内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖

目的 探讨内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖结构,了解该径路重要的解剖标志及颈内动脉、颈内静脉及后组颅神经等解剖结构的毗邻关系,为内镜辅助下经口径路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤提供解剖学依据。方法 在内镜辅助下对新鲜尸头标本5例(共10侧)行经口径路咽旁间隙解剖。结果 茎突前间隙以咽上缩肌及翼内肌作为解剖标志,茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是茎突前间隙的后界也是进入茎突后间隙的标志,重要的血管及后组颅神经（舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经）位于茎突后间隙。以茎突尖端为标志测量距舌咽神经、舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为（3.05±0.08）mm（2.94～3.14 mm）、(2.94±0.04）mm（2.44～2.56 mm）、（1.50±0.03）mm（1.46～1.56 mm）;以茎突咽肌为标志进行测量,距舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为;（3.00±0.03）mm（2.96～3.04 mm）、（5.99±0.03）mm（5.94～6.04 mm）,而舌咽神经基本紧贴该肌内侧面。副神经的走行距离茎突及茎突咽肌较远,经口手术径路几乎不会碰到。结论 内镜辅助下经口径路可较好的暴露咽旁间隙结构,咽上缩肌、翼内肌、茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是重要的解剖标志。     

舌下神经与迷走神经交通一例

作者在解剖一具老年男性尸体时 ,发现其右侧舌下神经与迷走神经之间存在交通支 ,现报道如下 :该例标本的右侧舌下神经自舌下神经管出颅后 ,位于迷走神经、副神经与颈内静脉的内侧 ,当其下降到颈部时 ,绕过迷走神经的后侧和外侧 ,继而经颈内动脉和颈内静脉之间下降 ,在下颌角水平呈弓形越过颈内动脉和颈外动脉的外侧向前入舌 ,同时发出一交通支 ,该交通支起始处横径 0 .0 7cm ,长 4.85cm ,伴迷走神经的外侧走行 ,在甲状软骨上缘水平下方 3 .3 1cm外汇入迷走神经 ,迷走神经的行程与分支均正常。舌下神经与迷走神经交通一例@曲永松$山东省莱阳…     

动眼神经冠状断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨冠状断面上动眼神经的解剖特征与MRI表现,为相关病变的影像诊断和外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法：取用成人尸头标本15例,经冰冻后,用电动断层带锯制成连续断层标本;用3．0TMR扫描仪,获取10例成人志愿者的3D—CISS序列图像;在上述断层标本与MRI图像上观察动眼神经在冠状断面上的走行规律及毗邻关系。结果：动眼神经在经中脑脚问窝的断面上,呈“八”字形,紧贴两侧大脑脚向外下方走行,居大脑后动脉和小脑上动脉之间;在经海绵窦后份的断面上,位于“工”字形结构下端的左右两侧;在经海绵窦前份的断面上,位于前床突下方,颈内动脉的外侧;在经眶尖部的断面上,位于视神经和下直肌的外下方。结论：在冠状断面上可清晰显示动眼神经脑池段、海绵窦段和眶尖段的位置及其毗邻关系。     

颈静脉孔区计算机三维重建

目的　探讨计算机三维重建技术在颈静脉孔区研究中的应用。　方法　用生物塑化技术制作 1 2mm厚的薄层断面标本 ,在SGI工作站上对颈静脉孔及相关结构进行三维重建。　结果　计算机三维重建图像可显示颈静脉孔区重要神经、血管 ,能够清楚显示颈内动脉、颈内静脉及舌咽、迷走、副神经束与颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系。重建结构能够以单独或联合方式显示 ,并可绕任意轴进行旋转 ,任意径线及角度均可适时测量。　结论计算机三维重建技术对颈静脉孔区的解剖研究具有重要应用价值     

展神经横断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨横断面上展神经的走行和毗邻关系,为展神经病变的影像学诊断和外科手术提供形态学依据。方法：选取成人尸头标本36例,以冷冻切片法制成连续横断层标本;采取3D—CISS序列,获取成人头部MR图像53例;在上述断层标本与MR图像上,观察分析展神经在横断面上的解剖特点与MRI表现。结果：根据走行,展神经大致可分为桥池段、Dorello管段、海绵窦段、眶上裂段以及眶内段五段。在横断面上,展神经桥池段的识别标志为基底动脉,该段展神经对称走行于基底动脉两侧;颞骨岩部尖和蝶窦下壁是展神经Dorello管段的识别标志;展神经海绵窦段走行于颈内动脉与三叉神经节之间。在横断面上寻找展神经的眶上裂段和眶内段较为困难。结论：横断面能够清楚地显示展神经的桥池段、Dorello管段和海绵窦段,对眶上裂段和眶内段的显示较差。     

人颈静脉孔区显微解剖研究

目的研究人颈静脉孔区显微解剖,为手术入路的选择提供形态学资料。方法手术显微镜(15倍)下对15个头颅标本,30侧颈静脉孔进行显微解剖和观察。结果颈静脉孔分为三部,即岩部、神经部、乙状部。岩部为接收岩下窦、舌下神经管静脉、岩斜裂静脉和椎静脉丛分支的静脉窦;神经部由位于结缔组织鞘中的舌咽、迷走、副神经所组成,行于颈静脉球上方的内侧,舌咽神经位于最前方,神经间被纤维或骨性结构隔开;乙状部接收乙状窦血流。结论颈静脉孔区结构复杂,熟悉颈静脉孔区的显微解剖有利于手术中保护重要的神经和血管。     

