溶血对酮胺氧化酶法测定糖化清蛋白结果的影响与校正

目的评价标本溶血对酮胺氧化酶法测定糖化清蛋白(GA)的影响,并建立有效的校正方法。方法酮胺氧化酶法测定无溶血血清GA浓度及其对应人工溶血血清GA浓度、溶血指数;分析溶血对GA检测结果的影响及二者的相关性;利用多元回归分析建立纠正公式,用于临床溶血标本的GA测定值的数学纠正。结果溶血降低酮胺氧化酶法GA测定结果(P0.01),溶血程度与GA浓度呈负相关(R~2=0.943 4);以无溶血血清GA浓度为Y,其对应人工溶血血清GA浓度为Z,溶血吸光度值为X,经多元回归分析,纠正公式为Y=2.468X+Z-0.015 73;溶血标本GA浓度经公式纠正后GA浓度偏移均小于10%。结论标本溶血可导致酮胺氧化酶法GA检测结果降低,运用纠正公式可有效校正溶血对GA测定的干扰,符合临床要求。     

三种方法测定血浆直接胆红素的方法学比较

目的分析改良Malloy-Evelyn法、钒酸盐氧化法和干化学法在测定血浆直接胆红素(DBIL)时的偏倚,为室间评估结果提供参考依据.方法依据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)EP9-A文件,分别用三种方法测定样本直接胆红素含量并进行相关回归分析和偏倚估计.结果以干化学法(X)为对比方法,对钒酸盐氧化法(Y)和改良Malloy-Evelyn法(Z)进行评估.钒酸盐氧化法(Y)和干化学法(X)测定DBIL的回归方程式为Y=1.012X+1.992,相关系数r2=0.999;改良Malloy-Evelyn法(Z)和于化学法(X)测定DBIL的回归方程式为Z=0.725X+2.334,相关系数r2=0.988.DBIL浓度为10μmmol/L、100μmol/L、300μmol/L时,钒酸盐氧化法(Y)的相对偏倚分别为21.1%、3.2%和1.9%,改良Malloy-Evelyn法(Z)的相对偏倚分别为4.2%、25.2%和26.7%.结论钒酸盐氧化法与干化学法在测定血浆DBIL时,测定结果的相对偏倚随DBIIL浓度增加而降低;改良Malloy-Evelyn法与干化学法在测定血浆DBIL时,测定结果的相对偏倚随DBIL浓度增加而增加;建议临床实验室建立本实验室直接胆红素测定的参考值范围,以保证实验结果判断的准确性.     

干湿化学法测定血清葡萄糖结果的比较

目的 分析干化学法与湿化学法测定患者血清葡萄糖(GLU)时的偏倚,比较检测结果的可比性.方法 依据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCLLS)EP9-A文件方案,每天随机选取临床标本8份,分别用两种方法测定样本葡萄糖含量,共测定6天,记录检验结果,去除离散点,计算线性方程和相关系数并进行偏倚估计.结果 以湿化学法(X)为对比方法,对干片法(Y)进行评估.干片法(Y)和湿化学法(X)测定GLU的回归方程式为Y=0.9938X-0.10,相关系数γ=0.9958.GLU浓度为5.5mmol/L、13.5mmol/L、23.5mmol/L时,干化学法(Y)的相对偏倚分别为2.36%、1.62%、1.12%.结论 干化学法与湿化学法测定血清葡萄糖的结果具有很好的相关性,测定结果的相对偏倚随浓度升高而降低,但变化不大.     

