刺梨活性冻干粉冷冻干燥工艺研究

研究了刺梨汁的真空冷冻干燥工艺,得到其冻干曲线,测定了刺梨汁的共融点,确定经济合理的装料量和工艺参数.根据本研究工艺参数真空冷冻干燥刺梨汁,较好的保持了SOD的活性.     

真空冷冻干燥技术在食用菌加工中的应用研究

简析了食用菌冻干制品产业发展形势,概述了真空冷冻干燥技术原理及产品特点,阐述了应用真空冷冻干燥技术加工食用菌制品所需的主要设备、生产工艺流程及操作要点。探讨真空冷冻干燥过程中,各项工艺参数对食用菌干燥特性的影响。介绍食用菌冷冻干燥技术的优越性、技术壁垒及发展前景,旨在为采用真空冷冻干燥技术对食用菌进行干燥加工提供参考。     

真空冷冻干燥微生物的研究进展

真空冷冻干燥法是保藏微生物的最有效的方法之一 ,为提高真空冷冻干燥后微生物细胞的成活率人们已进行了大量的研究。综述了真空冷冻干燥方法的原理、应用及提高真空冷冻干燥后微生物细胞成活率的方法。     

不同干燥方法对林下参品质的影响

目的：通过研究林下参不同干燥方法的干燥过程和对林下参物理性质及其皂苷类成分的影响，为林下参提供适宜干燥方法。方法：采用热风干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥3种干燥方法，对林下参的干燥时间、外观性状、体积收缩率、主根和芦的直径和长度收缩率、表皮和粉末的色泽及内在成分（总皂苷和8种单体皂苷）含量等指标进行分析评价。结果：微波干燥耗时最短，其次为真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥；真空冷冻干燥对林下参的外形和粉末色泽影响小，并且与热风干燥林下参的外观性状和微波干燥林下参的粉末色泽区别明显；真空冷冻干燥林下参和微波干燥林下参的体积、主根长和直径、芦长的收缩率小于热风干燥林下参，具显著差异；真空冷冻干燥林下参的表皮色差增长率最小；总皂苷含量、人参单体皂苷含量加和值、人参二醇型皂苷和人参三醇型皂苷含量的均值大小顺序为真空冷冻干燥林下参>微波干燥林下参>热风干燥林下参。结论：真空冷冻干燥较好的保留了林下参的形态和色泽，且真空冷冻干燥林下参人参皂苷含量高，真空冷冻干燥林下参具高附加值，综合考虑，真空冷冻干燥可以作为生产高档商品林下参的干燥方法。     

真空冷却干燥微生物的研究进展

真空冷冻干燥法是保藏微生物的最有效的方法之一,为提高真空冷却干燥后微生物细胞的成活率人们已进行了大量的研究。综述了真空冷冻干燥方法的原理、应用及提高真空冷冻干燥后微生物细胞成活率的方法。     

简化的真空冷冻干燥器

一种简化的真空冷冻干燥器,只需用一个冷阱,用丙酮干冰作为混合冷却剂,真空冷冻干燥的效果与以往一般用两只冷阱的真空冷冻干燥器完全一样,而且干冰的用量仅为以往的1/3。真空冷冻干燥装置见图1。其操作流程是保温瓶内先装2/3     

真空冷冻干燥技术在生物制药方面的应用

伴随着我国生物技术的迅速发展,真空冷冻干燥技术在生物制药行业的应用也越来越广泛。相对于传统的干燥技术,真空冷冻干燥技术更适合用于生物制品的生产加工。本文中将会介绍真空冷冻干燥技术的发展过程,冷冻干燥设备的原理,工艺流程以及注意事项,并总结了真空冷冻干燥技术应用于生物制药方面的优点。     

