颈静脉孔的显微外科解剖学研究

目的:为颈静脉孔区病变的手术提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法:在手术显微镜下对２０例福尔马林固定的成人头颈部标本和１０例成人颅骨标本的颈静脉孔区进行显微解剖和观测。结果:静脉孔分成三部,即神经部、岩部、乙状部,岩部为接收岩下窦、舌下神经管静脉、岩斜裂静脉和椎静脉丛分支的静脉窦;乙状部接收乙状窦血流;神经部由位于结缔组织鞘中的舌咽、迷走、副神经所组成。颈静脉孔长(１３．４±１．１)ｍｍ,颈静脉孔乙状部宽(９．１±１．９)ｍｍ,颈静脉孔的乙状部高(７．３±２．２)ｍｍ,颈静脉孔的内、外口相距(１２．７±１．５)ｍｍ。颈静脉球具有下述特点:(１)静脉壁相当薄,不及乙状窦及颈内静脉壁一半的厚度 ;(２)连接多处的引流静脉;(３)完全位于骨质中且位置变异较大;(４)邻近重要结构等。高位颈静脉球出现率为１５%。结论:熟悉颈静脉孔区的显微解剖有利于手术中保护重要的神经和血管。     

ⅨⅩⅪ脑神经和颈静脉孔的显微解剖研究

目的：通过颈静脉孔以及Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经的显微解剖研究，对重要结构进行量化分析，为手术提供解剖依据，并进一步澄清颈静脉孔的概念。方法：用10例成人尸头，在手术显微镜下对双侧重点观察了颈静脉孔的分隔，脑神经和颈静脉球的关系，同时对25例干性颅骨标本进行了大体测量。结果：Ⅸ和Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经之间有纤维(80％)或骨桥(20％)形成的不完全分隔，仅在1例干性颅骨标本中发现颈静脉孔被完全分隔为两个部分。Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经全部位于颈静脉孔的前内侧，它们在孔内有各自单独的神经鞘膜，出孔后和颈内动脉、颈内静脉有共同的纤维包膜。在颈静脉球和颈内静脉的连接部，舌咽神经被一致密的结缔组织纤维固定在颈内动脉上。结论：颈静脉孔内的结构分成神经部，岩部和乙状部是比较合理的，有助于更好地理解颈静脉孔区特殊结构。Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经在孔内的结构较为疏松，这种特点为术中辨认和神经保护提供了依据。     

颈静脉孔区的显微解剖及定位标志研究

目的:研究颈静脉孔区的显微外科解剖,探讨寰椎横突(TPA)、头侧直肌、二腹肌沟、颈静脉突等解剖标志在颈静脉孔区病变手术中的定位意义。方法:成人头颈标本15例,男13例,女2例,红色乳胶灌注颈总动脉和椎动脉。手术显微镜下(×3～×30)逐层显露颈静脉孔区结构,明确该区显微解剖特征、相关的解剖标志及其定位意义。结果:颈静脉孔区多数重要的解剖结构均可以TPA为参照标志予以明确。二腹肌后腹位于其浅层。TPA的后方为枕下三角,三角内有椎动脉、椎静脉丛和颈1神经通过。头侧直肌起始于TPA的外表面,止于枕骨颈静脉突的下表面,可作为确定颅外颈静脉孔的解剖标志。茎突位于TPA的前方,颈内静脉、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经穿行于茎突与TPA之间,颈内动脉位于颈内静脉的前内侧。二腹肌、颈静脉突、颈动脉嵴对定位面神经、颈静脉孔及舌咽神经等结构具有重要意义。结论:颈静脉孔区解剖结构复杂,利用寰椎横突、头侧直肌、二腹肌沟、颈静脉突等解剖标志有助于明确此区域重要的解剖结构,避免术中不必要的损伤。     

颅骨颈静脉孔及周围结构显微解剖

目的 :研究颅骨颈静脉孔及周围结构的显微解剖。方法 :镜下 (× 3 )观测 40例颅骨的颈静脉孔及周围结构。结果 :颈静脉孔分为岩部和乙状部。 5 3 8%的颈静脉孔基本呈三角形 ;67 5 %的内口、72 5 %的外口右侧大于左侧。内口上方有内耳门和前庭水管外口 ;外口外侧有茎乳孔和茎突 ,后方有枕骨颈突。鼓乳切迹位于茎乳孔外侧。结论 :多数标本的颈静脉孔右侧大于左侧。半数以上颈静脉孔呈三角形。茎突和枕骨颈突可作为颈静脉孔的定位标志 ,鼓乳切迹可作为茎乳孔定位的标志     

