侧颅底肿瘤根治术后不同修复重建方法进行分析、总结。  方法  本研究为回顾性分析。研究对象为2012年1月1日至2019年12月31日北京协和医院口腔科和耳鼻咽喉科行侧颅底肿瘤根治术及修复重建的患者。依据缺损情况(不伴皮肤缺损、伴皮肤缺损、伴下颌骨体部及升支缺损)进行不同方法的修复重建,并观察患者出院时伤口愈合情况及重建效果。  结果  共62例患者(63次缺损修复术)纳入本研究。其中不伴皮肤缺损34例、伴皮肤缺损23例、伴下颌骨体部及升支缺损5例,组织瓣成活率为98.41%(62/63),伤口一期愈合率为90.48%(57/63)。不伴皮肤缺损患者中,采取游离脂肪填充修复6例、颞肌瓣联合游离脂肪填充修复14例、胸锁乳突肌瓣或联合颞肌瓣修复13例、颞肌瓣联合颌下腺瓣修复1例;其中2例术后出现脑脊液漏,换药后延期愈合;34例患者术后均未发生感染与脂肪液化,组织瓣成活率为100%,伤口一期愈合率为94.12%(32/34)。伴皮肤缺损患者中,缺损直径≤3 cm者5例,均采用颈面部推进皮瓣联合颞肌瓣和/或胸锁乳突肌瓣修复,皮瓣成活率为100%,伤口一期愈合率为100%;缺损直径＞3 cm者18例(19次缺损修复术),其中行股前外侧肌皮瓣修复8例、胸大肌等带蒂皮瓣修复6例、前臂皮瓣联合带蒂皮瓣或局部组织瓣修复2例、胸大肌皮瓣或联合颈面部推进皮瓣及颌下腺瓣修复2例、腹直肌皮瓣修复1例,1例曾行大剂量放疗患者采用股前外侧肌皮瓣修复后3 d出现静脉栓塞,后改用胸大肌皮瓣救援修复后一期愈合;1例采用股前外侧肌皮瓣移植患者术后第2天出现血肿,清除血肿后伤口一期愈合;1例腹直肌皮瓣修复患者术后出现脑脊液漏,换药后皮损延期愈合;2例采用胸大肌等带蒂皮瓣修复后出现远端小面积坏死,经换药后伤口延期愈合;余患者的伤口均一期愈合,一期愈合率为84.21%(16/19),皮瓣成活率为94.74%(18/19)。伴下颌骨体部及升支缺损患者中,采用腓骨肌皮瓣、游离肋骨移植联合颞肌瓣、股前外侧-股骨肌皮瓣移植修复分别2例、2例、1例,皮瓣均完全成活、伤口一期愈合。10例患者累及硬脑膜造成颅内外沟通,其中7例无术后并发症患者一期愈合,3例脑脊液漏患者经换药后延期愈合。行一期面神经重建患者24例,其中采用耳大神经移植重建12例,舌下神经8例,咬肌神经(+/-)耳大神经3例,股外侧皮神经1例;13例获得随访,面神经功能均获得不同程度的恢复。  结论  侧颅底肿瘤根治性切除术后应根据缺损范围选用不同的重建方式。对于不伴皮肤缺损者,可采用颞肌瓣联合游离脂肪填充或局部组织瓣修复;伴皮肤缺损直径≤3 cm者,可采用颈面部推进皮瓣联合局部组织瓣修复;伴皮肤缺损直径＞3 cm者,股前外侧肌皮瓣是较佳的修复方法。多次手术和术前放疗血管状态不佳或无法进行显微外科手术的患者,可选用胸大肌等带蒂皮瓣;若缺损累及颧弓以上,则可联合颈面部推进皮瓣及局部组织瓣修复;较大范围骨缺损,应酌情修复骨缺损。如条件许可,应争取一期重建面神经缺损。     

Partial excision of residual burn lesions

Most burn victims have unattractive residual lesions, which may include hypertrophic donor sites, unsightly skin grafts, hypertrophic scars, and mature scars with altered pigmentation or texture. Some of these lesions can be treated by total excision in one or more stages or they can be reconstructed utilizing grafts, flaps, Z-plasties, or tissue expansion. But frequently these procedures are either not indicated or not elected by the patient. In such a situation, the only surgical option is partial excision, with the goal of making the lesion less conspicuous and more easily concealed by clothing. Whether or not such partial excisions are worthwhile is the obvious question. We could not find an answer in the literature and therefore decided to review our own experience. Between 6/30/81 and 3/12/86, 92 such procedures were performed and followed in 25 patients. Partial excision of hypertrophic donor sites, unsightly skin grafts, and hypertrophic scars did yield improved appearance in most patients. However, partial excision of mature scars, ie, areas of altered pigmentation or texture, did not have the same success. We continue to treat the first three types of lesions in this fashion but no longer include the latter.     

Salvage of ear cartilage in patients with acute full-thickness burns

Three cases in which the temporoparietal fascial flap was used to salvage denuded ear cartilage during the acute period after burn injury are reported. Patients' burns ranged from 30% to 75% total body surface area. The full-thickness burn was acutely excised, exposing the auricular cartilage. The temporoparietal facial flap was elevated and wrapped around the cartilage. The flap was then covered with a split-thickness skin graft. All flaps and skin grafts survived. Additional reconstructive procedures have been performed on two of the patients and are planned for the third.     

Unilateral cervical burn scar deformity elimination with contralateral cervicothoracic flap--a new approach

Unilateral postburn cervical deformity is a severe cosmetic and functional defect and a challenging reconstructive problem. Many flaps have been suggested; however, after surgery, operational scars, located along the anterior neck's middle line, and the flap's skin differ from cervical healthy skin. A small flap resembles a patch. A more effective and safer technique is neck resurfacing with cervicothoracic adipocutaneous flap which had been used by the author in 32 burned patients. The flap's peculiarities are as follows: axis blood circulation via superficial cervical artery perforator; exclusion of platysma (flap is thin and elastic); and undamaged donor site. The mobilized healthy neck's skin with thin fat layer and adipocutaneous layer of the chest wall are elevated as a whole large flap. After scar excision, the cervicothoracic flap is advanced on the wound with tension. As a result of flap tension, the skin of neck's back, thoracic wall, and axilla are displaced to the anterior neck surface covering the donor wound. On an average, 6 cm of the deformed neck anterior surface was restored. No flap loss but only local superficial scar necrosis along the flap's border occurred. The cervical contracture and scar deformity (25 patients) were eliminated in all cases by a single procedure. For complete neck skin restoration, seven patients underwent staged reconstruction using the same technique. Excellent functional and good cosmetic follow-up results were achieved. The proposed technique is easy to plan and perform and yields good results; therefore, the author believes that the contralateral cervicothoracic flap's use is an exclusive option for unilateral cervical contracture and deformity elimination in adults and pediatric patients.     

前臂游离皮瓣修复舌癌切除后缺损围术期护理

目的总结前臂游离皮瓣修复舌癌切除后缺损围术期的护理方法。方法对33例前臂游离皮瓣移植修复舌癌术后缺损的患者进行术前、术后的护理,尤其是严密观察皮瓣血运,及早发现血管危象。结果 33例患者皮瓣全部成活,其中有2例是在及时发现并尽早处理血管危象后成功。结论通过对前臂游离皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损患者进行积极有效的围术期护理,极大提高了手术成功率和患者术后生活质量。