基于顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱法研究干燥方式对小米椒挥发性风味物质的影响

本研究采用顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)技术对经热风干燥、红外干燥、真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒4种干燥方式处理的小米椒进行挥发性风味物质分析。结果表明:这4种干燥方式获得的小米椒中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质39种,其中酯类9种、醛类10种、醇类10种、呋喃类2种、吡嗪类3种、酮类3种、有机酸类2种;小米椒干燥后的主要风味物质为酯类、醛类和醇类化合物。主成分分析(PCA)和热图聚类结果表明:相比于真空冷冻干燥与自然晾晒,热风干燥与红外干燥的挥发性风味物质具有较高的相关性;而与热风干燥和红外干燥相比,真空冷冻干燥与自然晾晒间的差异较大;干燥过程中部分挥发性风味物质间具有较强的相关性,如酯类和醇类、醇类和醛类等,其通过化学反应可实现风味物质间的转化。干燥方式对挥发性风味物质种类影响较小,热风干燥、红外干燥、真空冷冻干燥、自然晾晒的小米椒挥发性风味物质种类分别为39、37、36、34种。然而,干燥方式对小米椒挥发性风味物质的含量有明显的影响。与真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒相比,热风干燥和红外干燥处理的样品中酯类、呋喃类和吡嗪类物质含量较高,而在真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒处理的样品中醛类物质含量高于热风干燥和红外干燥。总之,相比于其他干燥方式,热风干燥与红外干燥对丰富干制小米椒的风味具有积极的影响。本研究将为干制小米椒的加工及风味品质调控提供理论依据。     

紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺及其特性研究

制备高品质的紫淮山全粉,有利于拓宽紫淮山的消费途径和提升产品价值。本文考察了固液比、进料流量和冻结温度对紫淮山全粉水分含量、溶解度和花色苷含量的影响,通过四因素三水平正交试验,优化了紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺,并对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷冻干燥这4种干燥方式制备的紫淮山全粉理化特性和抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,紫淮山冷冻喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为进料流量25 mL/min、固液比1∶1、冻结温度-30℃,在此条件下得到的紫淮山全粉水分含量为3. 89%、溶解度为23. 12%、花色苷含量为13. 28 mg/100 g。干燥方式对紫淮山全粉的物理性质、营养成分、活性成分和抗氧化能力的影响显著。     

高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响

经真空冷冻干燥得到的乳酸菌发酵剂存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性与诸多因素相关。本文综述了制备乳酸菌发酵剂过程中高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺的不同对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响,其中高密度发酵过程中的培养基组分、培养温度、发酵恒定pH、中和剂的选择、菌体收获时期和发酵结束后处理以及真空冷冻干燥过程中保护剂的添加、预冷冻处理等是影响乳酸菌抗冷冻性的重要因素。通过对这些相关因素的综述分析,为提高乳酸菌发酵剂的冻干存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性提供新的思路,且应用抗冷冻性强、活力高的乳酸菌发酵剂对有效提高乳制品的质量和企业的经济效益意义重大。     

Histidine-regulated activity of M-ficolin

Human M-ficolin is a pathogen-associated molecular recognition molecule in the innate immune system, and it binds to some sugars, such as GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine), on pathogen surfaces. From previous structural and functional studies of the FD1 (M-ficolin fibrinogen-like domain), we proposed that the ligand-binding region of FD1 exists in a conformational equilibrium between active and non-active states depending on three groups with a pK(a) of 6.2, which are probably histidine residues, and suggested that the 2-state conformational equilibrium as well as the trimer formation contributes to the discrimination mechanism between self and non-self of FD1 [Tanio, M., Kondo, S., Sugio, S. and Kohno, T. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 3889-3895]. To investigate the origins of the pH dependency, mutational analyses were performed on FD1 expressed by Brevibacillus choshinensis. The GlcNAc binding study of a series of single histidine mutants of FD1 demonstrated that His(251), His(284) and His(297) are required for the activity, and thus we concluded that the three histidines are the origins of the pH dependency of FD1. Monomeric mutants of FD1 show weaker affinity for the ligand than the trimeric wild-type, indicating that trimer formation confers high avidity for the ligand. In addition, analyses of the GlcNAc association and dissociation of FD1 provided evidence that FD1 always exchanges between the active and non-active states with the pH-dependent populations in solution. The biological roles of the histidine-regulated conformational equilibrium of M-ficolin are discussed in terms of the self and non-self discrimination mechanism.     