干湿化学法测定血清葡萄糖结果的比较

目的分析干化学法与湿化学法测定患者血清葡萄糖(GLU)时的偏倚,比较检测结果的可比性。方法依据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCLLS)EP9-A文件方案,每天随机选取临床标本8份,分别用两种方法测定样本葡萄糖含量,共测定6天,记录检验结果,去除离散点,计算线性方程和相关系数并进行偏倚估计。结果以湿化学法(X)为对比方法,对干片法(Y)进行评估。干片法(Y)和湿化学法(X)测定GLU的回归方程式为Y=0.9938X-0.10,相关系数γ=0.9958。GLU浓度为5.5mmol/L、13.5mmol/L、23.5mmol/L时,干化学法(Y)的相对偏倚分别为2.36%、1.62%、1.12%。结论干化学法与湿化学法测定血清葡萄糖的结果具有很好的相关性,测定结果的相对偏倚随浓度升高而降低,但变化不大。     

利用溶血指数纠正溶血标本乳酸脱氢酶活力

目的　利用HITACHI 7170全自动生化分析仪的溶血指数对溶血标本乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)活力作数学纠正 ,求得接近实际值的纠正值。方法　测定 9份LDH活力不等的无溶血混合血清LDH活力 (Y)及其对应人工溶血血清LDH活力 (Z)、溶血指数 (X)作多元回归分析 ,得多元回归式Y =- 38.16 - 2 4 .38X 1.0 98Z ,用于临床溶血标本的LDH测定值作数学纠正。结果　临床轻度溶血标本 (溶血指数≤ 10 )的LDH值经数学纠正后与无溶血原血清LDH值间的偏倚除个别外均在± 2 0 %范围内 ,符合美国CLIA’88能力比对检验分析的质量要求。结论　运用该法可纠正溶血对LDH测定的干扰 ,符合临床要求     

高脂血症患者血清TC,TG 和HDL-C 水平与精液质量相关性研究

目的 探讨高脂血症患者血清总胆固醇( total cholesterol , TC ),三酰甘油( triglyceride , TG ) 及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C ) 与男性精液质量之间的关系。方法 选取2019 年9 月～ 2020 年10 月来广州市番禺区中心医院男性科就诊的126 例成年男性,根据血脂水平将其分为两组,86 例高血脂患者作为高脂血症组,40 例血脂正常男性作为对照组。对比分析两组受检者精液质量参数、血清TC, TG 和HDL-C 水平,分析血清血脂水平与精液质量之间的相关性。结果 高脂血症组患者精子浓度[54.2(25.10,88.85)×106/ml]、精子总数[167.31(81.51,256.99)×106/ml]、前向运动精子百分率 (PR) ( 31.29% ±16.37%) 和精子总活力( 39.22%±16.69%) 均低于对照组[63.9(49.25, 114.20)×106/ml, 258.24(209.19, 349.99)×106/ml, 36.39%±9.43%, 44.31%±10.07%],差异有统计学意义( t/Z= -3.404,-4.271,2.206,2.115, 均P＜ 0.05)。与对照组相比,高脂血症组患者血清TC水平(5.83±1.04 mmol/L vs 4.41±0.60mmol/L), TG 水平(2.59±0.58 mmol/L vs 1.05 ± 0.18mmol/L) 和 HDL-C 水平(0.96±0.11 mmol/L vs 1.37 ±0.22 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(t= 9.015,7.123, 19.845, 均P ＜ 0.01)。相关性分析显示,精子浓度与血清TG 和 TC 水平呈负相关( r =-0.185, -0.192, 均P ＜ 0.05),精子总数与血清TG 和 TC 水平呈负相关 ( r =-0.235, -0.233, 均P ＜ 0.05),精子浓度、精子总数与血清HDL-C 水平呈正相关 ( r =0.267, 0.354, 均P ＜ 0.01),前向运动精子百分率及精子总活力与血清HDL-C水平呈正相关 ( r=0.183, 0.178, 均P ＜ 0.05)。结论 高脂血症会导致男性精液质量下降,育龄期男性应关注血脂水平的控制。     

利用溶血指数纠正溶血标本乳酸脱氢酶活力

目的利用HITACHI 7170全自动生化分析仪的溶血指数对溶血标本乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力作数学纠正,求得接近实际值的纠正值.方法测定9份LDH活力不等的无溶血混合血清LDH活力(Y)及其对应人工溶血血清LDH活力(Z)、溶血指数(X)作多元回归分析,得多元回归式Y＝-38.16-24.38X+1.098Z,用于临床溶血标本的LDH测定值作数学纠正.结果临床轻度溶血标本(溶血指数≤10)的LDH值经数学纠正后与无溶血原血清LDH值间的偏倚除个别外均在±20%范围内,符合美国CLIA'88能力比对检验分析的质量要求.结论运用该法可纠正溶血对LDH测定的干扰,符合临床要求.     

