体表超声轨迹法测量右室容积和右室功能的可行性研究

目的探讨体表超声轨迹法测量右室容积和右室功能的可行性。方法通过对右室空间结构的观察，提出右室的几何学假设。结果垂直于右室流出道长轴的连续性短轴扫描，所得一系列切面图形，互为相似形，此点是体表超声测量右室功能的关键。结论提出了新的右室容积测量方法，并建立了相应的数学模型     

建立超声轨迹法体表测量右室容积和右室功能

右室容积和右室功能的测量是临床心脏病诊断的传统课题。本文首次提出建立超声轨迹法，体表测量右室容积及其功能。建立了相应的数学模型。因其较准确体现了右室形态，经临床验证，是一种实用的体表超声测量方法。     

超声实时三平面法测量右室容积和功能的实验与临床应用研究

目的探讨超声实时三平面（Tri-plane）法测量右室容积和功能的准确性。方法首先应用实时Tri-plane法和二维超声双平面Simpson法分别测量10个右室模型的容积,以注水法测得的右室模型实际容积作为参照,分别进行比较;随后应用实时Tri-plane法测量30例健康志愿者的右室每搏量（RVSV）,与Simpson法所测左室每搏量（LVSV）进行比较。结果（1）所有右室模型都取得清晰的超声图像,实时Tri-plane法和Simpson法容积测值均与右室模型实际容积相关性良好（rTri-plane=0.923,rSimpson=0.854）。（2）实时Tri-plane法RVSV测值与Simpson法LVSV测值相比,亦呈正相关（r=0.783）。结论超声实时Tri-plane法可在线测量右室容积与功能,为临床评价右心功能提供了一种新方法。     

实时三维超声心动图评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的研究

目的 探讨应用三维超声心动图测量右室容积及射血分数评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的变化.方法 应用三维超声心动图及常规二维超声心动图测量40例轻度肺动脉高压患者以及20例正常人的右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室每搏量(RVSV)、右室射血分数(RVEF).结果 正常组与肺动脉高压组二维超声测量RVESV、RVEDV、RVSV、RVEF进行比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05);正常组与肺动脉高压组三维超声测量RVESV、RVEDV、RVSV相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);RVEF较对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 实时三维超声心动图能通过测量右室容积及射血分数来评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的变化.     

实时三维超声心动图评价先天性心脏病患者右室功能变化的研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图测量右室容积及右室射血分数评价先天性心脏病右室扩大病人的右室功能变化。方法 分别应用实时三维超声心动图及常规二维超声心动图测量30例正常人与25例先天性心脏病右室扩大病人的右室收缩末期及舒张末期容积(RVESV和RVEDV)、右室射血分数(RVEF)、右室重量(RVmass)。结果 ①正常人组内将三维超声心动图测量的RVESV、RVEDV、RVEF、RVmass与二维超声心动图的测值进行比较无统计学差异；将先天性心脏病患者的二维、三维超声心动图测值进行比较也无统计学差异。②正常人组的二维、三维超声心动图测量值RVESV、RVEDV、RVmass均较先天性心脏病病人测值低，而RVEF测值较病人高。③二维、三维超声心动图测量的RVEDV的相关关系(r=0．934)。结论实时三维超声心动图能通过测量正常人与先天性心脏病右室扩大病人的右室容积、射血分数及右室质量来评价先天性心脏病右室扩大病人的右室功能。     

实时三平面超声心动图评价右室容积和功能的临床应用

目的探讨超声实时三平面(tri-plane)法测量右室容积和功能的可行性和准确性.方法应用tri-plane法测量36例健康成人的右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室每搏量(RVSV).同时,应用二维超声心动图(2DE)双平面Simpson's法测量左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV),并计算左室每搏量(LVSV).结果Tri-plane法和2DE双平面法的各项测值之间均具良好的相关性.结论超声实时三平面法能准确测量右室容积与功能,为临床上快速、简便、无创地评价右心功能提供了一种新方法.     

