他克莫司对大鼠肝脏组织蛋白磷酸酶2A和P-AKT表达的影响

目的通过观察他克莫司对大鼠血糖、胰岛素水平、肝脏组织蛋白磷酸酶2A和磷酸化AKT表达的影响,进一步探究他克莫司导致血糖升高的机制。方法将60只雄性SD大鼠(89.83±4.44)g随机均分为2组,他克莫司组(n=40),每日空腹(禁食水8 h)灌胃给药,剂量为4 mg/(kg·d);对照组(n=20),每日空腹灌胃给予等量生理盐水,每月测量大鼠体重、空腹血糖。5个月后处死大鼠,心脏穿刺取血,取胰腺组织和肝脏组织,测大鼠血清胰岛素水平,行胰腺组织病理组织学观察,并对肝脏行组织处理和免疫组织化学技术检测肝细胞质中蛋白磷酸酶2A和磷酸化AKT的表达。结果用药2个月后,他克莫司组大鼠的血糖水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),他克莫司组大鼠的胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数均明显低于对照组(P0.05);胰岛素抵抗指数明显增高(P0.05)。他克莫司组大鼠与对照组相比,其肝细胞质内PP2A表达明显增加,磷酸化的AKT表达明显减少。结论他克莫司导致胰岛细胞坏死,胰岛细胞数量减少,胰岛素的分泌降低、胰岛素敏感性下降、胰岛素抵抗增加,从而导致大鼠血糖升高。他克莫司增加大鼠肝脏组织PP2A的表达,减少肝脏组织磷酸化的AKT的表达,可能通过PI3K/AKT信号转导途径参与胰岛细胞凋亡和胰岛素抵抗,引起血糖的升高。     

基于AMPK/SREBP-1通路研究狗肝菜多糖对高脂饮食大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

本研究探讨狗肝菜多糖(DCP)对高脂饮食大鼠糖脂代谢的作用及机制。实验采用高脂饲料喂养8周,将造模成功的40只大鼠随机均分为正常组、模型组、DCP剂量组(100、200 mg/kg),每组10只;从第9周开始,DCP剂量组灌胃给药,正常组和模型组给予等体积蒸馏水灌胃,持续6周,处死,收集血样和肝脏。采用生化法检测血清中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、糖基化终产物-肽(AGE-P)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)含量,及肝脏中TG和肝糖原含量;葡萄糖氧化酶法测定空腹血糖(FBG),酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清空腹胰岛素(FINS)含量,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);油红O染色观察肝组织脂肪沉积状况;蛋白免疫印迹实验(Western blot)检测大鼠肝组织中胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)、腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)和磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)蛋白表达情况;实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测SREBP-1 mRNA、AMPK mRNA水平。结果显示,DCP(100和200 mg/kg)剂量组能显著下调TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG、FINS、AGE-P和HbA1c含量和HOMA-IR,上调HDL-C和肝糖原含量,减少脂肪沉积物,同时明显上调p-AMPK水平,抑制肝组织SREBP-1蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果表明,DCP调节大鼠糖脂代谢的机制可能与调控AMPK/SREBP-1通路有关。     

电针对快速衰老小鼠肝脏自噬及脂质代谢的影响

目的: 研究电针对快衰老小鼠(SAMP8)肝脏中自噬相关因子LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1、Atg7、P62表达的影响,探讨电针改善衰老小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的机制。方法: 30周龄雄性SAMP8小鼠随机分为模型组、药物组、电针组,每组7只,以同周龄抗快速老化SAMR1小鼠7只作为对照组。对照组和模型组动物常规饲养4周,不进行任何干预;药物组采用雷帕霉素按(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)腹腔注射干预(1次/日,连续每周6 d);电针组予双侧“肾俞”“太冲”穴电针治疗(15 min/次,1次/日,连续每周6 d)。检测小鼠的血清脂质代谢情况、肝脏脂质沉积情况、肝脏自噬体的分布、肝脏LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1、Atg7、P62蛋白表达与mRNA表达的变化。结果: 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)显著升高(P＜0.01);模型组肝脏脂滴沉积明显,自噬体减少,自噬相关因子LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1、Atg7蛋白及mRNA表达水平明显下降(P＜0.01),P62蛋白及mRNA表达水平明显增高(P＜0.01)。与模型组相比,电针组与药物组小鼠血清TG、TC、LDL含量明显降低(P＜0.01);肝脏脂滴沉积减轻,自噬体增多,LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1、Atg7的蛋白及mRNA表达水平均显著升高(P＜0.01),P62蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著下降(P＜0.01)。电针组肝脏Beclin1、Atg7蛋白及mRNA表达水平均与药物组无明显差异(P＞0.05)。结论: 电针能够减轻肝脏脂质代谢紊乱,可能与调节肝脏自噬相关因子LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1、Atg7、P62的表达变化,从而促进SAMP8小鼠肝脏自噬有关。     