颈静脉孔区的薄层断面解剖学研究

目的：进一步明确颈静脉孔区的断面形态和各结构的解剖关系，为影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：成人尸体头颈部标本7例，制成0．5～1．0mm厚的水平位和冠状位火棉胶切片。结果：①颈静脉孔入口处分舌咽道和迷走道两部分，但颈静脉孔腔内未见骨桥或纤维桥将其分部。②岩下窦最多见于注入颈静脉球的下部。③髁导静脉多汇入乙状窦与颈内静脉移行处。④舌下神经管静脉丛充满舌下神经管，出管后与岩下窦汇合注入颈静脉球或颈内静脉。舌下神经沿舌下神经管的前下壁走行。⑤颈静脉球与面神经垂直段关系密切。结论：火棉胶薄切片很好地显示了颈静脉孔区的正常解剖结构及其毗邻关系，对该区的影像诊断和手术治疗有重要的参考价值。     

骨性颈静脉孔区的应用解剖

目的: 观察骨性颈静脉孔区的显微解剖,为临床提供解剖学资料.方法: 显微镜下观察20例成人颅骨标本颈静脉孔的位置、组成、形态,并测量其大小及与周围骨性结构的距离.结果: 颈静脉孔是由枕骨和颞骨岩部合围的一个骨性管道,85%的外口、75%的内口右侧大于左侧;颈静脉孔内有颞突、枕突、锥形窝、颈静脉窝等结构;内口的前方与岩下窦沟相连,后接乙状窦沟,内口的上方有内耳门和前庭小管外口;颈静脉孔的外侧有茎乳孔和茎突,茎乳孔外接鼓乳裂,后方有枕骨颈突.结论: 多数颈静脉孔右侧大于左侧,乙状窦沟前移以右侧多见;鼓乳裂可以定位茎乳孔及颈静脉孔外侧壁;枕骨颈突是确定颈静脉孔后壁的标志.     

颅后窝三角显微解剖及临床意义

目的：研究颅后窝三角的显微特征，为颅后窝手术提供快速辨认神经、血管的方法。方法：旁正中切口、乙状窦后入路，逐层开颅并切开硬脑膜，显微观察12具成人头部标本硬脑膜形成的三角。结果：颅后窝硬脑膜皱襞反光形成一个三角形：外上顶点即“光点”，位于横窦与乙状窦移行处的前方；内上顶点恰是岩静脉注入岩上窦的位置；颈静脉孔构成颅后窝三角内下顶点。结论：手术显微镜下，颅后窝硬脑膜形成的标志性三角，可以帮助迅速辨认三叉神经、岩静脉，经过内耳门的面神经、前庭蜗神经以及经过颈静脉孔的舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经。     

枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的显微解剖学

[摘要]目的:通过对枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的各段结构进行显微解剖学研究,为临床应用提供解剖学资料;方法：对15具30侧正常成人湿头颅标本进行解剖：模拟手术状态下该入路操作,将尸头侧卧位固定在头架上,乳突后横（纵）切口,开2.5cm-3cm骨窗,切开硬脑膜,测量分开岩裂-桥脑裂前后时手术野显露范围变化,以及三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处暴露情况;显微镜下解剖岩裂和小脑桥脑裂上、下支;对岩裂、桥脑裂上、下支、岩静脉、小脑动脉、三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处等相关研究对象进行测量、照相。结果：该入路可显露的解剖结构上至天幕前侧缘,下到枕骨大孔颈静脉结节,内侧到桥脑和中脑的侧方。可显露桥小脑角区包括岩静脉、小脑上中下三个神经血管复合体。岩裂-桥脑裂分离前后距离在统计学具有差异性。结论：该入路是对经典乙状窦后入路的补充和扩大,具有切口小、脑损伤小,充分利用小脑的自然间隙,不牵拉或少牵拉小脑的情况下增加了操作空间;该入路在微血管减压治疗颅神经疾病方面在解剖学上具有可操作性;该入路在同等条件下使后颅窝相关区域的组织结构显露更大,为桥小脑角区占位性病变的切除提供了解剖学空间。     

