海马突触可塑性与神经系统相关疾病关系的研究进展

海马突触可塑性直接影响着海马功能的形成和运转过程,尤其是学习和记忆能力的建立和维持。海马突触可塑性与阿尔茨海默病(AD)抑郁症、癫痫等的发生发展存在密切关系。突触可塑性涉及多个方面,不同疾病的突触可塑性改变也不尽相同,因此,它与疾病之间的因果关系以及机制至今尚不十分明确,其影响因素也是多样的。人们已经注意到细胞移植、富集环境(EE)和体育锻炼等直接或间接影响着突触可塑性。从突触可塑性入手寻找有效治疗手段,为神经系统相关疾病防治提供新的思路。因此,改善海马突触可塑性逐渐成为神经系统相关疾病防治的重要策略。本文从海马突触可塑性相关的疾病及影响因素两个方面阐述突触可塑性的研究进展。     

MicroRNA与肺部疾病

MicroRNA(miRNA)在生物的发育、疾病的发生和发展过程中扮演着重要角色,以其在生命活动中起到的调控作用而备受关注.大量研究证实miRNA与包括肺的生长发育、肺内炎性反应、肺癌、肺纤维化等在内的肺部疾病的发生和发展及转归有着密切的关联.MiRNA芯片技术是一种有效地、高通量地获取miRNA表达的手段,已经成功地...     

泛连接蛋白1在神经系统疾病中作用机制的研究进展

缝隙连接蛋白家族成员泛连接蛋白-1(Panx1)是在细胞间信息传递中发挥重要作用的跨膜通道,具有独特的门控特性。在神经系统中,Panx1在多种细胞类型中均表达,并介导这些细胞之间的联系。Panx1的活性在调节神经元发育和突触可塑性方面的生理功能,可能与学习和记忆有关。最近其活性与神经系统疾病的关系也受到关注,如缺血性卒中、癫痫及慢性疼痛。然而Panx1在神经系统疾病的重要意义仍然未知全貌。鉴于此,大量研究集中在调节Panx1通道表达和激活的机制如何促进各种生理和病理的过程。本综述目的是总结当前Panx1在神经系统生理和病理中作用的研究进展。     

突触囊泡蛋白2A参与神经系统疾病机制的研究进展

突触囊泡蛋白2A(synaptic vesicle protein 2A, SV2A)是一种分布于突触囊泡上的膜蛋白,在突触囊泡中特异性表达.在突触小体内,SV2A在正常的突触囊泡的释放和快速回收过程起重要作用.SV2A参与多种神经退行性疾病的发病过程[1].SV2A在突触结构中异常表达能够影响突触囊泡生理功能和引起突...     

神经系统疾病的基因治疗

很可能不久在许多中枢神经系统疾病和损伤的治疗中建立起遗传学治疗方法。这类治疗的对象不仅包括致病基因，而且还包括神经生长因子（神经生长因子影响神经元的存在和功能）和异常的继发代谢及神经传导功能。     

磷脂酶A2与神经系统疾病

磷脂酶A2是一大类能催化水解磷脂特定酯键的酶,与哺乳动物神经系统存在密切的关系。磷脂酶A2在神经系统广泛表达,以海马最为丰富,在维持神经元的正常功能中起重要作用。在神经系统病理状态下,磷脂酶A2同工酶活性可增强或降低,引起不同程度的神经系统病变。一些磷脂酶A2抑制剂可能延缓病程的进展,达到治疗的目的。     

神经系统疾病与基因治疗

基因治疗研究的迅速进展以及中枢神经系统疾病致病机理的深入研究为基因治疗在中枢神经系统疾病中的应用提供了基础。本文就某些神经系统疾病的分子生物学机制，基因治疗在神经系统疾病及脑肿瘤中的应用等方面进行综述。     

神经系统疾病与循环 microRNA的研究进展

MicroRNA( miRNA)是一类长度约为22个核苷酸大小的内源性非编码单链 RNA,可以通过特异性抑制靶 mRNA翻译或降解靶 mRNA在转录后水平起调节作用。早期对于 miRNA的研究主要集中在细胞内的 miRNA,但近年的研究表明血浆及血清中亦存在着稳定 miRNA。循环 miRNA的发现为神经系统疾病的诊断、疗效监测和预后评价提供了新的方向。本研究对神经系统疾病与循环 miRNA的研究进展进行综述。     