血清氯化物酶法测定

目的建立血清氯化物的α-淀粉酶及其底物2-氯-4-硝基苯-α-D-麦芽三糖苷(CNP-G3)直接测定方法。方法根据氯离子是α-淀粉酶的激动剂原理建立氯化物测定方法,并做方法学评价。结果测定结果的平均偏差率为0.46%;线性范围50~150mmol/L;平均回收率为100.62%;批内CV<1.24%,日间CV<1.86%,总CV1.45%~2.24%;加入高浓度的维生素C、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、α-淀粉酶、三酰甘油、血红蛋白、胆红素、钙离子、溴离子、碘离子、氟离子、硫氰酸钾、对硝基酚、叠氮钠和硫酸铵均未显示干扰。与硫氰酸汞比色法(MTC)(x±s)比较:MTC法(x):(95.66±14.45)mrnol/L,酶法(Y):(95.62±14.93)mmol/L,t=0.078,P>0.5,Y=1.016X-1.587,r=0.984,n=93,P<0.001;与离子选择电极法(ISE)(x±s)比较:ISE法(X):(99.00±13.11)mmol/L,本法(Y)(98.61±12.70)mmol/L,t=0.140,P>0.5,Y=0.962X+3.375,r=0.993,n=44,P<0.001。溶解的工...     

评估3种标本及标本类型对PIVKA-Ⅱ检测的影响

目的评估溶血、脂血、黄疸及标本类型对异常凝血酶原(PIVKA-Ⅱ)检测的影响,以及比较血浆和血清标本对PIVKA-Ⅱ检测是否存在差异。方法收集2015年3-6月健康体检人群血液标本65例,分别加入溶血性血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆红素,采用化学发光法测定原始标本以及加入干扰物标本的PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度。同时收集肝癌患者分离胶促凝标本及与之对应的EDTA抗凝标本80例,检测PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度,进行比较。结果健康体检人群血清PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度为(22.5±0.8)U/L,溶血、脂血、黄疸血标本血清对PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度的影响度均小于5%。肝癌患者分离胶促凝管标本(血清)与对应的EDTA抗凝管标本(血浆)中PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度分别为(473.33±218.0)U/L、(487.25±222.2)U/L,差异无统计学意义(P=0.084)。结论溶血、脂血、黄疸对PIVKA-Ⅱ的检测尚无显著影响,血清标本与血浆标本的PIVKA-Ⅱ检测无差异,临床上测定PIVKA-Ⅱ可选取血清或血浆标本。     

亚硝酸氧化法测定血清总胆红素

目的　探讨建立 1种新的化学氧化剂氧化法测定血清总胆红素 (TBil)。方法　在特定pH值下 ,当反应液中含有加速剂时 ,血清中的直接胆红素和间接胆红素同时被介质溶液中的亚硝酸氧化成淡绿色化合物 ,导致 45 0nm处的吸光度下降 ,比较反应前后的吸光度变化 ,求得胆红素浓度。结果　亚硝酸的最适浓度为 2 .0mmol/L。胆红素在 2 40s后完成氧化褪色反应。低、高TBil值的批内CV分别为 0 .92 %、1.0 2 %,天间CV分别为 3.14%、3.96 %。胆红素浓度在 5 13μmol/L内呈线性相关。平均回收率为 10 1.5 %。与J G法 (X)对比 ,高值TBil:Y =0 .991X 0 .6 34 ,r =0 .990 ;低值TBil:Y =1.0 2 1X 0 .484,r =0 .994。Hb 4.5g/L ,Vc 0 .1g/L ,TG 8.4mmol/L ,对结果无干扰。结论　该方法简便 ,使用试剂价格低廉、稳定 ,结果可靠 ,能同时满足于手工和自动分析。     