实时三维超声心动图评价右室收缩功能的初步临床研究

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测右室收缩功能,并与传统二维超声心动图对照,探讨该技术的可行性与准确性。方法 使用RT-3DE系统采集32例健康志愿者的右室“金字塔”型数据库,结合容积分析软件,采用心尖八平面法勾勒右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)和收缩末期容积(RVESV),并计算右室每搏量(RVsV)和射血分数(RVEF);同时在M型超声心动图上测量右室游离壁三尖瓣环处的收缩期位移(TASE)、二维超声心动图上勾画右室面积变化分数(FAC),比较三维容积法测定的收缩指数与TASE、FAC间的相关性。结果 RT-3DE测量的RVSV、RVEF均与TASE呈显著正相关(r=0．90;r=0．83);RVEF与FAC之问呈正相关(r=0．63)。结论 实时三维超声容积成像能快速简便、准确无创地确定右室容积,为临床早期评估右心收缩功能提供了有力手段,具有极其广阔的发展前景。     

实时三维超声心动图测量右室容积的实验研究

目的利用实时三维超声心动图 (RT-3DE)检测体外右室模型和离体犬右室的容积,并与传统二维超声心动图(2DE)对照,探讨该技术的可行性与准确性. 方法使用RT-3DE系统采集12个不规则形状的模拟右室的橡胶水囊及10例离体犬心脏的右室"金字塔"型数据库,结合容积分析软件,分别用二、四、八、十六平面法勾画右室内膜面,计算右室容积;同时用二维超声的Simpson法测量右室容积;以注水法测量水囊及右室实际容积作为参照,分别将不同平面法的RT-3DE容积测量值、2DE测值与实际容积相比较. 结果在橡胶水囊容积测量,RT-3DE各平面法测量的右室容积与实际值均呈正相关(r=0.765～0.912),两者无显著性差异(P>0.05);2DE值与实际值r=0.518,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05).RT-3DE各平面法之间相比较,八平面与十六平面法之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而它们与两平面、四平面法之间有差异(P<0.05).离体犬右室组RT-3DE各平面法测量的右室容积与实际值均呈正相关(r=0.728～0.906),两者无显著性差异(P>0.05); 2DE值与实际值亦呈正相关,r=0.502,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05).RT-3DE各平面法之间相比较,八平面与十六平面法之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而它们与两平面、四平面法之间有差异(P<0.05). 结论实时三维超声心动图能准确测量右室容积,为评价右室功能提供了新的有力的工具.对于右室RT-3DE测量,八平面法是准确与简便的最佳选择.     

实时三维超声心动图评价房间隔缺损患者右室整体及局部容积与功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)技术评价房间隔缺损(ASD)患者右室整体及局部容积与功能.方法 对32例ASD患者及32例正常对照者行三维容积成像,应用实时三维右室定量法(3D RVQ)测量并比较两组右室各局部舒张、收缩末期容积及局部射血分数,并将上述方法与长轴八平面法(LA 8-plane)测量的右室整体容积及射血分数行相关分析.结果 ASD患者右室局部及整体舒张、收缩末期容积较正常对照组明显增加(P<0.05),右室心尖部及整体射血分数较正常对照组减低(P<0.001).3D RVQ法与LA 8-plane法测量的右室整体舒张、收缩末期容积及射血分数相关良好.结论 RT3DE能准确评价右室局部及整体容积与功能,ASD患者右室局部及整体容量负荷较正常人显著增加,右室心尖部和整体收缩功能均有降低.     

多平面经食管三维超声心动图与心室造影测量右室容量和收缩功能 …

目的：探讨多平面经食管三维超声心动图测量右室容量和收缩功能的可靠性。方法：在６１例患者中进行经胸二维和多平面食管管超声心动图检查,分别采用双平面Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ法和自制的三维超声心动图软件系统测量右室舒张末期容积（ＥＤＶ）,收缩末期容积（ＥＳＶ）,心搏量（ＳＶ）及射血分数（ＲＶＥＦ）,并与单平面右室造影所得结果对比。     