脱氢表雄酮对大鼠脂类代谢和抗氧化作用的影响

目的：研究灌胃脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）对大鼠脂类代谢和抗氧化作用的影响。方法：选用健康雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组（n=10）。对照组灌胃给予灭菌生理盐水,实验组灌胃给予20mg／kg、10mg／kg、5mg／kg体重的DHEA受试溶液,灌胃量均为1．5ml。每天一次,连续35d。实验结束后采血测定血糖（BG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TO）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）,血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：DHEA显著降低大鼠血糖、TG、HDL-c及血清和肝脏MDA含量,显著升高血清LDL-c含量和肝脏SOD活性,而对大鼠体重、血清TC含量和SOD活性没有显著影响。结论：DHEA具有降低大鼠血脂和增强抗氧化能力的作用。     

黄芩苷诱导自噬改善胰岛素抵抗

探讨黄芩苷对胰岛素抵抗的作用及其机制,将大鼠肝脏间质细胞(BRL-3A细胞)分成空白组、模型组、黄芩苷高剂量组和黄芩苷低剂量组。除空白组以外,其余组BRL-3A细胞均采用0.2 mmol/L棕榈酸(PA)处理,并给予相应药物进行干预,检测葡萄糖消耗量和甘油三酯含量;Western blotting法检测自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ和Becline1的表达,RT-qPCR法检测自噬基因Beclin1的表达。结果显示:经PA处理之后,BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量减少,甘油三酯水平增加,表明BRL-3A细胞出现葡萄糖的摄取和利用障碍,以及脂代谢紊乱,证明胰岛素抵抗细胞模型复制成功。而LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin1和Beclin1 mRNA的表达均明显减少,表明细胞自噬被抑制。黄芩苷高、低剂量组均能增加BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量,减少甘油三酯水平;LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin1和Beclin1 mRNA的表达也明显增加,且黄芩苷高剂量比低剂量效果明显。本研究表明:黄芩苷可以增加BRL-3A细胞对葡萄糖的摄取利用,减轻脂质代谢紊乱,从而改善胰岛素抵抗,具体作用机制可能与其诱导细胞自噬有关。     

刺五加胶囊对抑郁大鼠海马组织TH、TPH表达的影响

目的:探讨刺五加胶囊对抑郁大鼠海马组织TH、TPH表达的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和刺五加胶囊低、中、高剂量组,21d慢性轻度不可预见性应激刺激法(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)制备大鼠抑郁模型,对照组给予生理盐水1ml灌胃,刺五加胶囊低、中、高剂量组分别给予刺五加胶囊(300mg/kg,600mg/kg,1200mg/kg)灌胃,取大鼠海马组织。分别采用realtime RT-PCR和western blot方法观察大鼠海马组织酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)的表达。结果:刺五加胶囊低剂量组能明显升高海马组织中TH、TPH mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0.05),中、高剂量组能显著升高海马组织中TH、TPH mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。结论:刺五加胶囊能升高抑郁大鼠海马组织中TH、TPH的表达。     