经口入路至颈静脉孔区的显微外科解剖

目的:为经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理颈静脉孔区病变提供解剖学依据。方法:在显微镜下对经彩色乳胶灌注成人尸头湿标本的颈静脉孔区经口入路进行解剖,观察路径中组织结构的暴露情况和走行关系,定位相关解剖标志,记录测量数据。结果:尸头标本的颈静脉孔区颅外部分均显露良好,可暴露自颈动脉嵴内侧至枕骨髁后外侧缘和中线至茎突根部区域,磨除颈静脉孔前内侧骨质后,可观察到岩下窦、Ⅸ～Ⅺ神经在孔内走行和毗邻关系。测量相关参数,枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口前缘(12.47±1.49)mm;舌下神经管外口上缘距颈动脉嵴内侧(9.90±1.40)mm等。结论:经口入路可较好的暴露颈静脉孔区前内侧,以枕髁和颈动脉嵴为解剖标志,有助于避免此入路处理颈静脉孔区病变时对重要血管和神经的损伤。     

颞骨岩部在岩斜区手术入路中的应用解剖

目的 :为颞骨岩部的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 15例成人尸头湿标本的颞骨岩部及其周围结构按手术入路分别从前、外、后三个方向进行显微解剖研究。结果 :①磨除颞骨岩部尖 ,可以向下向外移动三叉神经 ;②外展神经是磨除颞骨岩部的内限 ;③面神经分为 5段 :颅内段 (12 .3 2mm)、内耳道段(9 .18mm)、迷路段 (5 .14mm)、鼓室段 (11.82mm)、乳突段 (17.90mm) ;④颈静脉球高度变异较大 ;⑤颈内动脉岩部膝距耳蜗 2 .65mm ,其水平段平行于岩大神经 ;结论 :①岩大神经是从前方磨除颞骨岩部十分重要的标志 ;②岩乙状窦交叉点和内淋巴囊裂是从后外侧磨除颞骨岩部的重要标志     

颈内静脉的静脉丛引流模式及影响因素

目的　探讨颈内静脉的主要静脉丛引流模式以及相关因素。 方法　根据160例脑血管病患者DSA图像资料，分析动脉造影的静脉期成像。将颈内静脉的主要静脉丛分为前路引流模式（翼静脉丛）及后路引流模式，后路引流模式分为丛状引流（椎旁静脉丛）和孤立静脉引流（以颈深部静脉为主）。后路丛状引流再分为2组：椎旁静脉丛伴或不伴明显颈深部静脉引流。根据临床资料及相关危险疾病，应用卡方检验分析颈内静脉主要静脉丛引流模式的影响因素。 结果　双侧颈内动脉造影显示160例病人共320侧颈内静脉，其中19.7%（63侧）为翼静脉丛引流，16.9%（54侧）为椎旁静脉丛伴有明显颈深部静脉引流，15.6%（50侧）为椎旁静脉丛伴无明显颈深部静脉引流，10侧（3.1%）为颈深部静脉引流，5.7%（13侧）为前、后丛联合引流。χ2检验发现，年龄、伴颈内静脉异常（发育不全、狭窄、闭塞）、伴颈内静脉压迹、合并高血压病是影响颈内静脉静脉丛引流模式的独立危险因素。 结论　颈内静脉的静脉丛引流模式，以后路椎旁静脉丛引流为主，引流模式可因相关因素而改变，这对评估颅底、颈部手术及神经介入治疗具有重要价值。     

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus,the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus,and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a “common inferior cerebellar artery” which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses–the more important of these being the “basisphenoid sinus” and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.     

Nerve-vessel relations in the region of the jugular foramen

In this paper the results of our investigations on the nerve-vessel relations in the region of jugular foramen are briefly presented. For the purpose of comparison, the pertinent findings published by other authors are included as well. Particular attention has been given to the topographical measurements, various shapes and classification of jugular foramen. The inferior petrosal sinus together with its nerve-vessel topography and venous connections have been considered to a certain extent. Finally a detailed discussion of the results has been presented.     