Stereoacuity with Frisby and Revised FD2 Stereo Tests

We compared near stereoacuity, measured with the Frisby test, and distance stereoacuity, measured with the revised Frisby-Davis (FD2) test, enabling a comparison with the original version of the FD2. In the revised version of the FD2 test, a white background is used instead of a backlit background. We also examined the effect of age, gender and visual problems. We used the Frisby test at distances ranging from 30–80 cm and FD2 at 6 m. The best possible score was 20 seconds of arc (arcsec) on the Frisby and 5 arcsec on the FD2; participants who could not perform a test despite demonstrating understanding of it were classed as stereonegative. We examined both the whole population recruited, and a sub-population screened so as to exclude visual problems. We analysed our results in three age-groups: “visually developing” (36 children aged 5–10 years); “visually mature” (300 participants aged 11–49 years) and “older” (29 participants aged 50–82). In the whole population, the median stereoacuity on the Frisby test was 25, 20 and 85 arcsec in the three age-groups. In the sub-population with no visual problems, median Frisby stereoacuity was similar at 20, 20 and 80 arcsec respectively. On the FD2, the medians were 10, 10, 20 arcsec for the whole population and 7.5, 10 and 12.5 for the sub-population. Children were more likely than adults to be stereonegative on the FD2, although none of the children were stereonegative on the Frisby. The two tests showed fair agreement when used to classify people into three categories of stereovision. Poor stereovision was often associated with binocular problems such as tropia, but with many exceptions. In line with previous studies, we found improvements in measured stereoacuity in childhood and declines in late adulthood. The new FD2 test gives comparable values to the original FD2.     

Contrasting Strategies of Alfalfa Stem Elongation in Response to Fall Dormancy in Early Growth Stage: The Tradeoff between Internode Length and Internode Number

Fall dormancy (FD) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be described using 11 FD ratings, is widely used as an important indicator of stress resistance, productive performance and spring growth. However, the contrasting growth strategies in internode length and internode number in alfalfa cultivars with different FD rating are poorly understood. Here, a growth chamber study was conducted to investigate the effect of FD on plant height, aboveground biomass, internode length, and internode number in alfalfa individuals in the early growth stages. In order to simulate the alfalfa growth environment in the early stage, 11 alfalfa cultivars with FD ratings from one to 11 were chosen and seeded at the greenhouse, and then were transplanted into an artificial growth chamber. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Plant height, above-ground biomass, internode length, and internode number were measured in early growth stage in all individuals. Our findings showed that plant height and the aboveground biomass of alfalfa did not significantly differ among 11 different FD rated cultivars. Also, internode length and internode number positively affected plant height and the aboveground biomass of alfalfa individuals and the average internode length significantly increased with increasing FD rating. However, internode number tended to sharply decline when the FD rating increased. Moreover, there were no correlations, slightly negative correlations, and strongly negative correlations between internode length and internode number in alfalfa individuals among the three scales, including within-FD ratings, within-FD categories and inter-FD ratings, respectively. Therefore, our results highlighted that contrasting growth strategies in stem elongation were adopted by alfalfa with different FD ratings in the early growth stage. Alfalfa cultivars with a high FD rating have longer internodes, whereas more dormant alfalfa cultivars have a larger number of internodes. There were tradeoffs between internode length and internode number in response to FD in alfalfa, which reflected certain scale-dependence.     

Phylogenetic and functional diversity area relationships in two temperate forests