氨基葡萄糖对SD 大鼠肝脏糖代谢相关蛋白表达差异性的研究

目的:研究氨基葡萄糖对SD大鼠肝脏中糖代谢相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:选取成年雌性SD大鼠48只,按体重随机分成4组,分别为氨基葡萄糖高、中、低剂量组和阴性对照组。分别灌胃500mg/Kg,250mg/Kg,125mg/Kg的氨基葡萄糖溶液和1ml/100g的生理盐水,连续灌胃28天。实验结束时处死试验动物,用免疫组织化学法检测肝脏中蛋白激酶,己糖激酶,一氧化氮合酶,葡萄糖转运蛋白4和葡萄糖转运蛋白2的表达情况。结果:试验期间各组动物生长发育情况良好,灌胃不同剂量氨基葡萄糖的大鼠肝脏中五种蛋白的表达与阴性对照组相比均无显著性差异(P≥0.05)。结论:氨基葡萄糖未导致肝脏中糖代谢相关蛋白表达的异常,提示服用氨基葡萄糖不会影响肝脏的糖代谢过程。     

二氢杨梅素激活AMPK通路预防糖尿病肾病的作用研究

目的:探讨二氢杨梅素(DHM)对糖尿病肾病(DN)的预防作用及其与激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)通路的关系。方法:选择40只SD雄性大鼠,采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)60 mg/kg的方法建立DN大鼠模型,并将其分为正常组(CON)、糖尿病肾病组(DN组)、实验组(DHM50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg)各10只。其中,实验组分别给予DHM(50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg)灌胃,DN组则给予蒸馏水灌胃,持续8周。采用HE和Masson染色法观察肾脏的病理形态,ELISA法检测大鼠肾脏组织中I型胶原(COL I)、IV型胶原(COL IV)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)的含量,Western blot法检测大鼠肾脏组织中AMPK、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、α-平滑肌动蛋白(a-SMA)、雷帕霉素哺乳靶蛋白(m TOR)、自噬相关微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3Ⅰ/LC3Ⅱ)、Beclin-1蛋白的表达。结果:HE染色显示与DN组相比,DHM组系膜基质增生减轻、系膜区变窄,肾小囊腔变宽以及囊壁黏粘减轻;Masson染色显示DHM组较DN组的肾间质蓝染程度变浅。ELISA结果显示DHM组COL I、COL IV、FN的含量较DN组明显降低(P0.01),且100 mg/kg DHM处理组COL I、COL IV、FN的含量明显低于50 mg/kg DHM处理组(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示DHM组肾脏组织AMPK、P-AMPK/AMPK、LC3Ⅰ/LC3Ⅱ和Beclin-1蛋白表达量显著高于DN组,且100 mg/kg DHM处理组以上指标均显著高于低剂量组(P0.01);而DHM组肾脏组织TGF-β1、α-SMA和m TOR的蛋白表达较DN组明显降低(P0.01),且100 mg/kg DHM处理组TGF-β1、m TOR表达显著低于50 mg/kg DHM处理组(P0.05)。结论:DHM可显著减少DN的肾小球细胞外基质沉积,改善肾小球硬化和减轻肾脏纤维化的功能,其作用机制可能是通过激活AMPK/m TOR通路,促进细胞自噬和抑制TGFβ-1、α-SMA的表达。     

高脂喂养大鼠肝脏的NF-κBp65表达与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨高脂饲料喂养大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白的表达与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法采用高脂饲料喂养建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,并用正常血糖-高血浆胰岛素钳夹技术评估。应用Western blotting方法检测大鼠肝脏中NF-κBp65蛋白的表达。结果①高脂饲料组大鼠的葡萄糖输注率明显低于基础饲料组[GIR60~120（0.76±0.28vs4.26±0.70）mg/（kg.min）,P〈0.01]。②高脂饲料组大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白的表达明显高于基础饲料组（A值118.48±1.45vs68.13±4.84,P〈0.01）。③高脂胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65蛋白表达与GIR60-120（r=-0.993,P=0.000）和ISI（r=-0.773,P=0.009）负相关。结论高脂诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏NF-κB的激活可能是产生肝脏和全身胰岛素抵抗的根源。     