舌下神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：研究舌下神经在不同断面上的位置、毗邻、走行及识别标志,为舌下神经病变的影像学诊断和外科手术提供形态学依据。方法：取用国人成年尸体头部标本69例,以冷冻切片法切制成连续横断层标本36例、矢状断层标本18例和冠状断层标本15例;招募成年志愿者10名,利用3．0TMRI扫描仪,以3D—CISS序列扫描,获取横、矢状、冠状断层图像;在上述断层标本对照下,于MR图像上观察舌下神经在断面上的形态、位置、毗邻和识别标志等。结果：在横断面上,可见枕骨基底部两侧呈倒“八”字形的舌下神经管,管内走行着舌下神经;在矢状断面上,舌下神经管呈椭圆形,位于小脑前下方,岩下窦与寰枕关节之间;在经舌下神经管外口的冠状断面上,舌下神经管外口位于寰枕关节外上方、颈内静脉内侧,其间容纳舌下神经;在经舌下神经管内口的冠状断面上,呈“鸟喙”状的舌下神经管内口居枕骨侧部内,其内侧为延髓,外侧为颈内静脉,上方为颈静脉孔,下方为寰枕关节。结论：在横、矢状和冠状断面上,均可清晰显示舌下神经的位置及毗邻结构,但以横断面和冠状面为佳。     

颈静脉孔穿行结构的标本制作

颈静脉孔是一个不规则的孔,位于枕骨与颞骨岩部的交界处。在颅底的内侧面观察其孔被硬脑膜覆盖,有舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经三对脑神经穿行其中。位于前上的舌咽神经单独穿过硬脑膜进入孔内,中间的迷走神经和后方的副神经一起穿过硬脑膜入孔,乙状窦于孔内续于颈内静脉。位于颅底外侧面的颈静脉孔外口由于其位置较深,其穿行结构难以观察,也是局部解剖学教学的难点。我们组织学生指导他们进行从前外侧面进行解剖,观察经颈静脉孔穿行结构的位置和分布情况,并制作成教学标本,现将制作方法和制作体会介绍如下。材料与方法:1取材取经过福尔马林…     

颈总动脉及其分支与锁骨下动脉异常4例

<正>在教学中发现颈总动脉及其分支与锁骨下动脉走行异常。例1:中年男尸,右侧颈内动脉在起始处返折,呈横置的"U"字形,舌动脉与面动脉共干发自颈外动脉,舌动脉在面动脉的下方,先向后上再向前下螺旋走行,最后斜上走行,整体呈"V"字形。面动脉自舌动脉下方发出后绕经舌动脉的前面向后上方行走。颈总动脉上部和颈内动脉在颈动脉鞘内位于颈内静脉的前方(图1a)。颈总动脉中段与颈内静脉呈内外平行走行,颈总动脉下部位于颈内静脉后方,颈动脉小球位于颈外动脉后方(图1b)。     

颈静脉孔的放射解剖学

对200侧正常颈静脉孔的X线影像和20侧尸头颈静脉孔进行了观测。颈静脉孔有单、双孔之分,左侧的单、双孔分别占86%和14%,右侧的分别占80%和20%。单孔的形态可分四种,双孔的间隔为骨桥。左、右侧颈静脉孔的面积分别为46mm~2和62mm~2。颈内静脉位于孔的后外侧部,舌咽神经位于前内侧部,迷走神经和副神经可位于前内侧部、后外侧部或二部交界处。     

Is the cranial accessory nerve really a portion of the accessory nerve? Anatomy of the cranial nerves in the jugular foramen

The accessory nerve is traditionally described as having both spinal and cranial roots, with the spinal root originating from the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord and the cranial root originating from the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata. The spinal rootlets and cranial rootlets converge either before entering the jugular foramen or within it. In a recent report, this conventional view has been challenged by finding no cranial contribution to the accessory nerve. The present study was undertaken to re-examine the accessory and vagus nerves within the cranium and jugular foramen, with particular emphasis on the components of the accessory nerve. These nerves were traced from their rootlets attaching to the spinal cord and the medulla and then through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen was exposed by removing the dural covering and surrounding bone. A surgical dissecting microscope was used to trace the roots of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI) before they entered the jugular foramen and during their travel through it. The present study demonstrates that the accessory nerve exists in two forms within the cranial cavity. In the majority of cases (11 of 12), CN XI originated from the spinal cord with no distinct contribution from the medulla. However, in one of 12 cases, a small but distinct connection was seen between the vagus and the spinal accessory nerves within the jugular foramen.     

