microRNAs与骨骼肌疾病

MicroRNA(miRN A)是一类长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子,它能与mRNA的特定位点结合,参与转录后基因表达调控,从而抑制蛋白质的合成。因此,它在调节基因转录与表达,调控生物体正常发育等各个生理过程中扮演重要角色,同时也对人类疾病的防治以及生物进化探索有着重要意义。有关miRNAs和骨骼肌之间的研究主要集中在miRNAs与骨骼肌生长发育、骨骼肌损伤、骨骼肌疾病。一些普遍表达的miRNAs在胚胎骨骼肌发育和成体骨骼肌再生过程中起着促进作用,且miRNAs调节异常是骨骼肌疾病的一个共同特征。本文主要就miRNAs的生物合成过程和生物学特性,miRNAs在骨骼肌发育过程中的主要功能,以及miRNA对骨骼肌相关疾病的影响和作用作一综述。     

微小RNA在卵巢癌中的研究进展及治疗价值

微小RNA（miRNAs）在卵巢癌的发生发展和耐药性方面起着至关重要的作用。miRNAs参与重要的生物过程，包括发育，分化，细胞增殖和凋亡的本文着重于miRNA在卵巢癌中的作用、致癌或抑癌的机制以及以microRNAs为基础的治疗的可能性。     

MicroRNA与卵巢功能关系的研究进展

微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)是内源性非编码单链小RNA,通过调控靶基因的转录后水平,影响细胞的发育、分化、增殖和凋亡。miRNAs在卵巢的生长发育各阶段中均起着调控作用,还可直接调控卵巢激素的分泌,并在多囊卵巢综合征、卵巢功能早衰、卵巢癌等卵巢疾病中起着重要的调控作用。本文将对目前miRNAs与卵巢发育与功能的相关研究进展进行综述。     

MicroRNAs在心血管疾病中作用的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度为21~28 nt单链非编码小分子RNA,通过与靶基因3′-UTR完全或不完全互补配对结合导致靶基因降解或翻译抑制调节几千种基因。近年研究表明miRNAs已成为许多重要生物过程的主要调节因子,包括生长发育、细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等。研究对应miRNAs参与疾病发生的机制可能为人类某些疾病的治疗开辟一条新的途经。本综述总结miRNAs在调控心血管疾病发生的作用方面的研究成果。     

MicroRNAs与T细胞关系的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是非编码蛋白质的单链小分子RNA,其主要在转录后水平通过降解靶mRNA或抑制蛋白质翻译来调控目的基因的表达,参与细胞的发育、分化、信号转导及肿瘤的发生、发展等多种重要的生物学进程。近年来的研究表明,miRNAs对机体免疫细胞具有多种调控功能。本文主要就近年来与T细胞的胸腺发育、分化及功能相关的miRNAs研究进展作一综述。     

微小RNAs与心脏发育及疾病

微小RNAs（microRNAs）是一类内源性17~25个核苷酸大小的非编码RNA分子,能调节转录后靶基因的表达,在机体的生长发育、神经分化、细胞增殖、代谢和凋亡等过程中发挥重要作用。研究表明：microRNAs参与了心脏发育,多种miRNAs (miRNA-1, 133, 206 等)基因的表达变化影响心脏的正常发育。microRNAs的水平变化与心律失常、心肌梗死、心肌重构和心力衰竭等心脏疾病的形成亦密切相关。     

MicroRNA与脑发育及神经系统疾病

MicroRNA是一类非编码的小RNA,它提供基因的转录后调控。近年来,MicroRNA成为了研究热点。在脑组织中miRNAs较丰富,它在脑组织的发育和分化过程中起关键作用;miRNAs表达随着胚胎脑组织的发育而变化。在细胞分化过程中,miRNAs起到建立并维持细胞固有特征的作用。同时miRNAs还参与神经功能的实施,如突触可塑性。miRNAs通过调控突触处的mRNA的翻译来维持突触可塑性。它们的异常表达还与一些神经系统疾病有关,如胶质母细胞瘤,Tourette综合征等。     