A sensitive, direct colorimetric assay of serum copper using 5-Br-PSAA

A direct colorimetric assay of serum copper in 0.2-ml sized samples, using a new, water-soluble reagent, 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino) aniline Na salt (5-Br-PSAA epsilon = 6.5 X 10(4) l/mol per cm at 580 nm), is presented. Protein-bound serum copper is dissociated with guanidine HCl which acts also as a protein denaturant. Metal ions, except for cobalt and palladium, do not affect the determination even when present at levels exceeding those normally found in serum. Although bilirubin does interfere with the Cu-5-Br-PSAA complex formation, the copper values in the icteric sera with total bilirubin concentrations of less than 137 mumol/l (80 mg/l) can be corrected by a correction factor which varies with the bilirubin content. Within-run and between-run precisions were in the ranges of 0.8-2.3% and 1.1-3.0% coefficient of variation (CV). Good correlation was obtained between this method and atomic absorption spectrometry.     

新生儿高胆红素血症换血术前后血液内环境变化的研究

目的 探讨应用换血术治疗新生儿高胆红素血症对血液内环境各项指标可能造成的变化.方法 对35例确诊为高胆红素血症新生儿采用外周动静脉同步换血术.使用同型全血,平均换血量为(136.9±27.4)ml/kg.换血速度为92 ml/(kg·h),换血前后监测胆红素、电解质、血常规、血糖.结果 换血后总胆红素换出率为53.78%,换血前后血Na~+、Cl~-、血糖差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05),K~+明显降低[换血前为(4.45±2.40)mmol/L,换血后为(3.87±0.52)mmol/L,t=21.979,P＜0.05].换血后总胆红素、Hb、PLT、WBC、血清游离钙下降[换血前总胆红素、Hb、PLT、WBC、血清游离钙分别为(511.52±80.21)μmol/L、(145.20±11.70)g/L、(207.84±70.67)×10~9/L、(16.90±10.56)×10~9/L、(1.26±0.32)mmol/L,换血后分别为(236.41±66.54)μmol/L、(128.66±2.54)g/L、(134.86±48.61)×10~9/L、(8.94±7.44)×10~9/L、(0.99±0.22)mmol/L,P＜0.05或P＜0.01].结论 换血对高胆红素血症新生儿血Na~+、Cl~-和血糖无明显影响;对总胆红素、Ca~(2+)、Hb、K~+、PLT、WBC影响较大.     

血清酸性钙结合蛋白S-100对胆红素脑病早期诊断的意义

目的通过检测新生儿高胆红素血症患儿血清酸性钙结合蛋白S-100的变化,探讨其在该病诊断和预后判断中的作用。方法选择于2009年1月-2011年2月在我科住院的足月新生儿黄疸患者46例为观察对象,其中26例诊断为生理性黄疸（胆红素〈256μmol/L,根据实用新生儿学诊断标准）为B组,20例重度高胆红素血症（胆红素≥342μmol/L）为C组。临床诊断为胆红素脑病患儿11例为D组;同期正常无黄疸足月新生儿20例为对照组A组.各组病例均除外新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病,颅内出血等疾病。清晨留取静脉血4 ml,取血清标本,测血清总胆红素和-间接胆红素值,并采用双抗体夹心ELISA方法检测S-100蛋白浓度。结果对照组（A组）与生理性黄疸组（B组）血清S-100蛋白浓度分别为0.285±0.116和0.315±0.121μg/L,两组间比较P〉0.05,无明显差异;重度高胆红素血症组（C组）血清S-100蛋白浓度为0.493±0.212μg/L,胆红素脑病组（D组）为0.865±0.392μg/L,两组之间比较结果具有显著差异,P〈0.05。而B组和C组比较血清S-100浓度也有显著差异,P〈0.05。结论血清S-100蛋白浓度作为神经系统损伤的特异生化指标,可提示新生儿胆红素脑病的发生,并能反映其严重程度,提示预后判断。     

Microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in icteric newborn sera: An enzymatic method employing peroxidase and glucose oxidase

An enzymatic assay method for the microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in newborn icteric sera is described. Unbound bilirubin is oxidized to colorless compounds by peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide derived from glucose by the mediation of glucose oxidase. In this method, the bilirubin is not significantly degraded before the addition of peroxidase, in contrast to the method using hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation rate is determined by spectrophotometry and chloroform extraction is eliminated.The unbound bilirubin concentration can be determined fromthe initial oxidation velocity of total bilirubin. The Michaelis constant, $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{M}}$ was approximately 20 μM. The coefficient of variation for icteric serum determination was 4.4–6.5%. The concentration of unbound bilirubin was reduced after five days of storage at ?20° C.The bilirubin-albumin binding affinity was studied with purified albumin and adult serum. The dissociation constants were 2 × 10^?8 M and 5 × 10^?9 M, respectively, at bilirubin/albumin molar ratios below 1.0.Clinically, serum samples from 75 icteric newborn infants were analysed, and the sera of premature infants were found to have remarkably high levels of unbound bilirubin compared to those of fullterm infants. The sera of a Rhesus immunization infant and an ABO incompatibility infant were remarkably higher than that of the nonhemolytic icteric sera. The unbound bilirubin concentration was also affected, in an in vitro study, by the addition of hemolysate.     

A second-derivate fitting algorithm for the quantification of free hemoglobin in human plasma

BackgroundAssessment of hemolysis in vivo is becoming increasingly relevant in critical care. Current methods (Harboe, 1959) for quantifying the free hemoglobin (fHb) content produce unsatisfactory results in case of hyperbilirubinemia, a frequent condition in patients at risk for intravascular hemolysis.MethodsA novel evaluation method based on second-derivative fitting to quantify fHb content was developed. The method uses spectrophotometric data from 350 to 650 nm recorded with standard instruments as input. To evaluate the power of the new method, plasma of patients and non-icteric plasma of healthy volunteers were spiked with fHb concentrations up to 2000 mg/L and compared to methods described in the literature by Harboe, Noe and Fairbanks. All measurements were done in compliance with the bioanalytical method validation protocol from the European Medicines Agency.ResultsBoth the second-derivative fitting algorithm as well as the methods of Harboe, Noe and Fairbanks quantified fHb accurately in non-icteric samples, with inaccuracy and imprecision below 10%. For icteric specimen, false high results were obtained with the established formulas for fHb concentrations below 700 mg/L. In contrast, no interference was found with the second-derivate fitting method for bilirubin concentrations up to 465 μmol/L. The lower limits of quantifications for the second-derivative fitting algorithm were specified in agreement with the EMA guideline with 25 mg/L fHb for both non-icteric and icteric specimens.ConclusionsA user-friendly, computer-based algorithm is reported that allows the accurate quantification of fHb concentrations in the presence of high bilirubin concentrations. The new method allows for uniform sample preparation with only a single dilution step and can be readily implemented in any laboratory on standard spectrophotometers using the provided supplementary Microsoft Excel macro.     

