特定电磁波(TDP)对赤拟谷盗繁殖性能的影响

TDP辐射器经通电,产生一条2～50μm电磁波谱。该波自问世10多年来,在人和动物的疾病防治及其他生物学效应方面,均有实用价值。TDP辐射对家畜繁殖功能有促进和调节作用,前已有报道［1,2］。对昆虫赤拟谷盗TriboliumcastaneumHerbst的影响本实验尚属首次,赤拟谷盗,因其世代短,繁殖力强,性染色体雌虫为XX雄虫为XY,踊期可鉴别雌雄,故在遗传学研究中常作“导航试验昆虫”[3]。本试验目的在于观察TDP对赤拟谷盗繁殖功能的影响。1实验方法选野生型SH系中赤拟谷盗10个家系的蛹,鉴别雌雄,分别放入培养箱中（温度32℃,相对湿度60…     

温湿度对赤拟谷盗成虫飞行能力的影响

本文利用昆虫飞行磨研究了温度和湿度变化对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)雌、雄成虫飞行能力的影响;分别测定了23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃和35℃等5个温度,45%、65%和85%等3个湿度条件下,赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫的飞行距离、时间和速度等反应昆虫飞行能力的参数。单次飞行距离、单次飞行时间、单次飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离及时间分析结果表明,环境温度和湿度对赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫的飞行能力有不同程度的影响,环境温湿度过高或过低均不利于赤拟谷盗雌、雄成虫飞行;温度为32℃时,赤拟谷盗雌成虫的单次飞行距离、飞行时间、飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离和飞行时间分别为0.925 m、9.616 s、0.023 m/s、0.979 km和2.886 h;雄成虫的单次飞行距离、飞行时间、飞行速度、24 h累计飞行距离和飞行时间分别为0.638 m、6.035 s、0.014 m/s、0.674 km和3.175 h。在相对湿度45%、65%和85%时,雌成虫的单次飞行时间分别为6.998 s、9.616 s和6.431 s;雄成虫的单次飞行时间分别为3.163 s、6.035 s和0.208 s。飞行速度与相对湿度的关系与飞行时间相似。从飞行能力参数来看,雌虫的飞行能力优于雄虫。     

十二种药用植物乙醇提取物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避效应

采用滤纸药膜选择法研究了蛇床子、茵陈、萹蓄等12种药用植物乙醇提取物对谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fab.)和赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum Herbst成虫的驱避效应。12种药用植物以蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri)提取物对谷蠹成虫的驱避效果最佳,786μg/cm2处理24h对谷蠹的驱避率达93%;茵陈(Artemisia capillaries)提取物对赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避效果最佳,用393μg/cm2处理72h的驱避率为95%,茵陈提取物以262μg/cm2放置7d后对赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避率可达Ⅴ级水平。茵陈提取物对赤拟谷盗的驱避持效期长、效果好,具有一定的开发前景。     

锈赤扁谷盗成虫趋光行为研究

【目的】研究灯光诱捕技术防治锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus(Stephens)的可行性。【方法】在实验室条件下测定了锈赤扁谷盗成虫对不同光源的趋光反应。【结果】锈赤扁谷盗成虫对实验所选取的光源都有一定的趋性。在可见光中,对主波长为575 nm的光源的趋性最强,对430、495、620、530和450 nm光源的趋性依次降低。在紫外光中,对主波长为385 nm的光源的趋性显著高于对主波长为365、375和395 nm的光源;1~10日龄的锈赤扁谷盗成虫,随日龄的增加,成虫趋光性先增强后有所减弱;雌虫的趋光性高于雄虫,且交配状态会影响雌虫和雄虫的趋光性。交配会抑制雄虫的趋光性,但是交配后的雌虫的趋光性增强;短期饥饿处理和灯光经历对害虫趋光性无显著影响。【结论】锈赤扁谷盗成虫对光波长的选择偏好性证实了其灯光诱捕技术的可行性。     