巨噬细胞极化在过敏性哮喘中的作用

过敏性哮喘(allergic asthma,AA)是常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,严重危害人们的身体健康.巨噬细胞是存在于肺组织中最丰富的免疫细胞群,参与了过敏性哮喘的发病过程.在受到不同变应原刺激后,巨噬细胞表现出不同的活化状态,并发挥不同的免疫功能,这一过程称之为巨噬细胞极化(mac-rophge polarization).这里主要讨论巨噬细胞及巨噬细胞极化在过敏性哮喘发病过程中的作用,以及巨噬细胞极化过程中表观遗传学变化的新概念,包括miRNAs、DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等,它们可能通过调节细胞信号和标志基因的表达来调控巨噬细胞极化,从而影响了过敏性哮喘发病过程,为过敏性哮喘的免疫治疗策略提供了新的见解.     

miRNAs在干细胞自我更新和分化中的作用

干细胞的一个特点是能够自我更新并产生分化的细胞,这种独特的属性是由细胞内各种调控因素作用的结果。近期研究表明,小分子RNA(miRNAs)在调节干细胞的自我更新与分化中起重要作用,miRNAs通过对抑制靶mRNA的翻译来调节细胞或已分化的子细胞。这些发现说明miRNAs在控制干细胞命运上具有重要的意义。     

MiRNA基因及miRNA相关基因单核苷酸多态性与肿瘤易感性

MircoRNAs（miRNAs）是一类进化上高度保守的重要的转录后调控因子,通过调节基因的表达而参与调控细胞死亡、增殖及分化等生理过程,同时与肿瘤等疾病的发生、发展密切相关。随着miRNAs基因以及靶基因结合位点的单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）和miRNA相关基因SNP的生物预测和筛选技术的不断成熟,以及下一代测序技术在肿瘤基因组研究中的广泛应用,将发现大量新的miRNAs基因的SNP位点,这些miRNAs基因以及靶基因结合位点的SNP和miRNA相关基因的SNP与肿瘤等复杂疾病的易感及预后密切相关,通过检测miRNAs基因SNP或靶基因结合位点SNP或miRNA相关基因的SNP位点,即可进行肿瘤发病风险的判断和预后预测。     

MicroRNAs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer

Immune cells are recruited into the tumor microenvironment and regulate anti- and pro-tumor signals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) markedly control the immune system responses in cancer development. miRNAs that affect the immune system could be interesting targets for immunomodulation against cancer, either through the activation of effector cells or through the down-regulation of regulatory cells. Bioinformatic calculations can predict the immune system and miRNA interactions. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies about miRNA as the main regulator of recruitment and the activation of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment and finally we propose several miRNAs that could serve as therapeutic molecules in the immunotherapy of cancer.     

The emerging role of microRNAs in immune cell development and differentiation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA strands (20–25 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression by translational repression as well as by messenger RNA degradation. This review will examine the application and function of miRNAs in immune cell development and differentiation.     

MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function

Decades of research went into understanding immune cell development and function without awareness that consideration of a key element, microRNA (miRNA), was lacking. The discovery of miRNAs as regulators of developmental events in model organisms suggested to many investigators that miRNA might be involved in the immune system. In the past few years, widespread examination of this possibility has produced notable results. Results have shown that miRNAs affect mammalian immune cell differentiation, the outcome of immune responses to infection and the development of diseases of immunological origin. Some miRNAs repress expression of target proteins with well established functions in hematopoiesis. Here we bring together much of this work, which has so far only scratched the surface of this very fertile field of investigation, and show how the results illuminate many historic questions about hematopoiesis and immune function.     

Cross‐regulation between cytokine and microRNA pathways in T cells

microRNA (miRNA) mediated regulation of protein expression has emerged as an important mechanism in T‐cell physiology, from development and survival to activation, proliferation, and differentiation. One of the major classes of proteins involved in these processes are cytokines, which are both key input signals and major products of T‐cell function. Here, we summarize the current data on the molecular cross‐talk between cytokines and miRNAs: how cytokines regulate miRNA expression, and how specific miRNAs control cytokine production in T cells. We also describe the inflammatory consequences of deregulating the miRNA/cytokine axis in mice and humans. We believe this topical area will have key implications for immune modulation and treatment of autoimmune pathology.