Compensating for the influence of total serum protein in the Schwartz formula

Abstract Background: The Schwartz 2009 creatinine-based revised formula is the only pediatric GFR estimating formula, which is compatible with the recent global creatinine standardization. This formula is only applicable if enzymatic creatinine methods are used. We propose an equation, taking into account the relative bias caused by serum proteins to use Jaffe based creatinine data for GFR estimation. Methods: In a cohort study of 100 pediatric patients, serum creatinine was measured using a kinetic rate-blanked Jaffe assay (modified kinetic alkaline picrate method), a kinetic rate-blanked Jaffe compensated assay for reactive proteins and an enzymatic assay (creatinine plus method). Serum total protein, albumin, urea, uric acid and total bilirubin were measured with the use of commercial agents. Results: The difference in serum creatinine between the enzymatic method and the compensated Jaffe method was mainly dependent on the total protein concentration in serum (r2=0.61, p<0.001). After applying the proposed protein correction, corrected compensated Jaffe results and creatinine clearance values became interchangeable with enzymatic serum creatinine results (r2=0.99, p<0.001; Deming regression: slope: 0.9787, intercept: -0.351) and with the newly proposed Schwartz formula, respectively (r2=0.99, p<0.001; Deming regression: slope 1.004, intercept: 2.16). Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated the usability of the alkaline picrate method in the Schwartz formula, taking into account the relative bias caused by serum proteins.     

超微补阳还五汤对脑梗死恢复期患者神经功能/生活质量及血清血管内皮生长因子的影响

目的 观察补阳还五汤对脑梗死恢复期患者神经功能、生活质量和血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的影响,评价超微粉化对补阳还五汤效应的作用.方法 选择251例脑梗死恢复期患者,按进入研究的时间顺序,采用简单随机化方法按1∶1∶1分为传统补阳还五汤组(83例)、超微补阳还五汤组(85例)和对照组(83例).对照组给予康复训练;传统补阳还五汤组和超微补阳还五汤组除康复训练外,分别给予传统补阳还五汤颗粒剂,每次15 g、每日2次和补阳还五汤超微颗粒,每次5 g、每日2次,疗程均为12周.评价各组临床疗效和中医证候疗效,观察治疗前后患者的神经功能、生活质量,并测定血清VEGF水平;同时测定23例健康成人的VEGF水平作为健康对照.结果 与对照组比较,超微组、传统组临床总有效率(83.5%、85.5%比77.1%)和中医证候疗效总有效率(87.0%、89.2%比77.1%)均显著升高(均P＜0.05).3组患者治疗后神经功能和生活质量均有明显改善,超微组、传统组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义[神经功能缺损程度评分(分):11.95±5.03、12.68±4.67比15.23±5.12,生活质量评分(分):64.71±6.73、63.56±6.53比59.09±6.81,均P＜0.05].对照组、传统组、超微组患者治疗前血清VEGF水平(ng/L)较健康者明显增加(79.87±2.81、80.19±3.23、80.23±3.18比68.13±3.39,均P＜0.05);治疗后超微组、传统组血清VEGF水平(ng/L)明显高于对照组(76.38±3.02、76.84±3.18比70.26±3.15,均P＜0.05).超微组与传统组间各指标比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 补阳还五汤能改善脑梗死恢复期患者神经功能和生活质量,提高血清VEGF水平,超微粉化能减少药物的用量.     

