依达拉奉联合神经干细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤

背景：依达拉奉是一种自由基清除药,可以减轻受损神经组织水肿和改善脊髓损伤区微环境。 目的：观察依达拉奉联合神经干细胞移植对大鼠脊髓全横断损伤的修复效果。 方法：成年雌性SD大鼠80只,建立胸9脊髓全横断损伤模型,随机分为4组：对照组不做处理;依达拉奉组脊髓损伤后6 h经尾静脉注射依达拉奉;神经干细胞移植组脊髓损伤后6 h脊髓损伤区域注入神经干细胞悬液;依达拉奉+细胞移植组脊髓损伤后6 h神经干细胞移植的同时尾静脉注射依达拉奉。 结果与结论：造模后8周可观察到PKH-26标记的神经干细胞在体内存活并在脊髓内迁移;细胞移植组和依达拉奉联+细胞移植组可见少量连续性神经纤维通过损伤区。荧光金逆行脊髓追踪显示神经干细胞移植组和依达拉奉+细胞移植组可见被荧光金标记的神经锥体细胞穿越损伤区。PKH-26标记的阳性细胞数及荧光金阳性神经纤维数：依达拉奉+细胞移植组最多,依达拉奉组、神经干细胞移植组次之,对照组最少,各组之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);后肢功能运动BBB评分依次为依达拉奉+细胞移植组>神经干细胞移植组>依达拉奉组>对照组。提示依达拉奉能促进神经干细胞在损伤区的存活并向神经细胞分化,依达拉奉联合神经干细胞移植有促进细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤的效果。     

神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤

背景：近年来,神经干细胞移植已成为治疗神经退行性疾病和中枢神经系统损伤的研究热点。 目的：探讨神经干细的定向分化调控机制和神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的研究进展。 方法：以“neural stem cells, stem cell transplantation, ischemic brain injury”为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库1990至2012年相关文献;以“神经干细胞,干细胞移植,缺血性脑损伤”为检索词,检索CNKI数据库2005至2012 年相关文献。分析神经干细的定向分化调控机制和神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的内容,排除重复研究。 结果与结论：①体外分离培养的神经干细胞有胚胎来源、脐血来源和成体来源,主要采用机械分离法和胰酶消化法进行分离。②目前体外培养的神经干细胞分离鉴定的标记物有巢蛋白、波形蛋白1、5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷、神经元特异性烯醇化酶等。③神经干细胞的分化调节是通过正负双重作用实现的,负性调节是通过对称性的分裂来增加神经干细胞数量,包括Notch信号途径和一些生长因子等。正性调节诱导神经干细胞分化,包括参与细胞合成的骨形态发生蛋白信号途径等。④神经干细胞移植的时间窗选择在实验动物脑缺血两三周后,时间过早和过晚均不适合细胞的存活。神经干细胞通过脑立体定位仪直接进行脑内移植治疗大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤,移植后可见细胞在局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑室内和梗死中心均可长期存活,并可广泛迁移,移植神经干细胞后观察到其运动行为学评分有明显提高。缺血性脑卒中的神经干细胞移植治疗还存在一些问题需要解决,未来的临床应用前景广阔,是缺血性脑卒中患者的新希望。     

Comparative analysis of differentiation and behavior of human neural and mesenchymal stem cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Comparative analysis of differentiation of human neural and mesenchymal stem cells in tissue culture and after transplantation into the brain was carried out using the same antibody set. Neural stem cells differentiated into all types of neural cells, are retained after transplantation, migrate, and form reciprocal relationships with the recipient brain. Mesenchymal stem cells were incapable of neural development under conditions of common culturing or after transplantation and retained the fibroblast-like status. Recipient filaments grew into mesenchymal stem cell transplants containing no neural cells due to local changes in the extracellular matrix at the site of transplantation. __________ Translated from Kletochnye Tekhnologii v Biologii i Meditsine, No. 1, pp. 44–52, January, 2006     

Distribution of mesenchymal stem cells in the area of tissue inflammation after transplantation of the cell material via different routes

