季节性温度变化对CANON型潮汐流人工湿地脱氮的影响

探究了温度的季节性变化对基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW)脱氮性能及其微生物特性的影响。CANON型TFCW中的脱氮微生物群落在温度的季节性变化下会发生不同程度的改变,其脱氮途径及性能随之会出现周期性的波动。填料层温度在20.0 ℃以上时对TFCW脱氮性能及其中的优势脱氮菌群无显著影响,CANON作用是系统脱氮的主要途径。当填料层温度低于20.0 ℃时,厌氧氨氧化菌丰度与活性显著降低,在9.3~20.0 ℃时,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的增殖及其活性的提高使TFCW中脱氮的主要途径由CANON作用演替为硝化/反硝化作用,系统对总氮(TN)的去除率仅为(34.8±13.0)%;在2.2~9.0 ℃时,TFCW中的厌氧氨氧化菌在受到抑制的同时仍保持着对NOB和反硝化菌群的相对竞争优势,系统脱氮重新依赖于CANON作用,其对TN的去除率为(54.8±4.8)%。该研究可为CANON型TFCW工艺的优化及工程化应用提供参考。     

生物电化学耦合厌氧氨氧化强化脱氮及其微生物群落特征

为探究生物电化学强化厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,anammox)脱氮作用过程,采用双室微生物电解池(microbial electrolysis cell,MEC)富集电活性微生物,构建耦合厌氧氨氧化阴极的生物电化学系统。具体地,在外加0.2 V电压条件下改变不同总氮进水浓度于30°C进行暗培养批次实验研究,结合循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱、高通量测序方法等多种表征手段研究了强化脱氮机理。结果表明,在初始总氮浓度分别为200、300和400 mg/L时对应获得了96.9%±0.3%、97.3%±0.4%和99.0%±0.3%的总氮去除率,且阴极电极生物膜表现出良好的电化学活性。高通量测序结果表明外加电压富集了除厌氧氨氧化菌以外的其他脱氮功能菌群:反硝化菌(Denitratisoma)、Limnobacter和氨氧化菌SM1A02和Anaerolineaceae、亚硝化菌(Nitrosomonas europaea)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)等,这些具有电化学活性的微生物构成了体系的氨氧化胞外产电菌(ammonium oxidizing exoelectrogens,AOE)和反硝化电养菌(denitrifying electrotrophs,DNE),它们连同厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Brocadia构成了系统的脱氮微生物群落结构。AOE和DNE的种间直接电子传递作用协同厌氧氨氧化是强化系统总氮去除的关键原因。     

生产性短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化装置处理制药废水的启动性能

为拓展新型生物脱氮技术的应用领域,研究了生产性短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化装置处理制药废水的启动性能。制药废水氨氮浓度为(430.40±55.43)mg/L时,氨氮去除率达(81.75±9.10)%,实现了短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺对制药废水的生物脱氮。制药废水短程硝化系统的启动时间约为74 d,亚硝氮积累率达(52.11±9.13)%,证明了结合模拟废水和实际废水的"两步法"模式对短程硝化系统启动的适用性。制药废水厌氧氨氧化系统的启动时间约为145 d,最大容积氮去除速率达6.35 kg N/(m3·d),容积效能为传统硝化-反硝化工艺的数十倍,证明了结合菌种自繁和菌种流加的模式对厌氧氨氧化系统启动的适用性。     

微生物厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化研究进展

厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程(Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)以甲烷为电子供体进行反硝化作用,在实现废水脱氮处理的同时,可有效削减温室气体甲烷的排放,从而减缓全球温室效应。相关机制研究集中在逆向产甲烷途径耦合反硝化和亚硝酸盐依赖型厌氧甲烷氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)两个方面。鉴于厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程对全球碳氮物质循环的重要意义,本文对近年来厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程的研究进展进行了概述,着重阐述了有关厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化微生物富集培养物,特别是含Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M.oxyfera)富集培养物的微生物特性、甲烷氧化反硝化的机理以及影响因子。在此基础上,探讨了厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程未来的研究方向和工业化应用前景。     

