甘蔗常用亲本及杂交组合家系评价

为评价我国甘蔗亲本的遗传特点和组合的选配效果,采用澳大利亚家系试验法,借助R软件估算亲本的遗传方差、一般配合力(GCA)和组合特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明:锤度的遗传主要受母本加性基因效应所制约,蔗茎产量主要受母本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应所制约,株高、茎径和有效茎受父母本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应所制约。CP88-2143、ROC10、ROC26、桂糖00-122、粤糖00-318和云蔗99-113作母本,内江57-416、崖城93-26、粤糖91-976和粤糖00-319作父本杂交后代表现出高产高糖,可作为糖能兼用好亲本使用。根据组合特殊配合力效应(SCA),CP88-2143×粤糖00-319、ROC10×粤糖91-976、ROC26×崖城93-26、桂糖00-122×ROC22、粤糖91-976×ROC22、粤糖93-159×内江57-416和云蔗99-113×CP84-1198组合综合表现良好,可作为生产性杂交组合,加大力度使用。     

甘蔗生物量育种的ADGE遗传分析

对甘蔗11个亲本品种及不完全双列杂交(NCdesignⅡ)遗传设计的30个组合的F1代实生苗生物量进行加性-显型-随机环境效应模型(ADGE)分析。结果表明:甘蔗的生物量性状遗传主要是由基因的加性、显性及加性×环境互作效应共同决定的,但基因的加性效应作用较大;甘蔗杂交亲本对其后代表型的遗传作用主要为母本的遗传效应影响;甘蔗生物量性状都具有较高的广义遗传率(h2B)和狭义遗传率(h2N),且h2B>h2N,说明了对甘蔗生物量性状在选育种早期阶段的选择效果好;通过对亲本的加性基因随机效应分析的综合,较优良的甘蔗亲本有粤糖72/426、粤糖79/177、粤糖85/177、ROC24和ROC25;根据杂交组合显性随机效应分析,认为粤糖72/426×ROC16、粤糖79/177×ROC24、粤糖79/177×ROC23及粤糖80/101×ROC22是较优良的高生物量甘蔗杂交组合,可以应用于甘蔗的高生物量育种。     

6个粤糖甘蔗亲本及其杂交组合的育种价值评价

为了解粤糖系列甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)亲本的遗传特点和组合选配效果,采用家系评价方法,对以6个粤糖系列亲本(‘粤糖00-236’、‘粤糖03-373’、‘粤糖93-159’、‘粤糖94-128’、‘粤糖99-66’、‘粤糖08-1966’)为核心配置的55个组合F1群体的6个主要性状的遗传效应、经济育种值等参数进行估算。结果表明,6个性状中茎径受母本、父本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应影响,株高、锤度、含糖量和蔗茎产量受父本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应影响,而有效茎数受父本加性基因效应影响。6个亲本中,‘粤糖94-128’作为母本的蔗茎产量的一般配合力效应值和经济育种值最高,适宜做高产的母本,而‘粤糖93-159’作为父本的含糖量的一般配合力效应值最高,经济育种值也较高,适宜做高糖父本。55个组合中,‘粤糖94-128’×桂糖02-761’、‘粤糖00-236’ב桂糖94-119’和‘桂糖02-467’ב粤糖93-159’等的特殊配合力效应值和组合经济育种值均较优,可作为重点生产性家系。这为应用粤糖亲本进行杂交组合配置提供了依据。     

甘蔗杂交后代蔗汁品质性状的遗传分析

以4×3不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)选配的12个杂交组合后代为材料,对蔗汁锤度、旋光读数、转光度、蔗汁蔗糖分、视纯度和重力纯度等6个品质性状进行配合力和遗传力分析。结果表明,品质性状的遗传主要由基因加性效应引起,其中蔗汁锤度、旋光读数、转光度、蔗汁蔗糖分主要由父本基因加性效应引起。CP72-330、HoCP93-750、桂糖91-116和粤糖92-1287等4个亲本的品质性状一般配合力(gca)为正值且较大,是配合力较好的高糖亲本。CP72-330×桂糖91-116及HoCP93-750×粤糖92-1287的品质性状特殊配合力(sca)相对效应值均为正值且较大,杂交后代品质性状平均值也较高,为较好的高糖杂交组合。品质性状父本gca方差大于母本gca方差,亲本gca方差为组合sca方差的7-28倍,广义遗传力(hB2)为58%-68%,狭义遗传力(hN2)为56%-60%,属于遗传能力较强的品质性状。     