In experiments on male Wistar—Kyoto rats we studied the distribution of mesenchymal stem cells in intact body and in the presence of a focus of acute tissue inflammation. In healthy animals mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted intravenously. In the second case we used various routes of transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells: intravenous, into tissue adjacent to the inflammation focus, and into intact lobe of the damaged organ (prostate gland). Three weeks after transplantation, mesenchymal stem cells labeled with a fluorescent dye were detected in the bone marrow and intestine of intact animals. In case of inflammation focus, mesenchymal stem cells after transplantation migrated into the bone marrow, intestine, and prostate gland. After injection into the adjacent zone, these cells formed a compact agglomerate at the site of injection. After transplantation into the intact lobe of the prostate gland the cells migrated towards the inflammation focus. Thus, transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the venous blood is less traumatic and led to more uniform distribution of cells in the damaged tissue. __________ Translated from Kletochnye Tehnologii v Biologii i Medicine, No. 1, pp. 34–37, January, 2007     

LIF对人胎脑神经干细胞体外增殖和分化的影响

目的:观察白血病抑制因子(LIF)对体外培养的人胎脑神经干细胞增殖和分化的影响。方法:用添加表皮生长因子(EGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF2)的N2培养基培养人神经干细胞(hNSC)。实验分添加LIF(LIF+)组和无LIF(LIF-)组,接种12天后计数细胞集落(球)的形成率。传代培养观察120天,定期进行活细胞计数,绘制生长速率曲线。取第6代细胞球进行分化诱导,免疫荧光技术鉴别神经细胞的特异性抗原标志,并计算各细胞类型间的比例。结果:两组集落形成百分比分别为:LIF+为0.50%-0.91%;LIF-为0.49%-0.94%。两组间的差异并无显著意义(P>0.05)。在相同培养条件下,各例胎脑来源的NSC扩增速率的相差并无显著性意义(P>0.05),但LIF对NSC扩增有重要作用,刺激细胞扩增了约4000-8400倍,无分化发生;LIF-组仅为43-97倍,培养两个月后可观察到分化现象。在培养过程中观察到:LIF的作用主要表现在细胞接种传代约50-60天以后。用免疫细胞化学荧光进行分化细胞类型鉴定,计数神经元和星形胶细胞数,并计算其中神经元所占的百分比。LIF+培养为12%-83%,明显高于LIF-组的8%-23%(P<0.005),来源于海马的NSC分化为神经元的比例要高于来源于纹状体的NSC。结论:LIF能阻抑人胎脑NSC的分化,促进其体外长期增殖,其效应主要表现在接种传代培养的50-60天以后。LIF还影响NSC的分化,可显著提高分化细胞中神经元的百分比,海马源性hNSC对LIF更为敏感。     

胚胎干细胞移植治疗脑血管疾病

背景：胚胎干细胞移植是否能够成为脑血管疾病治疗有效的方法已成为目前研究的热点。 目的：探讨胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植治疗脑血管疾病的效果及可行性。 方法：分别建立帕金森病、缺血性脑损伤以及血管性痴呆大鼠模型,并进行胚胎干细胞体外培养,诱导分化为神经前体细胞,将胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入相应脑血管疾病模型大鼠脑内,观察脑血管病变大鼠的旋转行为学变化、脑组织病理变化以及海马结构的变化和神经细胞数目的变化。 结果与结论：胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入帕金森病大鼠脑内后,阿朴吗啡诱发的旋转次数逐渐减少,呈下降趋势,纹状体多巴胺的含量明显增高。胚胎干细胞分化神经前体细胞移植入缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑内后,能够长期存在于脑内,并迁移、分布于受损的海马,构成海马结构,进一步分化为神经元,并且受损海马内的神经细胞数量明显增加。说明移植的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的胚胎干细胞可改善血管性痴呆大鼠的学习记忆功能,增强神经的可塑性,诱导自身定向迁移并分化为成熟神经元。     

Development of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from Human Brain by Transplantation into the Brains of Adult Rats

The aim of the present work was to study human neural stem/progenitor cells (SPC) cultured in vitro and their potential to survive, migrate, and differentiate after transplantation into adult rat brain. SPC were extracted from the brains of nine-week human embryos and were cultured in selective medium for three weeks. Transplantation was with suspensions of cells or whole neurospheres; these were studied four weeks after transplantation into the hippocampus, striatum, and lateral ventricles of adult rats. Analysis of transplanted cells was based on various histological and immunohistological staining methods: bisbenzimide, bromodeoxyuridine, and antibodies to human nuclei, vimentin, beta-tubulin, neurofilaments, and glial fibrillar acidic protein, which allowed us to make independent assessments of their state and differentiation. Transplanted SPC from human brains survived well for one month in all areas of adult rat brain without immunosuppression. Cells from suspension transplants migrated intensely and differentiated into neurons and gliocytes. At the same time, transplants of whole neurospheres showed limited or no migration because of the development of a glial barrier.     