Estimation of the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography

Aims. To validate the use of three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography compared with the magnetic resonance imaging for determination of right ventricular volume and ejection fraction. Methods and results: We recorded transthoracic echocardiographic images starting from the apical four-chamber view in which the RV is clearly visualized in 15 healthy volunteers. The scanning plane of the RV was obtained by the rotational scanning technique in 2 degree angular increments for three-dimensional reconstruction. The RV volumes in end-diastole and end-systole were calculated using a Tomtec three-dimensional reconstruction computer. We also assessed the RV by cine magnetic resonance imaging using the Siemens Magnetom Impact Expert (1.0 T). Cine gradient echo images were obtained in the short axis of the RV. The RV volume at each phase was calculated by Simpson's method. We also calculated the RV ejection fraction. The RV volumes in end-diastole and end-systole were 111±22 ml and 52±13 ml, respectively as determined by three-dimensional echo, and 115±18 ml and 55±14 ml determined by MRI. The right ventricular volumes at end-diastole and end-systole determined by three-dimensional echo were correlated with the volumes determined by MRI (r=0.94 and 0.97, respectively, p<0.001). The RV ejection fraction determined by three dimensional echo was also correlated with the ejection fraction determined by MRI (r=0.90, p<0.01). Conclusions. Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography provided reliable calculations of the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction.     

自动测量心搏出量改进法定量评价偏心性二尖瓣反流

目的研究并证实自动心脏输出量测量法(ACOM)改进法定量评价二尖瓣偏心性反流。方法对19例患偏心性反流患者采用ACOM改进法,于收缩相对经二尖瓣反流瓣口的血流速度直接进行时间和空间双重积分,得到二尖瓣反流量,并将反流量作为评价参数,对患者的反流严重程度进行划分。最后,比较分析反流量与由实时三维彩色多普勒超声心动图测量得到的射流容积和反流狭径宽度之间的相关性。结果以反流量大小作为标准,3例患者被判定为轻度,10例患者被判定为中度,6例患者被判定为重度。ACOM改进法得到的反流量与射流容积(r=0.9371)和反流狭径宽度(r=0.8939)高度相关。结论ACOM改进法是对偏心性二尖瓣反流进行定量的有效方法。     

Optimizing right ventricular focused four-chamber views using three-dimensional imaging,a comparative magnetic resonance based study

Obtaining focused right ventricular (RV) apical view remains challenging using conventional two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. This study main objective was to determine whether measurements from RV focused views derived from three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3D-RV-focused) are closely related to measurements from magnetic resonance (CMR). A first cohort of 47 patients underwent 3D echocardiography and CMR imaging within 2 h of each other. A second cohort of 25 patients had repeat 3D echocardiography to determine the test–retest characteristics; and evaluate the bias associated with unfocused RV views. Tomographic views were extracted from the 3D dataset: RV focused views were obtained using the maximal RV diameter in the transverse plane, and unfocused views from a smaller transverse diameter enabling visualization of the tricuspid valve opening. Measures derived using the 3D-RV-focused view were strongly associated with CMR measurements. Among functional metrics, the strongest association was between RV fractional area change (RVFAC) and ejection fraction (RVEF) (r?=?0.92) while tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion moderately correlated with RVEF (r?=?0.47), all p?<?0.001. Among RV size measures, the strongest association was found between RV end-systolic area (RVESA) and volume (r?=?0.87, p?<?0.001). RV unfocused views led on average to 10% underestimation of RVESA. The 3D-RV-focused method had acceptable test–retest characteristics with a coefficient of variation of 10% for RVESA and 11% for RVFAC. Deriving standardized RV focused views using 3D echocardiography strongly relates to CMR-derived measures and may improve reproducibility in RV 2D measurements.     

Assessment of the Right Ventricle in Adults: What Have the Guidelines Taught Us?

In the last decade, the role of the right ventricle (RV) has been increasingly recognized in a variety of conditions, contributing to the pathophysiology of disease and the prediction of outcomes. Recent echocardiography guidelines focused on the RV have been published by the American Society of Echocardiography to encourage a standardized approach in assessing RV size and function. In this article, we review the recently published echocardiography guidelines for assessing RV size and function, and their importance in clinical practice. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of currently available imaging techniques for evaluating the RV morphology, size, and systolic function. Basic methods such as TAPSE, tissue Doppler, RIMP, and fractional area change are discussed, as are more emerging techniques such as strain and strain rate. Additional insights are provided into upcoming uses of echocardiography in the areas or RV dyssynchrony and three-dimensional echocardiography.     