苍术多糖与正丁醇部位对脾虚大鼠线粒体自噬的影响

多糖与正丁醇部位是苍术的健脾活性部位，本文从线粒体自噬的角度探讨苍术活性部位对脾虚大鼠的调节作用，进而阐释其健脾机制。采用透射电镜观察大鼠胃窦组织线粒体超微结构；采用qRT-PCR和Western blot法检测大鼠胃窦组织线粒体PINK1、Parkin、LC3和P62 mRNA及蛋白表达水平；采用比色法检测大鼠胃窦组织三磷酸腺苷(adenosine-triphosphate, ATP)、H₂O₂水平，JC-1荧光探针法检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)水平。结果表明，与模型组相比，麸炒苍术多糖(FD)、麸炒苍术正丁醇部位(FZ)、生苍术多糖(SD)与生苍术正丁醇部位(SZ)均不同程度改善了脾虚大鼠胃窦组织线粒体结构损伤，且自噬溶酶体数量增多；FD、FZ、SD与SZ均能显著下调PINK1、Parkin、p62 mRNA与蛋白表达，上调LC3II蛋白表达、LC3II/I值；FD与FZ组ATP、MMP水平显著上升，H₂O₂水平显著下降，SZ组ATP、MMP水平显著上升，SD组H₂O     

Cardiovascular, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of oleanolic and ursolic acids in experimental hypertension.

Cardiovascular (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), antihyperlipidemic (tryglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions), antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase--GPx, and superoxide dismutase--SOD), diuretic/saluretic and hypoglycemic activity of 98% pure oleanolic (OA) and ursolic (UA) acid were studied in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS), insulin resistant rat model of genetic hypertension. Both OA and UA displayed low toxicity, with LC50 0.10 and 0.95 mg/ml, respectively. Although both triterpenoids did not have direct hypotensive effect, after 6-week application in a daily dose 60 mg/kg b.w., i.p., they prevented the development of severe hypertension. The antihypertensive effect was attributed to their potent diuretic-natriuretic-saluretic activity; direct cardiac effect (heart rate decrease by 34% and 32%, respectively); antihyperlipidemic (more than two times decrease of LDL and triglycerides); antioxidant (GPx increase by 12% and 10%, respectively; SOD increase by 12% and 22%, respectively), and hypoglycemic (blood glucose decrease by 20% and 50%, respectively) effects on the DSS rats. Except for the antihyperlipidemic effects, the other described above in vivo antihypertensive effects of OA and UA are reported for the first time and the underlying mechanisms are currently under investigation.     

Accretion of visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in pregnant rats

Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of pregnancy. Because increased visceral fat (VF) is associated with IR in nonpregnant states, we reasoned that fat accretion might be important in the development of IR during pregnancy. To determine whether VF depots increase in pregnancy and whether VF contributes to IR, we studied three groups of 6-mo-old female Sprague-Dawley rats: 1) nonpregnant sham-operated rats (Nonpreg; n = 6), 2) pregnant sham-operated rats (Preg; n = 6), and 3) pregnant rats in which VF was surgically removed 1 mo before mating (PVF-; n = 6). VF doubled by day 19 of pregnancy (Nonpreg 5.1 +/- 0.3, Preg 10.0 +/- 1.0 g, P < 0.01), and PVF- had similar amounts of VF compared with Nonpreg (PVF- 4.6 +/- 0.8 g). Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in late gestation in chronically catheterized unstressed rats. Glucose IR (mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) was highest in Nonpreg (19.4 +/- 2.0), lowest in Preg (11.1 +/- 1.4), and intermediate in PVF- (14.7 +/- 0.6; P < 0.001 between all groups). During the clamp, Nonpreg had greater hepatic insulin sensitivity than Preg [hepatic glucose production (HGP): Nonpreg 4.5 +/- 1.3, Preg 9.3 +/- 0.5 mg.kg(-1).min(-1); P < 0.001]. With decreased VF, hepatic insulin sensitivity was similar to nonpregnant levels in PVF- (HGP 4.9 +/- 0.8 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). Both pregnant groups had lower peripheral glucose uptake compared with Nonpreg. In parallel with hepatic insulin sensitivity, hepatic triglyceride content was increased in pregnancy (Nonpreg 1.9 +/- 0.4 vs. Preg 3.2 +/- 0.3 mg/g) and decreased with removal of VF (PVF- 1.3 +/- 0.4 mg/g; P < 0.05). Accretion of visceral fat is an important component in the development of hepatic IR in pregnancy, and accumulation of hepatic triglycerides is a mechanism by which visceral fat may modulate insulin action in pregnancy.     