好氧反硝化细菌SY-D-22的分离、优化及脱氮机理

【背景】在处理含硝酸盐氮的废水中,常见微生物不能同时高效去除硝酸盐氮和总氮,导致处理废水时往往使用多种微生物复合菌剂或者使用复杂的工艺。【目的】高效、安全地去除水中的硝酸盐氮和总氮。方法】富集筛选出一株新型高效好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行16S rRNA基因鉴定。利用响应面法对其影响脱氮因素进行优化并探索其最佳脱氮条件。研究其对含硝酸盐氮废水的反硝化能力及脱氮特性。【结果】从活性污泥中筛选获得一株新型高效好氧反硝化细菌SY-D-22,经鉴定为葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)。响应面法优化其最佳反硝化条件为：pH 8.18,C/N为13.39,温度31.43°C,摇床转速130 r/min。当以最佳碳源柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源时,对于100 mg/L浓度的NO₃^--N去除率可达100%,同时对于总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的去除率为95.34%,具有高效脱氮能力。【结论】从活性污泥中筛选出一株新型好氧反硝化细菌Staphylococcus SY-D-22,通过响应面法条件优化,菌株的硝酸盐氮去除率达到100.00%,总氮去除率达到...     

高效反硝化菌aHD7的筛分、脱氮特性及厌氧氨氧化性

从活性污泥中筛选出一株高效反硝化菌aHD7,30℃静置培养3d,脱氮率可达91.7％,且反应过程中亚硝酸盐积累量较低,3d后亚硝酸盐氮浓度基本稳定在1.8mg.L-1.显微镜观察显示,菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌,大小为0.5 μm×(1.5～2.5) μm.通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性分析,初步推断该菌株为门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina).考察了碳源、C/N、氮初始浓度、pH等因素对菌株反硝化性能的影响.结果表明:对中低浓度硝酸盐(硝酸盐氮浓度≤276.95 mg.L-1),脱氮率接近100％,硝酸盐氮浓度高达553.59 mg·L-1时,脱氮率可达66.8％,且亚硝酸盐积累量甚微;最适碳源为乙醇;C/N为6～8和偏中性条件有利于反硝化反应.aHD7具有较强的厌氧氨氧化性,平均氨利用率达4.56 mg·L-1·d-1.     

有机碳源下废水厌氧氨氧化同步脱氮除碳

为明确有机碳源胁迫下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的同步脱氮除碳规律及功能微生物群落结构的动态变化,采用成功启动的厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器,通过逐步提升进水有机负荷,探究有机碳源下废水厌氧氨氧化同步脱氮除碳。研究表明,当进水化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)浓度从172 mg/L升至620 mg/L,反应器维持较高的脱氮效率,氨氮和总氮去除率均在85%以上,并对COD具有平均56.6%的去除率,高浓度COD未对Anammox菌活性构成显著抑制作用。聚合酶链式反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)图谱和割胶测序结果表明,变形菌门Proteobacteria、浮霉菌门Planctomycetes、绿曲挠菌门Chloroflexi以及绿菌门Chlorobi等微生物共存于同一反应体系中,推测反应器内存在复杂的脱氮除碳途径。而且,代表厌氧氨氧化的部分浮霉菌门微生物能耐受高浓度有机碳源,在高有机负荷下依旧发挥着高效的脱氮作用,为反应器高效脱氮提供了保障。     

湖泊氮素氧化及脱氮过程研究进展

自然界中氮的生物地球化学循环主要由微生物驱动,由固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用和氨化作用来完成。过去数十年间,随着异养硝化、厌氧氨氧化和古菌氨氧化作用的发现,人们对环境中氮素循环认识逐步深入,提出了多种脱氮途径新假说。对湖泊生态系统中氮素的输入、输出及其在水体、沉积物和水土界面的迁移转化过程进行了概括,对湖泊生态系统中反硝化和厌氧氨氧化脱氮机理及脱氮效率的最新研究进展进行了探讨,并对以后的氮素循环研究进行了展望。     

厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器的运行性能

试验研究了以竹炭为载体的厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器的运行性能.接种反硝化污泥,用模拟废水可成功启动该反应器:运行至144 d时,容积总氮去除率达到3.02 kg N/m3/d.这是国内文献报道的最高水平.动力学分析表明.这种反应器的最大容积总氮去除率可迭12.77 kg N/m3/d.具有很大的脱氮潜能.反应器的启动过程可分为菌体自溶、活性延滞和活性提高三个阶段.与此相应,污泥性状也从黄褐色絮状污泥变为棕灰色颗粒污泥和红色颗粒污泥.红色颗粒污泥以杆茵和球菌为主.厌氧氨氧化活性可达0.56mg TN/(mgprotein)/h,它们是反应器厌氧氨氧化功能的主要承载者.     

限氧自养硝化-反硝化生物脱氮新技术

限氧自养硝化—反硝化是部分硝化与厌氧氨氧化相耦联的生物脱氮反应过程,通过严格控制溶解氧在0．1～0．3mg·L^-1,实现硝化反应控制在亚硝酸阶段,然后以硝化阶段剩余的NH4^+作为电子供体,在厌氧条件下实现反硝化,该反应过程是完全的自养硝化—反硝化过程,具有能耗低、脱氮效率高、反应系统占地面积小等优点,适用于处理COD／NH4^+—N低的废水,是一种非常有应用前景的生物脱氮技术,文中详细介绍了限氧自养硝化—反硝化生物脱氮反应过程的研究进展,讨论了其微生物学机理及应用前景。     

三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地的脱氮性能及微生物学特征

探究了3种水力负荷(HLR)下三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地(T-VFCWs)对农村生活污水的处理效果,并解析了系统中的氮素转化机制。结果表明: 当系统HLR由0.10增至0.20 m³·m^-2·d^-1时,T-VFCWs始终保持着对农村生活污水高效的处理效果,系统出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。T-VFCWs中顺次连接的3个VFCW单元(标记为V-1、V-2和V-3)在限氧环境下因其进水水质的差异可形成各自不同的氮素转化途径,并通过协同作用实现系统的高效脱氮。当T-VFCWs在试验期间连续运行时,V-1、V-2和V-3中主要的脱氮途径分别为短程硝化/反硝化作用、基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)作用和反硝化作用,上述3单元对进水中总氮(TN)和NH₄⁺-N去除的贡献率分别为(51.3±4.4)%和(63.7±2.6)%、(30.9±4.8)%和(35.5±4.5)%、(17.8±5.0)%和(0.8±0.1)%。该研究可为组合式人工湿地的研发及工程化应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal in a packed A/O reactor: effect of C/N ratio on microbial community structure

In this research, a novel packed anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was established to achieve high-organic matter removal rates, despite the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 2.7–5.1 in the influent. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) was investigated under a long sludge retention time of 104 days. The system exhibited excellent performance in pollutant removal, with chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen (TN) enhanced to 93.6–97.4% and 34.4–60%, respectively. Under low C/N conditions, the nitrogen removal process of A/O MBBR system was mainly achieved by anaerobic denitrification. The increase of C/N ratio enhanced SND rate of the aerobic section, where dissolved oxygen was maintained at the range of 4–6 mg/L, and resulted in higher TN removal efficiency. The microbial composition and structures were analyzed utilizing the MiSeq Illumina sequencing technique. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that the dominant microorganisms were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, which contributes to the removal of organics matters. In the aerobic section, abundances of Nitrospirae (1.12–29.33%), Burkholderiales (2.15–21.38%), and Sphingobacteriales (2.92–11.67%) rose with increasing C/N ratio in the influent, this proved that SND did occur in the aerobic zone. As the C/N ratio of influent increased, the SND phenomenon in the aerobic zone of the system is the main mechanism for greatly improving the removal rate of TN in the aerobic section. The C/N ratio in the aerobic zone is not required to be high to exhibit good TN removal performance. When C/NH₄⁺ and C/TN in the aerobic zone were higher than 2.29 and 1.77, respectively, TN removal efficiency was higher than 60%, which means that carbon sources added to the reactor could be saved. This study would be vital for a better understanding of microbial structures within a packed A/O MBBR and the development of cost-efficient strategies for the treatment of low C/N wastewater.