三叉神经颅内段横断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨三叉神经颅内段在横断面上的解剖学特征,为三叉神经病变的影像学诊断提供形态学依据。方法：在36例成尸头部连续横断层标本与10例自愿者的3D—CISS序列头部横断层图像上,观察三叉神经的走行、位置及毗邻关系。结果：在经小脑中脚的横断面上,三叉神经脑池段连于小脑中脚,经脑桥小脑角池上份行向前外侧,走行于脑桥基底部外侧与小脑幕之间;在经海绵窦的横断面上,三叉神经节在海绵窦后部外侧,发出眼神经,向前穿人海绵窦外侧壁,经眶上裂入眶;在经颈动脉管的横断面上,三叉神经节发出的上颌神经和下颌神经,夹在蝶骨体与颞叶断面之间,后方为颞骨岩部;在经卵圆孔的横断面上,蝶骨大翼上有卵圆孔和棘孔,分别有下颌神经和脑膜中动脉通过。头部MRI横断层扫描对三叉神经的辨认与连续横断层标本具有较好的对应性。结论：颅脑横断层标本结合MRI显示三叉神经具有优势,可清楚地显示三叉神经脑池段、神经节段、颅底段的走行、位置及毗邻关系。     

Morphological characteristics of the cranial root of the accessory nerve

There has been the controversy surrounding the cranial root (CR) of the accessory nerve. This study was performed to clarify the morphological characteristics of the CR in the cranial cavity. Fifty sides of 25 adult cadaver heads were used. The accessory nerve was easily distinguished from the vagus nerve by the dura mater in the jugular foramen in 80% of 50 specimens. The trunk of the accessory nerve from the spinal cord penetrated the dura mater at various distances before entering the jugular foramen. In 20% of the specimens there was no dural boundary. In these cases, the uppermost cranial rootlet of the accessory nerve could be identified by removing the dura mater around the jugular foramen where it joined to the trunk of the accessory nerve at the superior vagal ganglion. The cranial rootlet was formed by union of two to four short filaments emerging from the medulla oblongata (66%) and emerged single, without filament (34%), and usually joined the trunk of the accessory nerve directly before the jugular foramen. The mean number of rootlets of the CR was 4.9 (range 2–9) above the cervicomedullary junction. The CR of the accessory nerve was composed of two to nine rootlets, which were formed by the union of two to four short filaments and joined the spinal root of the accessory nerve. The CR is morphologically distinct from the vagus nerve, confirming its existence. Clin. Anat. 27:1167–1173, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The relationship of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery to cranial nerves VII-XII

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is the largest branch of the vertebral artery. It usually arises at the anterolateral margin of the medulla oblongata close to the lower cranial nerves. The PICA had the most complex relationship to the cranial nerves of any artery and it is frequently exposed in approaches directed to the fourth ventricle. The aim of this article is to describe the anatomical relationship of the PICA to the lower cranial nerves. In this study, 12.5% of PICAs passed between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, 20% between the vagus and accessory nerves, and 65% through the rootlets of the accessory nerve. The lateral medullary segment of the PICA showed a lateral loop which in 20% specimens pressed against the inferior surfaces of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. The lateral medullary segment of the PICA in 20% specimens passed superior to the hypoglossal nerve, in 47.5% through the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve, and in 30% inferior to the hypoglossal nerve. The findings on the relationship of the PICA to the lower cranial nerves could be helpful in microsurgery of this region.     

颅后窝三角显微解剖及临床意义

目的：研究颅后窝三角的显微特征，为颅后窝手术提供快速辨认神经、血管的方法。方法：旁正中切口、乙状窦后入路，逐层开颅并切开硬脑膜，显微观察12具成人头部标本硬脑膜形成的三角。结果：颅后窝硬脑膜皱襞反光形成一个三角形：外上顶点即“光点”，位于横窦与乙状窦移行处的前方；内上顶点恰是岩静脉注入岩上窦的位置；颈静脉孔构成颅后窝三角内下顶点。结论：手术显微镜下，颅后窝硬脑膜形成的标志性三角，可以帮助迅速辨认三叉神经、岩静脉，经过内耳门的面神经、前庭蜗神经以及经过颈静脉孔的舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经。     

滑车神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨滑车神经在MRI图像上的识别,为滑车神经相关疾病的影像学诊断和临床治疗提供形态学依据。方法：选取国人成年尸体头部标本51例,以冷冻切片法分别制成连续横断层标本36例和连续冠状断层标本15例;采用3D—CISS序列,结合3D—TOF序列,对20名正常体检者及23例眼运动神经麻痹患者行1．5T磁共振扫描;应用3．0TMRI扫描仪,获取10例志愿者头部的SE序列T2WI图像;在上述连续断层标本和MRI图像上,观察分析滑车神经的位置、走行、毗邻及识别标志等。结果：在横断面上,滑车神经起始段走行在上髓帆后部的四叠体池内,其外侧为小脑幕切迹,后方为小脑上动脉;其环池段绕中脑大脑脚两侧的环池走行,由背侧转至腹侧。在冠状断面上,滑车神经环池段位于小脑幕下方,其外上方有大脑后动脉;其海绵窦段走行在蝶骨体两侧的海绵窦外侧壁,动眼神经的外下方。结论：横断面能较好地显示滑车神经的起始段和环池段,而冠状断面则能清晰地显示其海绵窦段。