Ability of insulin to modulate hepatic glucose production in aging rats is impaired by fat accumulation

Increased total fat mass (FM) and visceral fat (VF) may account in part for age-associated decrease in hepatic insulin action. This study determined whether preventing the changes in body fat distribution abolished this defect throughout aging. We studied the F(1) hybrid of Brown Norway-Fischer 344 rats (n = 29), which we assigned to caloric restriction (CR) or fed ad libitum (AL). CR (55% of the calories consumed by AL) was initiated and used at 2 mo to prevent age-dependent increases in FM and VF. AL rats were studied at 2, 8, and 20 mo; CR rats were studied at 8 and 20 mo. VF and FM remained unchanged throughout aging in CR rats. AL-fed rats at 8 and 20 mo had over fourfold higher FM and VF compared with both CR groups. Insulin clamp studies (3 mU. kg(-1). min(-1) with somatostatin) were performed to assess hepatic insulin sensitivity. Prevention of fat accretion resulted in a marked improvement in insulin action in the suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) (6.3 +/- 0.3 and 7.2 +/- 1.2 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) in 8- and 20-mo CR rats vs. 8.3 +/- 0.5 and 10.8 +/- 0.9 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) in 8- and 20-mo AL rats, respectively). The rate of gluconeogenesis (by enrichment of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucose and phosphoenolpyruvate pools by [(14)C]lactate) was unchanged in all groups. The improvement in hepatic insulin action in the CR group was mostly due to effective suppression of glycogenolysis (4.4 +/- 0.3 and 4.9 +/- 0.3 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) in 8- and 20-mo CR rats vs. 5.8 +/- 0.6 and 8.2 +/- 1.0 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) in 8- and 20-mo AL rats, respectively). The results demonstrated the preservation of hepatic insulin action in aging CR rats. Therefore, body fat and its distribution are major determinants of age-associated hepatic insulin resistance.     

The effect of thyroid hormones on blood insulin level and metabolic parameters in diabetic rats

The effect of exogenous thyroid hormones on blood insulin and metabolic parameters in diabetic rats was investigated. Three groups of rats were treated with streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg b.w., intravenously) and one group receiving only saline served as control. Beginning with the third day after STZ treatment, until the last day before decapitation, i.e. for 11 days, two groups of diabetic rats were treated with T3 (50 microg/kg b.w., i.p.) or T4 (250 microg/kg b.w., i.p.). After two weeks, STZ injected rats had lower body weight, hyperglycemia with a simultaneous drop in blood insulin and decrease of T3 and T4 concentrations in comparison to control animals. Liver glycogen content was also reduced, whereas serum lactate, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol were elevated. Exogenous thyroid hormones given to diabetic rats substantially attenuated hyperglycemia without any significant changes in blood insulin concentration. An additional reduction of body weight gain and depletion in liver glycogen stores were also observed. Thyroid hormones augmented serum lactate and cholesterol and had no beneficial effect on elevated free fatty acids and triglycerides. It can be concluded that in spite of partial restriction of hyperglycemia, thyroid hormones evoked several unfavourable changes strongly limiting their potential use in diabetes.     