     

Control of COD/N ratio for nutrient removal in a modified membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating high strength wastewater

A modified membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has been developed to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal in treating synthetic high strength water. This study examined the effect of influent COD/N ratio on this system. Results showed that above 95.0% removal efficiencies of organic matter were achieved; indicating COD removal was irrespective of COD/N ratio. The average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and phosphate (PO(4)(3-)-P) with a COD/N ratio of 9.3 were the highest at 90.6% and 90.5%, respectively. Furthermore, TN removal was primarily based on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process occurred in the aerobic zone. Decreased COD/N ratios to 7.0 and 5.3, TN removal efficiencies in steady-states were 69.3% and 71.2%, respectively. Both aerobic SND and conventional biological nitrification/denitrification contributed to nitrogen removal and the latter played dominant effect. PO(4)(3-)-P-release and uptake process ceased in steady-states of COD/N 7.0 and 5.3, which decreased its removal efficiency significantly.     

Assessment of the positive effect of salinity on the nitrogen removal performance and microbial composition during the start-up of CANON process

In this study, a non-woven rotating biological contactor reactor was operated for the start-up of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process. In this perfectly attached growth system, nitrite oxidizing was identified, which interfered with the nitrogen removal performance. Batch tests indicated that 10 g NaCl per liter salinity was a preferable definite level to stand out ammonium-oxidizing activity and anammox activity, and selectively suppress nitrite-oxidizing activity under oxygen-limited conditions. Reactor operation showed that the maximum TN removal rate was increased from 425 mg N l(-1) day(-1) to 637 mg N l(-1) day(-1) after the addition of 10 g NaCl per liter salinity on analogous technological parameters. Microbiological community analysis revealed that bacteria strains similar to the genus Nitrospira sp. were specialized nitrite oxidizers existing in CANON reactor, which were then eliminated under salinity exposure for their no salinity-tolerant relative. However, anammox bacteria belonging to Planctomycetes and some aerobic ammonium oxidizers belonging to Nitrosomonas could be highly enriched under this oxygen-limited salinity conditions. Salinity-contained high ammonium wastewater will be so considered as suitable influent for CANON process in further industrial application.     

The development of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in a single reactor for nitrogen removal

The simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process was validated to potentially remove ammonium and COD from wastewater in a single, oxygen-limited, non-woven rotating biological contactor (NRBC) reactor. An ammonium conversion efficiency of 79%, TN removal efficiency of 70% and COD removal efficiency of 94% were obtained with the nitrogen and COD loading rate of 0.69 kgN/m(3)d and 0.34 kg/m(3)d, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) analysis revealed the existence of the dominant groups of bacteria. As a result, the aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), with a spot of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were mainly distributed in the aerobic outer part of the biofilm. However, ANAMMOX bacteria with denitrifying bacteria were present and active in the anaerobic inner part of the SNAD biofilm. These bacteria were found to exist in a dynamic equilibrium to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and COD removal in NRBC system.     