Phylogenetic diversity (PD, the diversity of lineages) and functional diversity (FD, the diversity of functional traits or groups in a biological community) reflect important yet poorly understood attributes of species assemblages. Until recently, few studies have examined the spatial variation of PD and FD in natural communities. Yet the relationships between PD and FD and area (termed PDAR and FDAR), like the analogous species–area relationship (SAR), have received less attention and may provide insights into the mechanisms that shape the composition and dynamics of ecological communities. In this study, we used four spatial point process models to evaluate the likely roles of the random placement of species, habitat filtering, dispersal limitation, and the combined effects of habitat filtering and dispersal limitation in producing observed PDARs and FDARs in two large, fully mapped temperate forest research plots in northeast China and in north‐central USA. We found that the dispersal limitation hypothesis provided a good approximation of the accumulation of PD and FD with increasing area, as it did for the species area curves. PDAR and FDAR patterns were highly correlated with the SAR. We interpret this as evidence that species interactions, which are often influenced by phylogenetic and functional similarity, may be relatively unimportant in structuring temperate forest tree assemblages at this scale. However, the scale‐dependent departures of the PDAR and FDAR that emerged for the dispersal limitation hypothesis agree with operation of competitive exclusion at small scales and habitat filtering at larger scales. Our analysis illustrates how emergent community patterns in fully mapped temperate forest plots can be influenced by multiple underlying processes at different spatial scales.     

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia in three patients with apoE 2*(Arg136-->Cys) gene variant

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a polymorphic protein which occurs in three common isoforms and more than 25 rare variants. Some of the rare apoE variants have been implicated in a dominant mode of inheritance of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD). We have identified three unrelated apoE 2*(Arg136-->Cys) carriers with FD. This finding supports the notion that although apoE 2*(Arg136-->Cys) mutation is perhaps not sufficient to cause FD itself, the presence of other genetic and/or environmental factors can lead to the phenotypic expression of the disease in the carriers.     

A 19F-NMR study of 2-fluoro-4-demethoxydaunomycin intercalation complexes with the decanucleotides d(G-C)5 and d(A-T)5

Binding configurations and equilibria of intercalation complexes formed by the novel anthracycline drug, 2-fluoro-4-demethoxydaunomycin (2FD), with the decanucleotides d(G-C)5 and d(A-T)5 have been studied by 19F-NMR spectroscopy. The 19F chemical shift of 2FD bound to d(A-T)5 was approximately 1.5 ppm downfield of that observed for 2FD bound to d(G-C)5. By mixing equimolar amounts of aqueous d(G-C)5, d(A-T)5 and 2FD, the distribution of drug between the nucleotides was followed by observing relative peak intensities and showed no G-C or A-T binding preference at room temperature. It was shown that each decanucleotide duplex bound three 2FD molecules, giving a neighbour exclusion parameter, n, of n = 3 for this drug. The stoichiometric complexes, which we denote by [d(A-T)5][2FD]3 and [d(G-C)5][2FD]3, were also purified and isolated in this study.     

Comparative performance evaluation of a flat detector and an image intensifier angiographic system both used for interventional cardiology procedures in adult and pediatric patients

PurposeTo compare two angiography systems of different image capture technology, one with flat detector (FD) and one with image intensifier (II), in terms of entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) rate, detector dose (DD) rate and image quality (IQ), in interventional cardiology procedures concerning both adult and pediatric patients.Materials and methodsIn order to determine ESAK and DD rates, a digital dosimeter and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates were used. For the evaluation of IQ, two contrast objects (the Leeds TOR 18FG and a 5 mm-thick Aluminum plate) were used and two figures of merit were defined in fluoroscopy and cine acquisition modes. Measurements of ESAK, DD rates and IQ were made for various fields of view, pulse and frame acquisition rates.ResultsFor the particular setup used in this study was noted that ESAK values in the II system were generally larger than the respective values in the FD system (on average 70% for fluoro mode, 5 times for cine mode). When halving the fluoroscopy pulse rate, reduction in ESAK was not proportional, in fluoroscopy mode. Image quality evaluations indicated that II performs better in terms of low contrast sensitivity (LCS) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the FD system which performs better regarding high contrast resolution (HCR). However, when considering image quality in relation to ESAK the FD system performs better than the II system (with the exception of low thicknesses and zooms for high pulse rates in the fluoroscopy mode).ConclusionsThe FD system, generally, provides a better image quality–dose relation than the II system although II unit provides better LCS and SNR. This means that with the right adjustments to both systems, FD unit is able to provide same image quality with lower dose. However, newer technology does not automatically imply better image quality and further investigation is necessary for deriving safe conclusions for units which utilize different capture technology.