缬沙坦联合辛伐他汀对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨降脂药辛伐他汀及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂类药物缬沙坦对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的保护作用.方法 用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,将SD大鼠随机分成5组,每组10只:正常对照组(C组)、糖尿病肾病组(D组)、缬沙坦组(X组)、辛伐他汀组(Z组)和缬沙坦及辛伐他汀联合组(L组).5周末检测5组大鼠血糖(BG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)等指标的变化;利用透射电子显微镜观察肾脏足细胞超微病理结构.结果 D组与C组比较,BG[分别为(20.3±3.2)、(6.1±0.4)mmol/L]、HbA1c[分别为(7.18±0.47)%、(3.37±0.15)%]、TC[分别为(2.69±0.35)、(1.28±0.24)mmol/L]、TG[分别为(3.09±0.37)、(1.18±0.25)mmol/L]明显升高(P均＜0.05);D组Ccr[(0.89±0.19)ml/min]较C组[(1.27±0.33)ml/min]和X、Z、L组显著下降(P＜0.05),D组大鼠UAER[(19.87±3.85)μg/24 h]明显高于C组[(3.67±1.01)μg/24 h](P＜0.05),X、Z、L组大鼠UAER显著低于D组(P＜0.05),而L组改善尤其显著(P＜0.05);D组的足细胞足突严重融合,X、Z、L组仅少量足突融合较D组改善,而L组改善尤其显著.结论 缬沙坦及辛伐他汀单用及联合应用,尤其是联合用药对早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏有保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the protection of valsartan combined with simvastatin on kidney in early diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods Diabetic nephropathy rats model were induced by streptozocin (STZ) ,the experimental rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control (group C), diabetic nephropathy (group D) ,diabetes treated with valsartan (group X) ,diabetes treated with simvastatin (group Z) ,and diabetes treated with combined valsartan and simvastatin ( group L). Blood glucose (BG), HbA1c, blood cholesterol ( TC), trigalloylglycerol ( TG ), blood ureanitrogen ( BUN ), serum creatinine (SCr) , urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were measured, and the podocyte ultrastructure was observed by transmission electronic microscopy. Results The levels of BG, HbA1c,TC,TG and UAER in group D increased significantly compared togroup C(BG:[20.3 ±3.2]mmol/L vs [6.1 -±0. 4]mmol/L;HbA1c:[7.18 ±0.47]% vs [3.37 ±0. 15]% ;TC: [2. 69 ±0. 35] mmol/L vs [1.28 ±0. 24] mmol/L;TG: [3.09 ±0. 37] mmol/L vs [1.18 ±0. 25]mmol/L) (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Creatinine clearance rates (Ccr) in group D ( [0. 89 ± 0. 19] ml/min ) decreased significantly compared to group C( [1.27 ±0. 33] ml/min) ,as well as group X,Z and L( Ps ＜ 0. 05 ). UAER in group D was significantly higher than that in group C ( [19. 87 ±3. 85] μg/24 h vs [3. 67 ± 1.01] μg/24 h) (P ＜ 0. 05 ), as well as group X, Z and L ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), and the improvement in group L was particularly significant ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The projections of podocyte in group D severely syncretized, there were slightly improvement in group X, Z and L compared to group D, and the improvement in group L was remarkable. Conclusion The treatment with valsartan, simvastatin and their combination will effectively protect the kidney in early diabetic nephropathy rats,and the effect of using the combination therapy is much better.     

不同护理干预方式对早产儿病理性黄疸的影响

目的 探讨早期护理干预对早产儿病理性黄疸的影响.方法 将转入NICU的110例早产儿作为研究对象,随机分为观察组（n=55）和对照组（n=55）.观察组在出生后6 h内给予温生理盐水洗肠通便、生理盐水洗胃、胃肠减压,建立母乳胃肠内营养及抚触疗法.对照组按传统的方法实施常规护理,对出生后48 h内不能哺乳、腹胀、未排胎便者给予针对性对症护理.比较两组患儿腹胀情况、喂养耐受情况、体重增长情况及高胆红素血症的发生率.结果 两组患儿黄疸出现时间（4.37±1.23）d、黄疸持续时间（5.74±1.32）d、消退时间（8.74±2.07）d、黄疽指数（9.05±2.72）μmol/L、血清胆红素值（118.60±28.42）μmol/L;对照组患儿黄疸出现时间（2.17±1.02）d、黄疽持续时间（11.62±2.57）d、消退时间（11.35±3.72）d、黄疽指数（15.62±3.51）μmol/L、血清胆红素值（210.49±30.27）μmol/L;两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;观察组患儿腹胀、喂养不耐受、呼吸暂停、高胆红素血症发生率低于对照组（P＜0.01）;腹胀缓解时间、吸吮吞咽功能建立时间、体重增长及达足量喂养时间优于对照组（P＜0.01）;观察组患儿住暖箱时间、住院时间、医疗费用均少于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 早期护理干预减少了早产儿病理性黄疸的发生率,达到了预期效果.