Usefulness of contrast echocardiography in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia or cardiomyopathy is a familiar heart muscle disease, characterized by progressive fibrofatty replacement of RV myocardium. Echocardiography can be used to evaluate the wide spectrum of abnormalities that range from a normal RV to severe RV dilation, with localized aneurysms. In the context of a positive family history, even minimal RV abnormalities represent a disease expression. This suggests the need for a careful echocardiographic investigation focusing in subtle structural changes. However, echocardiography may be limited by poor endocardial visualization in several patients. Contrast echocardiography may improve endocardial border delineation in these cases and, thus, the ability to assess arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia or cardiomyopathy at the initial stages of the disease.     

超声心动图观察房间隔缺损封堵术后右心血流动力学及形态的改变

目的应用经胸超声心动图评价房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术前后右心血流动力学及形态学的变化。方法对30例成功经导管ASD封堵术的患者进行研究。所有患者在术前、术中、术后6月分别进行超声心动图检查，观察右心血流动力学及形态的改变。结果30例ASD封堵术均成功，患者术后右心房、右心室内径均恢复至正常范围，未见封堵器移位及ASD再通。结论ASD封堵术纠正了心脏解剖畸形和血流动力学异常；超声心动图对ASD封堵前后右心形态学评价及疗效观察起重要作用。     

Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by echocardiography

Background The accuracy of the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) for the two-dimensional (2D) quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) size and function has not been evaluated against MRI-derived RV volumes in patients with congenital heart disease and RV volume overload. Methods Three groups of patients were studied: a normal RV group (Group I, n = 31), a repaired tetralogy of Fallot group (Group II, n = 33), and an unrepaired atrial septal defect and/or partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection group (Group III, n = 23). Recommended 2D linear and cross-sectional area measurements were made on clinical echocardiographic and MRI studies performed less than 6 months apart. Results Most 2D RV parameters were smaller by echocardiography versus MRI. There was weak correlation between 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes (Group I: r = 0.15-0.54, Group II: r = 0.33-0.61, Group III: r = 0.32-0.85), and only modest improvement when the same 2D measurements were performed by MRI (Group I: r = 0.37-0.61, Group II: r = 0.44-0.69, Group III: r = 0.28-0.74). The difference between 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes was more pronounced in the RV volume overload groups. Conclusions The correlation between currently recommended 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes was weak, and improved only modestly when MRI was used to make the same 2D measurements. Moreover, 2D echocardiographic assessment of the RV appears to be less accurate in patients with congenital heart disease and a dilated RV.     

Right ventricular dysfunction after thrombolysis in patients with right ventricular infarction.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) infarction is frequently associated with highest risk of death and major complications. Doppler echocardiography can be useful in the diagnosis of RV involvement. The goal of this study was to evaluate Doppler echocardiography features associated with RV involvement and a poor prognosis. METHODS: Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed before and after thrombolysis in 108 consecutive patients with an RV infarction. The bedside examination was performed before and 2 to 3 hours after thrombolytic therapy, and repeated after 1 and 7 days. All patients underwent coronary angiography after 20 days, and the perfusion of the coronary-related artery (> thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] 3 grade) was evaluated. RESULTS: Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the recovery of global and regional RV function after thrombolytic therapy. In the group of patients who showed a normalization or improvement of RV wall motion (as assessed by RV wall motion score index), we found a TIMI grade III perfusion in 78% of patients. The analysis of interatrial septal motion and interventricular septal motion showed a normalization in all reperfused patients. Major complication and deaths were more frequent in patients with echocardiographic findings of RV dysfunction persisting after thrombolytic therapy. CONCLUSION: In patients with RV infarction treated with thrombolysis, persistent RV dysfunction is associated with a higher risk for the development of major cardiac complications and death.