Organics and nitrogen removal and sludge stability in aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor

Novel aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor (GMBR) was established by combining aerobic granular sludge technology with membrane bioreactor (MBR). GMBR showed good organics removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) performances for synthesized wastewater. When influent total organic carbon (TOC) was 56.8-132.6 mg/L, the TOC removal of GMBR was 84.7-91.9%. When influent ammonia nitrogen was 28.1-38.4 mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen removal was 85.4-99.7%, and the total nitrogen removal was 41.7-78.4%. Moreover, batch experiments of sludge with different particle size demonstrated that: (1) flocculent sludge under aerobic condition almost have no denitrification capacity, (2) SND capacity was caused by the granular sludge, and (3) the denitrification rate and total nitrogen removal efficiency were enhanced with the increased particle size. In addition, study on the sludge morphology stability in GMBR showed that, although some granular sludge larger than 0.9 mm disaggregated at the beginning of operation, the granular sludge was able to maintain the stability of its granular morphology, and at the end of operation, the amount of granular sludge (larger than 0.18 mm) stabilized in GMBR was more than 56-62% of the total sludge concentration. The partial disaggregation of large granules is closely associated with the change of operating mode from sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system to MBR system.     

Influence of wastewater composition on nitrogen and phosphorus removal and process control in A2O process

A bench-scale anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A²O) bioreactor with steady denitrifying phosphorus removal performance was tested to determine the influence of influent C/N ratio (SCOD/TN) and C/P ratio (SCOD/TP) on biological nutrient removal for treating synthetic brewage wastewater; meanwhile, the spatial profiles of DO, pH and ORP sensors in such systems were investigated. The results showed that influent C/N ratio had significant effect on the TN, TP removal efficiencies and the ratio of anoxic to aerobic P uptake amount. The maximal TN and TP removal efficiencies could be achieved when influent C/N ratio was kept at about 7.1 and 5, respectively. Besides, the ratio of anoxic to aerobic P uptake amount was found to be linearly dependent on the influent C/N ratio with coefficient R ² of 0.685 when total recirculation ratio was constant at 3.5. Influent C/P ratio had an important effect on the TP removal efficiency, while it hardly affected TN removal efficiency. In addition, the TP removal efficiency reached the maximum for influent C/P ratio of 42. On the other hand, it was also found that the typical profiles of DO, pH and ORP sensors could be observed, and they have similar trends at the different influent C/N ratio and C/P ratio. It was suggested that the operational state could be well known according to the changes of simple on-line sensors.     

Effect of influent nutrient ratios and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a two-sludge sequencing batch reactor process

A laboratory-scale anaerobic–anoxic/nitrification sequencing batch reactor (A₂N-SBR) fed with domestic wastewater was operated to examine the effect of varying ratios of influent COD/P, COD/TN and TN/P on the nutrient removal. With the increased COD/P, the phosphorus removals exhibited an upward trend. The influent TN/P ratios had a positive linear correlation with the phosphorus removal efficiencies, mainly because nitrates act as electron acceptors for the phosphorus uptake in the A₂N-SBR. Moreover, it was found that lower COD/TN ratio, e.g. 3.5, did not significantly weaken the phosphorus removal, though the nitrogen removal first decreased greatly. The optimal phosphorus and nitrogen removals of 94% and 91%, respectively were achieved with influent COD/P and COD/TN ratios of 19.9 and 9.9, respectively. Additionally, a real-time control strategy for A₂N-SBR can be undertaken based on some characteristic points of pH, redox potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles in order to obtain the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) and improve the operating reliability.     

An effective way to select slow-growing nitrifying bacteria by providing a dynamic environment

In this study, two laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were conducted to study the stability of aerobic granules. The strategy was involved in stepwise increase in ammonium (NH4⁺-N) concentration in the influent. Results showed that the activity of nitrifying bacteria and diameter of the aerobic granules significantly increased with gradually increasing NH4⁺-N, which reached persistently new balances by homeostasis. As a result, the stability of aerobic granules was remarkably enhanced. The value of sludge volume index (SVI) was below 25 ml/g, the mean settling velocity was excellent up to 107 m/h. The NH4⁺-N removal efficiency averaged above 99% and total nitrogen (TN) removal was greatly enhanced and could reach 68%. Besides dissolved oxygen, the granules size was also a dominant factor to influence denitrification, which could gradually increase in variable conditions through homeostasis. Stable, dense and well-settling nitrifying granules can be developed for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification removal.