Morphometric study of jugular foramen in adult South Indian skulls

IntroductionThe jugular foramen lies between the occipital bone and the petrosal portion of the temporal bone. It allows the passage of important nervous and vascular vein and inferior petrosal sinus. Glomic tumors, schwannomas, metastatic lesions and infiltrating inflammatory processes are associated with this foramen, which can account for injuries of related structures. Morphometric study of this foramen will serve as guide for imaging and operative procedures in the jugular foramen region.Material and methodsOne hundred and sixteen dry adult skulls of unknown sex of south Indian origin were utilized for this study. Following dimensions of the foramen were measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper: i) Maximum dimension along the long axis; ii) Maximum dimension perpendicular to the long axis; iii) Maximum height of dome of jugular fossa and iv) Distance of stylomastoid foramen from lateral margin of jugular foramen. The minimum distance of stylomastoid foramen from the lateral margin of the foramen was also measured.ObservationsThe findings of the present study bring forth some important facts as follows: On an average, all the dimensions measured were more on the right side. The jugular fossa showed great variability ranging from total absence of fossa to deep excavation anterolaterally forming a large fossa with the well-defined roof.ConclusionThese observations call for further studies on variability of jugular fossa and its possible implications. The distance of the stylomastoid foramen from the jugular foramen will serve as guide for operating surgeons using infratemporal approach during skull base surgeries.     

The posterior sacral foramina: an anatomical study

The vascular and nervous structures and their relations with the spinal nerve roots were examined in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th posterior sacral foramina in relation to percutaneous needle insertion for neuromodulation. A foraminal branch provided by the lateral sacral artery to each foramen entered the inferior lateral quadrant of each foramen, adjacent to the nerve root medially. Facing the posterior sacral aperture and around the sacral nerves, there was no venous plexus. A venous plexus was sometimes present near the median line, and always around the proximal part of the spinal ganglion. The sacral nerve roots, especially the 3rd, had a long extradural course in the foramen, presenting a potential risk of nerve lesions during procedures involving needle insertion.     

Variations in shape and dimensions of sigmoid groove, venous portion of jugular foramen, jugular fossa, condylar and mastoid foramina classified by age, sex and body side

Summary The authors have examined variations in shape and dimensions in the region of the terminal part of the sigmoid groove, venous portion of jugular foramen and jugular fossa with reference to age, sex, and body side. Examinations were carried out on 300 macerated skulls of both sexes within age limits of 11 up to 88 years. The specimens were divided into three age groups.The jugular fossa becomes deeper with age, whereas there is no substantial variation in the dimensions of the terminal part of the sigmoid groove or the venous portion of the jugular foramen. All the dimensions are larger on the right hand-side but do not differ significantly with sex.It was noted that the venous portion of the jugular foramen appears to be positioned in the transversal direction more frequently in the older age group and on the right-hand side. With the transversal position of the jugular foramen a more pronounced and medially sited lower knee of the sigmoid groove and a reduced lateral edge of the venous portion of jugular foramen were found.Dehiscences in the region of the medial wall of the venous portion of the jugular foramen and the dome of the jugular fossa were examined and found in 14.3 percent of skulls. The importance of dehiscences through which the jugular fossa communicates with the cavum tympani are emphasized. The number of dehiscences increases with age, and they are twice as frequent on the right side as on the left.Frequency and dimensions of condylar and mastoid foramina were examined and the sum of the areas of these foramina was found to be in inverse proportion to the sum of the areas of the venous portion of the jugular foramina on both sides of the skull.     

Therapeutic embolization of the dural arteriovenous malformation involving the jugular bulb

Pulsatile tinnitus is a rarely occurring symptom of vascular origin. Most frequently, the symptoms are due to an arteriovenous malformation, to a tumor of the jugular glomus or to a local arterial stenosis. A 39-yr-old Korean male suffering from pulsatile tinnitus of the left ear was diagnosed to have dural arteriovenous malformation of the jugular bulb. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed a high-velocity vascular lesion encroaching the internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinuses. Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a dural arteriovenous malformation involving the jugular bulb. The arterial supply was from the neuromeningeal branch of the left ascending pharyngeal artery and inferior tympanic artery. Stenosis of the left jugular vein caused retrograde venous drainage through the contralateral transverse sinus. Superselective embolization of these feeding arteries was successfully performed using 25% mixture of N-butylcyanoacrylate and lipiodol. In postembolization period, his complaints of pulsatile tinnitus and buzzing noise behind his left ear disappeared.