Development of human brain neural/progenitor cells after transplantation into the brain of adult rats

The purpose of the present study was the investigation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (SPC) cultured in vitro, with special reference to their capacity for grafting, migration and differentiation after transplantation into adult rat brain. SPC were isolated from the brain of 9-week-old human embryos and were cultured in a selective medium for 3 weeks. For transplantation, cell suspension or whole neurospheres were used; they were studied 4 weeks following the transplantation in hippocampus, striatum and lateral ventricle of adult rat brain. For the analysis of transplanted SPC, various histological and immunohistochemical staining methods were applied (bisbenzidine, BrdU, antibodies against human nuclei, vimentin, beta-tubulin, neurofilaments, GFAP), that allowed an independent evaluation of their state and differentiation. Transplanted human brain SPC were shown to survive well for one month in all the areas of adult rat brain without immunosuppression. Cells from suspension transplants actively migrated and differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Meanwhile, cell migration from the transplanted whole neurospheres was limited or absent due to the formation of glial barrier.     

脊髓神经干细胞对小鼠视网膜移植的研究

目的　研究原代培养的脊髓神经干细胞在小鼠视网膜的整合和分化情况。　方法　利用细胞培养和体内移植技术 ,将原代脊髓神经干细胞 (NSC)移植到不同年龄小鼠的视网膜 ,并对移植后细胞的整合及分化情况进行了免疫组织化学分析。　结果　 1 移植的NSC对组织的整合能力随宿主年龄的增加而降低 ;2 移植的NSC在宿主视网膜内可以分化为星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和神经元。　结论　脊髓原代NSC移植到小鼠视网膜后的整合和分化均受内外因素的调控 ,为NSC的体内分化研究提供了新的证据     

Transplantation of Cultured Human Neural Progenitor Cells into Rat Brain: Migration and Differentiation

We studied the fate in vitro cultured human stem/progenitor cells after transplantation into rat brain. The cells from human fetuses at 8-12 weeks' gestation were cultured in vitro for 14 days and transplanted into the brain of 10-day-old and adult rats. Microscopic examination showed that human stem/progenitor cells migrated into various regions of rat brain. Immunohistochemical assay demonstrated that some cells differentiated into astrocytes and neurons, while others retained the embryonic phenotype.     

Manipulating neural-stem-cell mobilization and migration in vitro

Neural stem-cell transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of neural diseases and injuries, since the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited capacity to repopulate the lost cells. Transplantation strategies face many difficulties including low viability, lack of control of stem-cell fate, and low levels of cell engraftment after transplantation. An alternative strategy for CNS repair without transplantation is using endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) and precursor cells. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine of mesenchymal origin, exerts a strong chemoattractive effect on stem cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a key regulator for stem-cell proliferation, mobilization, and fate choices, is currently being characterized for endogenous NSC manipulation for brain regeneration. In this study, HGF and LIF have been loaded into hydrogels and degradable nanoparticles, respectively, for sustained, long-term, localized delivery. We examine the use of HGF-loaded hydrogels and LIF-loaded nanoparticles for manipulating migration and mobilization of human NSCs in vitro. The combination of LIF-loaded nanoparticles and HGF-loaded hydrogels significantly mobilized hNSCs and promoted their migration in vitro. Studies are in progress to evaluate endogenous NSC mobilization and migration in vivo with simultaneous, controlled delivery of LIF at the natural reservoir of endogenous NSCs and HGF at the injury or disease site for in situ tissue regeneration.     

First experience in the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of a patient with deep skin burns

Female patient with extensive skin burn (I-II-IIIAB skin burn, total area 40%, area of IIIB degree 30%) was treated using transplantation of allogenic fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells onto the surface of deep thermal burn. The study of wound healing dynamics after transplantation of allogenic fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells confirmed high tempo of wound regeneration in the presence of active neoangiogenesis. Due to this, autodermoplasty of burn wounds could be carried out with good results as early as on day 4 after transplantation of fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells; this led to more rapid healing of donor zones and accelerated rehabilitation of the patient.__________This revised version was published online in July 2005 with the addition of the issue title and article categoryTranslated from Kletochnye Tekhnologii v Biologii i Meditsine, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 42–46, January, 2005     