MicroRNA layer of MHC in infectious diseases

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) harbors key genes of the immune response that are likely useful as biomarkers for infectious diseases. However, little is known about their microRNAs and what role they play in infections. The present study aimed to describe the miRNA genes in the MHC (MHC-miRNA), their variability and associations with infectious diseases. Additionally, MHC-miRNA host and target genes were also evaluated in associations with infectious diseases. Surveys in several databases and literature reviews identified 48 MHC-miRNA genes, with high SNP and CNV variability able to disrupt MHC-miRNA expression and putatively under selective pressure. Eight MHC-miRNAs were found inside or close regions of classical MHC rearrangements (RCCX and DRB genome organization). The proportion of MHC-miRNAs associated with infections (23%) was higher than the proportion found for the 1917 hsa-miRNA (4%). Additionally, 35 MHC-miRNAs (57%) have at least one of their target genes associated with infectious diseases, while all nine MHC-miRNA whose host genes were associated with infections have also their target genes associated with infections, being host and target genes of five MHC-miRNAs reported to be associated with the same diseases. This finding may reflect a concerted miRNA-mediated immune response mechanism triggered by infection.     

microRNA与心血管疾病发病机制的相关性

在胚胎发育时期,哺乳动物体内最先形成的器官即为心脏,由高保守性转录因子构成的调控体系控制着其信号通路的正确表达,并对心血管系统的正常发育及功能的维持发挥着重要作用。在心脏发育过程中,该调控体系受到任何微小的干扰,都可能会造成先天性心脏病、心律失常等各类心血管疾病的发生。 microRNAs作为一类小分子非编码RNA,其参与心血管系统的发育及疾病的发生过程,已经引起了各界研究人员的广泛关注。在大部分生物组织中, microRNAs主要通过抑制靶基因的翻译,从而在转录后抑制靶基因的表达。最新研究表明,在心脏等靶器官中,维持和恢复相应microRNA的稳定表达可能成为心血管等疾病治疗的一个新靶点。文章就microRNA在各类心血管疾病发病机制中扮演的重要角色进行了深入概括,这将有利于促进心血管疾病的预防和治疗。     

Phosphatase and tensin homolog, deleted on chromosome 10 deficiency in brain causes defects in synaptic structure, transmission and plasticity, and myelination abnormalities

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway modulates growth, proliferation and cell survival in diverse tissue types and plays specialized roles in the nervous system including influences on neuronal polarity, dendritic branching and synaptic plasticity. The tumor-suppressor phosphatase with tensin homology (PTEN) is the central negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. Germline PTEN mutations result in cancer predisposition, macrocephaly and benign hamartomas in many tissues, including Lhermitte-Duclos disease, a cerebellar growth disorder. Neurological abnormalities including autism, seizures and ataxia have been observed in association with inherited PTEN mutation with variable penetrance. It remains unclear how loss of PTEN activity contributes to neurological dysfunction. To explore the effects of Pten deficiency on neuronal structure and function, we analyzed several ultra-structural features of Pten-deficient neurons in Pten conditional knockout mice. Using Golgi stain to visualize full neuronal morphology, we observed that increased size of nuclei and somata in Pten-deficient neurons was accompanied by enlarged caliber of neuronal projections and increased dendritic spine density. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed enlarged abnormal synaptic structures in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Severe myelination defects included thickening and unraveling of the myelin sheath surrounding hypertrophic axons in the corpus callosum. Defects in myelination of axons of normal caliber were observed in the cerebellum, suggesting intrinsic abnormalities in Pten-deficient oligodendrocytes. We did not observe these abnormalities in wild-type or conditional Pten heterozygous mice. Moreover, conditional deletion of Pten drastically weakened synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses between CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. These data suggest that Pten is involved in mechanisms that control development of neuronal and synaptic structures and subsequently synaptic function.     