熊果酸对酒精性骨质疏松大鼠骨形成、骨矿化的影响

目的：探讨熊果酸对酒精所致骨质疏松大鼠骨形成、骨矿化的影响。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠60只,按体重随机分为空白对照 组、熊果酸对照组、模型组、熊果酸低、中、高剂量组,同时分别给予生理盐水、150 mg/kg 熊果酸、50%酒精,50 mg/kg 熊果酸,100 mg/kg 熊果酸,150 mg/kg 熊果酸灌胃。熊果酸对照组生理盐水剂量同空白组,熊果酸低、中、高剂量组酒精剂量同模型组。灌胃共 持续8 周。磷钼酸法检测血清磷(P)含量,比色法检测血清钙(Ca)含量,酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测血清骨钙素(BGP)、骨形成蛋 白-2(BMP-2)浓度;HE 染色法观察股骨结构的病理学变化。结果：与空白对照组相比较,模型组血清BGP、BMP-2 和Ca、P 均明显 降低,且有统计学差异(P < 0.05),但熊果酸对照与空白对照组各项指标结果相近。熊果酸中、高剂量组大鼠血清BGP、Ca 和P 水 平均较模型组有显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但仅熊果酸高剂量组血清BMP-2 显著升高(P < 0.05)。股骨组织HE 染色结果显示,空白对照组骨小梁致密、规则且较粗,粗细均匀;模型组骨小梁稀松、不规则、粗细不均匀,甚至可见骨小梁断裂; 熊果酸中、高剂量组骨小梁致密、规则、较厚、粗细均匀,未见骨小梁断裂。结论：熊果酸能够促进酒精性骨质疏松大鼠的骨形成, 抑制骨矿物质的流失,在改善酒精致骨质疏松方面有一定的保护作用。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对自发性2型糖尿病GK大鼠的胰岛素抵抗的影响及作用机制。方法 自发性2型糖尿病GK大鼠40只,同系健康对照Wistar大鼠10只,大鼠随机分为：正常对照组、2型糖尿病对照组、2型糖尿病低剂量EGCG（50 mg/kg）治疗组、中剂量（100 mg/kg）组、高剂量EGCG（300 mg/kg）组。干预6周后,分别检测葡萄糖耐量试验、胰岛素耐受试验、肝脏GcK、G6P以及PEPCKmRNA表达情况,以及骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4含量的变化。结果各剂量治疗组的糖耐量均得到明显改善（P〈0.05）,胰岛素耐量在240 min时较模型对照组有明显差异（P〈0.05）。与模型组比较,低剂量和中剂量治疗组均能提高肝脏葡萄糖激酶（GcK）mRNA的表达（P〈0.05）,同时抑制葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶（G6P）和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶（PEPCK）mRNA的表达（P〈0.05）;高剂量治疗组肝脏三类酶mRNA的表达与模型对照组相比无明显差异。各剂量治疗组GK大鼠的骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4的含量较模型对照组均具有明显上调（P〈0.05）。结论中低剂量EGCG可以改善GK大鼠胰岛素抵抗,其作用机制可能与抑制肝脏糖异生作用以及骨骼肌GLUT4的转位水平有关,并且EGCG具有代偿胰岛素的作用。     

Insulin sensitivity is mediated by the activation of the ACh/NO/cGMP pathway in rat liver

The hepatic parasympathetic nerves and hepatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are involved in the secretion of a hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), which mediates peripheral insulin sensitivity. We tested whether binding of ACh to hepatic muscarinic receptors is an upstream event to the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which, along with the activation of hepatic guanylate cyclase (GC), permits HISS release. Male Wistar rats (8-9 wk) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (65 mg/kg). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a euglycemic clamp [the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST)]. HISS inhibition was induced by antagonism of muscarinic receptors (atropine, 3 mg/kg i.v.) or by blockade of NOS [NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1 mg/kg intraportally (i.p.v.)]. After the blockade, HISS action was tentatively restored using a NOdonor [3-morpholynosydnonimine (SIN-1), 5-10 mg/kg i.p.v.] or ACh (2.5-5 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) .i.p.v.). SIN-1 (10 mg/kg) reversed the inhibition caused by atropine (RIST postatropine 137.7 +/- 8.3 mg glucose/kg; reversed to 288.3 +/- 15.5 mg glucose/kg, n = 6) and by L-NAME (RIST post-L-NAME 152.2 +/- 21.3 mg glucose/kg; reversed to 321.7 +/- 44.7 mg glucose/kg, n = 5). ACh did not reverse HISS inhibition induced by L-NAME. The role of GC in HISS release was assessed using 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 5 nmol/kg i.p.v.), a GC inhibitor that decreased HISS action (control RIST 237.6 +/- 18.6 mg glucose/kg; RIST post-ODQ 111.7 +/- 6.2 mg glucose/kg, n = 5). We propose that hepatic parasympathetic nerves release ACh, leading to hepatic NO synthesis, which activates GC, triggering HISS action.     

Expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA is elevated by refeeding of fasted rats: Involvement of glucose,insulin and calcium as stimulating factors

The effect of refeeding on the expression of Ca²⁺-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the liver of fasted rats was investigated. When rats were fasted overnight, the hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was reduced about 70% of that in feeding rats. Refeeding produced a remarkable elevation of hepatic regucalcin mRNA level (about 150–170% of fasted rats). Liver regucalcin concentration was appreciably increased by refeeding, although it was not altered by fasting. The oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg body weight) to fasted rats caused a significant increase in hepatic regucalcin mRNA level. Moreover, hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was clearly elevated by a single subcutaneous administration of insulin (10 and 100 U/kg) to fasted rats. The hormonal effect was not further enhanced by the simultaneous administration of calcium chloride (250 mg Ca/kg) to fasted rats, although calcium administration stimulated regucalcin mRNA expression in the liver. The present study suggests that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA stimulated by refeeding is significantly involved in the action of insulin and/or calcium as stimulating factors.     

Moringa peregrina leaf extracts produce anti-obesity,hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic,and hepatoprotective effects on high-fat diet fed rats

This present research investigated the anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic Moringa peregrina leaf (MPLE) and bark extracts (MPBE), in the rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Healthy male rats (n = 48) were randomly distributed to six groups (n = 8): control AIN-93 diet; HFD; HFD + MPBE bark extracts ((300 mg/kg); HFD + MPBE (600 mg/kg); HFD + MPLE (300 mg/kg); HFD + MPLE (600 mg/kg). HFD-fed rats in the Moringa peregrina (MP) treatment groups received orally administered MP leaf or bark extract daily for eight weeks. The results revealed that both doses of MP leaf extract significantly reduced HFD-induced increases in their food intake and the gained body weight, fat pad weights (visceral, subcutaneous, and epididymal), glucose and insulin plasma levels, and leptin and resistin serum levels in HFD-fed rats. Concomitantly, MP leaf extract improved glucose levels after oral or intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and the low-density lipoprotein LDL concentration, reduced hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol levels, and increased serum high-density lipoproteins HDL levels and triglycerides and cholesterol levels in fecal. Moreover, the administration of MPLE to HFD-fed rats improved liver architecture, reduced fat accumulation, reduced hepatic malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were significantly increased. All observed effects were more pronounced in HFD-fed rats treated with a 600 mg/kg MP dose. However, neither dose of MPBE altered the measured markers in the HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, MPLE showed potential anti-obesity and hepatoprotective activity in HFD-induced obese rats, mediated by reduced lipid absorption, anti-hyperlipidemic effects, and hepatic antioxidant effects.     

Reduction of TIP47 improves hepatic steatosis and glucose homeostasis in mice

Lipid droplets in the liver are coated with the perilipin family of proteins, notably adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) and tail-interacting protein of 47 kDa (TIP47). ADRP is increased in hepatic steatosis and is associated with hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. We have shown that reducing ADRP in the liver via antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment attenuates steatosis and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. We hypothesized that TIP47 has similar effects on hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. We found that TIP47 mRNA and protein levels were increased in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. TIP47 ASO treatment decreased liver TIP47 mRNA and protein levels without altering ADRP levels. Low-dose TIP47 ASO (15 mg/kg) and high-dose TIP47 ASO (50 mg/kg) decreased triglyceride content in the liver by 35% and 52%, respectively. Liver histology showed a drastic reduction in hepatic steatosis following TIP47 ASO treatment. The high dose of TIP47 ASO significantly blunted hepatic triglyceride secretion, improved glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity in liver, adipose tissue, and muscle. These findings show that TIP47 affects hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and may be a target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver and related metabolic disorders.