Single neural progenitor cells derived from EGFP expressing mice is useful after spinal cord injury in mice

Neural stem cells (NSCs) were widely used for studying the cell's replacement after transplantation in nervous system because of its specific characteristics. However, Stracing the cells after transplantation was still a problem. In the present study, we isolated and cultured the neural stem cells from the C57BL/6J EGFP transgenic mouse (EGFP mice), and identified the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into the three CNS lineages (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Then we transplanted the single neural stem cell into the lesion spinal cord. Expression of GFP and differentiation was evaluated at two weeks post-transplantation. The data showed that these neural stem cells derived from the EGFP mice could maintain transgene expression and could differentiate into the MAP2 positive cells after transplantation into the injured spinal cord. The results suggested that NSC expressing EGFP was a useful marker for tracing the cells after transplantation in vivo and functional in the treatment to spinal cord injury.     

新生ROSA β geo26小鼠海马神经干细胞移植入成年大鼠脑内的存活与分化

目的评价转染报告基因LacZ的ROSA β geo26小鼠能否作为神经干细胞(NSCs)移植的细胞来源。方法应用X-Gal结合免疫组化双标染色研究该品系小鼠NSCs植入成年大鼠纹状体内β-gal的表达。结果移植2周后在大鼠纹状体内可见表达β-gal阳性细胞,部分移植细胞向嘴侧迁移至宿主基底前脑,并分化为成熟神经元,但未观察到表达β-gal的星形胶质细胞。结论LacZ的ROSA β geo26小鼠海马的NSCs移植后能稳定表达β-gal,可作为神经干细胞移植的细胞来源。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植修复缺氧缺血损伤新生大鼠的脑功能

背景：课题计划从神经细胞替代、促进内源性神经干细胞增殖和分化、保护神经元、促进突触重建以及减轻脑白质损伤等方面来探讨脐血间充质干细胞系统移植对新生大鼠缺氧缺血脑损伤后神经功能的修复作用及其机制。 目的：观察脐血间充质干细胞由静脉途径移植透过血脑屏障进入脑组织内,对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后脑功能修复的影响。 方法：7 d龄SD新生鼠分为3组：假手术组仅分离出左侧颈总动脉而不结扎;缺氧缺血脑损伤组制备缺氧缺血脑损伤模型;细胞移植组在缺氧缺血性脑损伤后第8天尾静脉移植人脐血间充质干细胞,前两组尾静脉注射等量的生理盐水。 结果与结论：免疫荧光观察显示移植后5周脐血间充质干细胞迁移到海马,Nissl染色结果显示脐血间充质干细胞移植后,左侧海马DG区锥体细胞尼氏小体明显增加,提示间充质干细胞移植后可分化为神经元。行为学测试结果显示：与假手术组相比,缺氧缺血脑损伤组在T迷宫实验中,自发改变率下降,在放射形迷宫中觅水时间延长,错误次数及重复次数明显增加(P < 0.05);脐血间充质干细胞静脉移植5周后,上述行为学指标均显著改善(P < 0.05)。提示脐血间充质干细胞静脉移植治疗明显改善和提高了缺氧缺血脑损伤大鼠远期的学习记忆和空间辨别能力。     

神经干细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓半切伤的研究

目的：观察神经干细胞移植修复脊髓半切伤的疗效并探讨移植最佳时机。方法：制备大鼠T13-L1脊髓半切伤模型，取胎龄13、5d胎鼠大脑组织，体外分离、培养、诱导神经干细胞，并采用免疫细胞化学技术分别检测NSC（neural stemcell）特征性标志Nestin（巢蛋白）表达和用血清诱导分化为大量神经元NSE（neuron specific enolas）和神经胶质细胞GFAP（glial fibrillary acidic protein）表达。用明胶海绵吸附BrdU（5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶）标记好的神经干细胞悬液移植到脊髓半横断处，移植时间选择损伤后立即移植、损伤后第9、14d。观察移植后的大鼠行为的变化，通过CBS（combine behavioral score）评分和爬网格实验评价大鼠的运动功能恢复情况，并进行免疫组化鉴定，光学显微镜观察移植神经干细胞的存活和迁移。结果：在上述条件下培养及传代的细胞不断分裂增殖，形成悬浮生长的呈Nestin阳性的神经球；用血清诱导分化为大量表达NSE阳性的神经元和GFAP阳性的神经胶质细胞。与对照组相比，神经干细胞移植组明显修复了损伤结构，改善了下肢的功能，尤其是第9d移植组。结论：神经干细胞移植促进了脊髓损伤后神经结构和功能的恢复，是治疗脊髓半切伤一种有效方案，考虑综合因素移植干细胞的最佳时机应选损伤后9d左右。     