脑衰老与外泌体研究进程及现状的文献计量学分析

文题释义:文献计量学:是指以文献为计量对象;运用数学和统计学的方法;通过定量分析和统计已发表的学术研究成果;产出一份该领域发展的分析报告;可通过图形可视化方式帮助快速了解该学术领域的研究现状、热点和趋势。外泌体:是细胞分泌到胞外的一种囊泡;可通过生物活性脂质、蛋白质以及RNA来进行细胞间的信息传递;参与细胞通讯、细胞迁移、细胞生长和细胞凋亡等过程。背景:近年来随着生物医学的快速发展;脑衰老和外泌体的研究受到越来越多的关注;但目前还没有文献对该领域进行文献计量学分析。目的:客观分析近15年国内外关于脑衰老和外泌体的相关文献;总结梳理该领域的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。方法:以Web of Science的核心数据库为检索平台;下载了从建库至2022-12-28发表的有关脑衰老和外泌体的文献;使用CiteSpace 6.1.R6可视化软件从国家、机构、作者、关键词、共被引文献等方面对数据进行分析。结果与结论:共纳入1 045篇研究文献;国内外关于脑衰老和外泌体研究的发文量呈逐年增长趋势;美国以发文量429篇居于首位;中国以发文量277篇位居第二。美国路易斯安那州立大学以发文量16篇位居第一。路易斯安那州立大学的Lukiw, Walter J教授是发文量最大的作者;麻省理工学院Bartel DP教授是被引用最多的作者。产量最高的期刊是《International Journal of Molecular Sciences》。阿尔茨海默病、microRNA、基因表达、细胞外囊泡、外泌体、氧化应激和生物标志物等是最相关的术语。根据对热门话题的研究;生物标志物已成为一个新的研究热点。以上结果表明;近15年来脑衰老和外泌体的研究呈逐渐上升趋势;研究方向由最初探究与脑衰老相关的中枢神经系统疾病miRNA的表达;已逐渐转向为寻找能成为识别和诊断神经退行性疾病的生物标志物;基于外泌体miRNA的方法已经成为中枢神经系统疾病有希望的治疗策略。https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0928-077X (吕丽婷) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

To learn,to remember,to forget—How smart is the gut?

The enteric nervous system (ENS) resides within the gut wall and autonomously controls gut functions through coordinated activation of sensory, inter and motor neurons. Its activity is modulated by the enteric immune and endocrine system as well as by afferent and efferent nerves of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. The ENS is often referred to as the second brain and hence is able to perform sophisticated tasks. We review the evidence that the “smartness” of the ENS may even extend to its ability to learn and to memorize. Examples for habituation, sensitization, conditioned behaviour and long‐term facilitation are evidence for various forms of implicit learning. Moreover, we discuss how this may change not only basic Neurogastroenterology but also our understanding of development of gut diseases and chronic disorders in gut functions. At the same time, we identify open questions and future challenges to confirm learning, memory and memory deficits in the gut. Despite some remaining experimental challenges, we are convinced that the gut is able to learn and are tempted to answer the question with: Yes, the gut is smart.     

Strain-dependent expression of signaling proteins in the mouse hippocampus

Individual mouse strains may differ significantly in terms of behavior and cognitive function. Hippocampal gene expression profiling on several mouse strains has been carried out and points toward substantial strain-specific variation of more than 200 genes including components of major signaling pathways involved in neuronal information storage. Strain-specific hippocampal protein expression, however, has not been investigated yet. A proteomic approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry has been chosen to address this question by determining strain-dependent expression of signaling proteins in hippocampi of four inbred and one outbred mouse strain. Forty-six spots corresponding to 37 different signaling proteins have been analyzed and quantified. Statistical analysis revealed strain-dependent expression of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1, serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A, large GTP binding protein OPA1, guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta, putative GTP-binding protein Ran, receptor of activated protein kinase C1, WASP-family protein member 1, voltage-dependent anion channel 2 and 14-3-3 protein gamma. Differential expression of signaling proteins in the hippocampus may contribute to the molecular understanding of strain-dependent behavioral and cognitive performance. Moreover, these data highlight the importance of the genetic background for the analysis of signaling pathways in the hippocampus in wild-type mice as well as in gene-targeting experiments.     

MicroRNA与心血管重构

MicroRNA为短小(18～25个核苷酸组成)单链非编码RNAs,几乎参与所有疾病的病理生理过程.心血管重构是多种心血管疾病发生与发展的病理基础,而microRNA在心血管重构中起重要调控作用.在心肌性疾病中,microRNA通过多种机制影响心肌细胞肥大、凋亡和间质纤维化;在血管重构性疾病中,不同microRNA通过多条信号通路调节血管平滑肌细胞增殖和分泌.     

MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Thyroid Tumors

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a recently identified class of small endogenous noncoding RNAs that act as negative regulators of the protein-coding gene expression and may impact cell differentiation, proliferation and survival, i.e., all fundamental cellular processes implicated in carcinogenesis. miRNA expression is deregulated in many types of human cancers, including thyroid cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing findings of miRNA deregulation in thyroid tumors and its potential role in thyroid cancer biology and molecular diagnostics.     

MicroRNA与胃癌的关系

微小RNA(microRNA)是一类内源性、长度约为16～29 nt非编码小RNA,在细胞发育、增殖、分化、凋亡等方面都起了重要作用.通过与靶mRNA完全或不完全互补配对,引起mRNA的降解或翻译抑制,从而对基因转录后水平进行调控.microRNA既可作为促癌基因参与恶性肿瘤的发生和发育过程,又可作为抑瘤基因控制恶性肿...