杂拟谷盗的热适应特性

为了解杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val的热适应特性,将杂拟谷盗分别于15,25和35℃下驯化2周后,用温度梯度仪测量在不同温度驯化下杂拟谷盗的最适温度、临界低温和临界高温。结果表明,驯化温度对杂拟谷盗最适温度、临界低温和临界高温的影响极显著(P<0.01),最适温度、临界低温、临界高温均随着驯化温度的升高而升高。最适温区的范围随着驯化温度的升高而扩大。驯化温度对杂拟谷盗最适温度的影响最大(0.317),对临界低温的影响(0.310)大于临界高温(0.255)。     

赤拟谷盗微卫星多态性的研究

为了研究赤拟谷盗种群的遗传结构,采用微卫星分子标记技术,对4个不同地理种群共120个个体的遗传多样性水平及种群遗传结构进行了研究.通过提取基因组DNA,用5对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增、电泳分析、凝胶成像系统分析,结果表明CB337218、DN648427、DN647734、EB754173、EB750288这5个位点的等位基因数分别为4、4、3、6和3, 4个不同地理种群赤拟谷盗的遗传杂合度平均值为0.4379,4个不同地理种群赤拟谷盗间的多态信息含量各在0.3771～0.5089之间,都达到中度多态性或高度多态性水平.为进一步研究赤拟谷盗的成灾机理提供了分子遗传学的基础.     

不同地区转Bt基因抗虫水稻稻谷对赤拟谷盗生长发育的影响

为了明确来自湖北武穴、孝感、随州3个不同地区的转cry1Ab/cry1Ac、cry2A、cry1C基因明恢63(分别命名为TT51、T2A-1和T1C-19)对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneumHerbst生长发育的影响,在室内以不同的转Bt基因稻谷继代饲养赤拟谷盗6代,结果表明:各处理赤拟谷盗的卵期3～4d,卵孵化率85%～100%,幼虫期22～27d,化蛹率85%～97%,蛹期6～7d,百蛹重0.25～0.31g,性比0.8～1.4,羽化率82%～97%,产卵前期5～7d。不同抗虫转基因水稻对赤拟谷盗各发育历期及生命表参数没有显著的影响,同一转基因事件,没有因为种植地区的不同造成对赤拟谷盗生长发育的差异。3种Bt蛋白在继代饲养的赤拟谷盗幼虫体内检测均呈阳性反应,但积累量很小,继代饲养后,没有发现在赤拟谷盗体内明显的累积。     

杂拟谷盗体内 Wolbachia 感染密度的时间和空间分布状况

为搞清杂拟谷盗体内沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)感染密度的时间和空间分布状况,本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定了杂拟谷盗不同发育阶段、不同日龄、不同性别和不同身体部位的Wolbachia感染密度。结果表明,杂拟谷盗在卵和成虫期Wolbachia感染密度高于其幼虫和蛹期,成虫腹部的Wolbachia感染密度高于其头部和胸部,而成虫不同日龄和雌雄之间的Wolbachia感染密度均没有显著性差异。本研究明确了Wolbachia在杂拟谷盗体内的时空分布和动态变化规律,这对于揭示寄主与共生菌之间的互作关系有着重要意义。     

不同地理种群赤拟谷盗肠道细菌群落多样性分析

【目的】了解储粮害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)成虫肠道细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对3个地理种群的赤拟谷盗雄虫肠道细菌16S rDNA的V3-V4变异区进行测序分析。【结果】从赤拟谷盗肠道样本中共测得465 293条reads,聚类为113个OTU,共注释到8门、15纲、33目、52科和79属的细菌。其中,优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等,优势菌属包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌科未鉴定属(Unclassified-f-Enterobacteriaceae)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)等。3个地理种群的赤拟谷盗肠道细菌的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Ace指数和Chao指数分别为1.5-1.7、0.3、79.7-133.2和76.4-85.2。【结论】不同地理种群的赤拟谷盗成虫的肠道细菌群落组成存在显著差异。     