人胚胎纹状体来源神经干细胞的体外培养

背景：目前神经干细胞多由动物获得,不适合人类临床移植治疗。 目的：探索体外环境下人胚胎纹状体来源神经干细胞的培养方法,同时观察其生物学特性。 方法：取经水囊引产的孕8-16周人胚胎纹状体,体外用无血清DMEM培养基进行培养,待细胞形成神经球后进行传代,并应用含体积分数10%胎牛血清的DMEM/ F12培养液进行诱导分化。 结果与结论：体外培养的人胚胎纹状体来源神经干细胞生长迅速,表达神经干细胞标志物nestin。克隆形成实验显示细胞克隆形成率为6.0%-7.0%;BrdU掺入实验显示细胞增殖率为37.9%。免疫荧光染色显示经诱导分化的细胞表达神经元标志物Ⅲ型β微管蛋白、星形胶质细胞标志物胶质纤维酸性蛋白及神经干细胞标志物nestin,但不表达少突胶质细胞标志物髓鞘碱性蛋白。可见人胚胎纹状体来源神经干细胞在体外无血清条件下可保持其生物学特点,具有自我更新能力,经胎牛血清诱导后可向神经元及星形胶质细胞分化。     

鼠胚神经干细胞移植对帕金森模型大鼠的治疗作用

背景：干细胞移植是治疗帕金森的有潜力的方法之一。 目的：观察神经干细胞纹状体移植对帕金森模型大鼠旋转行为及脑内多巴胺含量的影响。 方法：采用6-羟基多巴胺定点注射毁损黑质纹状体的方法构建帕金森大鼠模型;向造模成功的大鼠纹状体内分别移植1×106(共计20 μL)的第3代胚鼠神经干细胞或等量生理盐水。 结果与结论：神经干细胞移植后,帕金森大鼠的旋转行为明显改善。干细胞移植后3周,免疫组化检测发现移植干细胞的帕金森大鼠脑黑质部位酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞数增多,纹状体内可见酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞;荧光显微镜下观察发现Hoechst 33324d标记神经干细胞在移植针道附近最为密集,并向远隔部位迁徙。干细胞移植后8周,高效液相色谱检测显示移植干细胞的帕金森大鼠纹状体内多巴胺含量明显增高(P < 0.01)。说明神经干细胞脑内移植能够减轻6-羟基多巴胺引起的大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤,改善大鼠的旋转行为。     

Intravenous Xenotransplantation of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Rats: Comparative Analysis of Homing in Rat Brain in Two Models of Experimental Ischemic Stroke

We studied immunoregulatory properties of cultured human stem cells of mesenchymal and ectodermal origins after their administration to mice. Xenotransplantation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta reduced the number of CD11c⁺ dendritic cells in mouse spleens, but did not affect activation of dendritic cells from mouse spleen in culture. It was also shown that splenocytes isolated from animals 10 days after transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells more actively proliferated in response to the polyclonal stimulation. At the same time, transplantation of neither mesenchymal nor neural stem cells affected the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells and their total content in the peripheral blood in comparison with the corresponding parameters in the control groups.     

Intravenously injected neural progenitor cells of transgenic rats can migrate to the injured spinal cord and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has been reported recently to promote regeneration of the injured spinal cord. In the majority of these reports, cell transplantation was performed by local injection with a needle. However, direct injection might be too invasive for clinical use; therefore, the authors investigated a new method of delivering NPCs for the treatment of spinal cord injury. In this study, NPCs were obtained from E15 fetal hippocampus of transgenic rats expressing green fluorescent protein and 100,000 cells were transplanted intravenously into each animal 24h after contusion injury. It was found that the injected NPCs migrated to the lesion site widely and demonstrated nestin at an early phase after transplantation. These NPCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and survived at least for 56 days. These results indicated that intravenously injected neural stem cells migrated into the spinal cord lesion while preserving their potential as NPCs, and that this procedure is a potential method of delivering cells into the lesion for the treatment of spinal cord injury.