赤拟谷盗功能基因组学研究进展

赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum是一种重要的模式生物,在遗传、发育、生化与免疫等研究领域均取得了重要的研究进展。同时它也是一种危害极大的鞘翅目类储粮害虫,在世界各地都有分布,每年给储藏物造成了数十亿美元的经济损失。其全基因组测序的完成、遗传操作体系的构建及系统RNAi方法的应用都极大地促进了其功能基因组学的研究。本文综述了近年来赤拟谷盗基因组计划及功能基因组学的研究进展,拟为赤拟谷盗的生物学研究和防治奠定基础。     

Response of Tribolium castaneum larvae to synthetic aggregation pheromone

Responses of larval Tribolium castaneum Herbst. to the synthetic adult aggregation pheromone (4,8-dimethyldecanal) were studied. Larvae of T. castaneum were attracted both by contact and vapour of 4,8-dimethyldecanal at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 g. g^-1 of medium.

---

Reaktion von Tribolium castaneum Larven auf synthetisches Aggregationspheromon

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen der Larven von T. castaneum auf das kunstliche Aggregations pheromon (4,8-dimethyldecanal) in Versuchen in Petrischalen untersucht. Die Larven wurden angezogen, wenn sie mit Pheromon auf Filterpapier oder mit verdampftem Pheromon in Kontakt kamen. Diese Reaktion wurde bei Konzentrationen von 1, 5 und 10 g · g^-1 Medium festgestellt. Die höchste Konzentration rief die grosste Reaktion hervor. Fruhe Larvenstadien zeigten stärkere Reaktionen als spatere Stadien.

     

The effects of Farinocystis tribolii on the growth and development of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Farinocystis tribolii multiplied only in the fatbody of Tribolium castaneum larvae. In the advanced stages of infection, the fatbody was destroyed and the albuminoid granules were completely depleted. Larvae in late stages of infection were “C” shaped. Diseased pupae were flat and straight with the head and mouth parts not completely flexed with the pupal body. Infected pupae failed to develop into adults. Heavily infected adults were distended. Larvae of third, fourth, and fifth instars, although succumbing to the infection ultimately, continued to live even after the healthy larvae of the same age had entered pupation, indicating a prolongation of larval period. Molting was either affected or delayed in infected insects. F. tribolii infection induced a juvenile hormonal effect producing larval-pupal and pupal-adult intermediate forms. Ether extract of spores of F. tribolii when applied on pupae of T. castaneum and final instar nymphs of Dysdercus cingulatus produced adultoids.     

Digestive proteolysis organization in two closely related Tenebrionid beetles: red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)

The spectra of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum larval digestive peptidases were characterized with respect to the spatial organization of protein digestion in the midgut. The pH of midgut contents in both species increased from 5.6–6.0 in the anterior to 7.0–7.5 in the posterior midgut. However, the pH optimum of the total proteolytic activity of the gut extract from either insect was pH 4.1. Approximately 80% of the total proteolytic activity was in the anterior and 20% in the posterior midgut of either insect when evaluated in buffers simulating the pH and reducing conditions characteristic for each midgut section. The general peptidase activity of gut extracts from either insect in pH 5.6 buffer was mostly due to cysteine peptidases. In the weakly alkaline conditions of the posterior midgut, the serine peptidase contribution was 31 and 41% in T. castaneum and T. confusum, respectively. A postelectrophoretic peptidase activity assay with gelatin also revealed the important contribution of cysteine peptidases in protein digestion in both Tribolium species. The use of a postelectrophoretic activity assay with p‐nitroanilide substrates and specific inhibitors revealed a set of cysteine and serine endopeptidases, 8 and 10 for T. castaneum, and 7 and 9 for T. confusum, respectively. Serine peptidases included trypsin‐, chymotrypsin‐, and elastase‐like enzymes, the latter being for the first time reported in Tenebrionid insects. These data support a complex system of protein digestion in the Tribolium midgut with the fundamental role of cysteine peptidases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

七种糕点对赤拟谷盗(鞘翅目：拟步甲科)感染的抗性（英文）

Biscuits are flour-based products,which areconsumed by majority of people,both old and young,throughout the world and most especially by children,teenagers and mid-adults(Majumder,1970).It can beserved as a desert or snacks and as a breakfast foodwhentaken with beverages.Its ready-to-serve state andlong shelf life contribute to its acceptability by themasses.Wheat as humanfoodis used principallyintheformof flour for baked products such as bread,bis-cuits,pastries and crackers(Kent,1983).In th…     

Identification of microsatellite markers in the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum

We isolated and characterized microsatellite markers for the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an important model species for studies in various areas of evolutionary biology and ecology. A microsatellite‐enriched genomic library was constructed and screened with single stranded oligonucleotide probes [(CCT)₁₇, (AAT)₁₇ and (CAG)₁₇]. Forty‐five primer pairs were designed of which 19 pairs produced successful amplification. Polymorphism screening involved beetles from five beetle strains and revealed 15 polymorphic and four monomorphic markers. The development of polymorphic microsatellite markers will facilitate future ecological and genetic studies involving T. castaneum beetles.     

Developmental trajectories and breakdown in F1 interpopulation hybrids of Tribolium castaneum

When hybrid inviability is an indirect by‐product of local adaptation, we expect its degree of severity between pairs of populations to vary and to be sensitive to the environment. While complete reciprocal hybrid inviability is the outcome of the gradual process of local adaptation, it is not representative of the process of accumulation of incompatibility. In the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, some pairs of populations exhibit complete, reciprocal F1 hybrid incompatibility while other pairs are fully or partially compatible. We characterize this naturally occurring variation in the degree and timing of expression of the hybrid incompatible phenotype to better understand the number of genes or developmental processes contributing to speciation. We assessed the morphological and developmental variation in four Tribolium castaneum populations and their 12 possible F1 hybrids at each life‐history stage from egg to adult. We find that the rate of hybrid larval development is affected in all interpopulation crosses, including those eventually producing viable, fertile adults. Hybrid incompatibility manifests early in development as changes in the duration of instars and diminished success in the transition between instars are relative to the parent populations. Parent populations with similar developmental profiles may produce hybrids with disrupted development. The degree and timing of expression of hybrid inviability depends upon populations crossed, direction of the cross, and environment in which hybrids are raised. Our findings suggest that the coordinated expression of genes involved in transitional periods of development is the underlying cause of hybrid incompatibility in this species.     

Genome‐wide survey of Tribolium castaneum microsatellites and description of 509 polymorphic markers

We survey the Tribolium castaneum whole genome sequence for 1–6 bp microsatellite motifs. Of the > 12 000 microsatellites discovered, we screened 981 primer pairs which yielded 509 polymorphic markers. We report polymorphism data for pooled DNA samples from three to 11 geographically widespread T. castaneum populations as well as heterozygosity for a subset of the markers. The composition and chromosomal distribution of microsatellites is briefly discussed in relation to previous studies.     

Embryonic expression of the single Tribolium engrailed homolog

We have cloned and sequenced the single Tribolium homolog of the Drosophila engrailed gene. The predicted protein contains a homeobox and several domains conserved among all engrailed genes identified to date. In addition it contains several features specific to the invected homologs of Bombyx and Drosophila, indicating that these features most likely were present in the ancestral gene in the common ancestor of holometabolous insects. We used the cross-reacting monoclonal antibody, 4D9, to follow the expression of the Engrailed protein during segmentation in Tribolium embryos. As in other insects, Engrailed accumulates in the nuclei of cells along the posterior margin of each segment. The first Engrailed stripe appears as the embryonic rudiment condenses. Then as the rudiment elongates into a germ band, Engrailed stripes appear in an anterior to posterior progression, just prior to morphological evidence of the formation of each segment. As in Drosophila (a long germ insect), expression of engrailed in Tribolium (classified as a short germ insect) is preceeded by the expression of several homologous segmentation genes, suggesting that similar genetic regulatory mechanisms are shared by diverse developmental types. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.