陆地棉主要纤维品质性状的基因效应估测

本文采用世代平均数遗传分析方法,沿用了加性-显性、加性-显性-上位性和环境(二种)×基因型三种模型,对陆地棉主要纤维品质性状中的长度、细度、强度和断裂长度的基因效应、年份效应以及年份×基因型互作进行了估测。经过三年的实验,选用三个杂交组合,每一组合含有P_1、p_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2六个群体的资料。结果表明,四个纤维品质性状的遗传受加性、显性、上位性作用的共同控制,但在不同年份或不同的组合里,显性作用和上位性作用的变化较大;年份效应对品质性状的遗传也有较大影响,其影响方式主要以年份×基因型互作的形式表现。     

蓝桉6×6全双列交配生长性状的遗传效应分析

以蓝桉 6× 6完全双列交配的子代测定林为试验材料 ,对树高、胸径、材积、枝下高、冠幅、弯曲度和枝径比 7个性状的遗传效应进行分析。结果表明 ,这些性状主要受一般配合力 (GCA)、特殊配合力 (SCA)和特殊正反交效应(SRE)的控制 ,母本效应 (FEM)对弯曲度有较小作用 ,而父本效应 (MAL)对所有性状影响甚微。有 3个亲本对改良数量性状或树干品质有显著的作用 ,有 8个组合对提高数量性状遗传增益的贡献极显著或显著。蓝桉的数量性状既有自交衰退 ,也有自交优势。对蓝桉育种的策略和方法也提出了建议     

不同环境条件下粳型杂交稻米碾磨品质性状的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型,对粳型杂交稻稻米碾磨品质性状进行了遗传研究.结果表明:各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子直接效应、细胞质效应和母体效应等遗传主效应外,还明显受到各基因型×环境互作效应的影响.其中糙米率性状以遗传主效应为主,而精米率、整精米率性状以基因型×环境互作效应为主.在遗传主效应中,糙米率性状主要受种子直接加性效应、母体加性效应的控制;在基因型×环境互作效应中,精米率和整精米率性状都是以种子直接加性×环境互作效应和母体加性×环境互作效应为主,细胞质×环境互作效应也起着较为重要的作用.大部分稻米碾磨品质性状的狭义遗传率均较高,其中糙米率性状以普通狭义遗传率为主,而精米率和整精米率性状则以互作狭义遗传率为主.另外,根据性状的遗传效应预测值对各亲本的育种利用价值作了评价.     

冬小麦三种粒重性状的遗传研究

采用Griffing方法Ⅰ,利用6×6完全双列杂交,对冬小麦单株粒重、单穗粒重和千粒重三个性状的配合力、基因效应及遗传组成进行了研究,结果表明这三种粒重性状的遗传同时受基因加性效应、非加性效应和母体效应的共同作用;千粒重、株粒重、穗粒重的狭义遗传力分别为72%、63%和45%,前两个性状以基因加性效应为主,后一性状基因加性、显性效应相当;细胞质作用对千粒重影响较小,株粒重和穗粒重则存在明显的核质互作.     

对生玉米产量性状的杂种优势和配合力分析

本文利用对生基因转育获得的对生与互生自交系及其杂交组合,研究了对生性状对产量性状杂种优势和配合力的遗传效应的影响。结果表明:对生玉米同互生玉米一样具有普遍的杂种优势,在产量性状上F1对生株优势互×互组合大于对×对组合和对×互(互×对)组合;对生性状的转育对产量性状的一般配合力有降低效应,而含有对生基因的互生玉米具有较高的一般配合力效应,因此,在对生玉米育种中可以利用含有不同对生基因的互生自交系作亲本来组配杂交组合(互×互),从而获得较高的制种产量和高产的对生杂交种。     

IGF-1基因对长白×蓝塘猪资源群生产性能的遗传效应分析

利用F2代设计建立了由216头F2代个体组成的长白×蓝塘猪资源群,应用PCR-RFLP方法检测F2代个体IGF-1基因的多态性;通过固定模型方法估计了IGF-1不同基因型的最小二乘均值,同时采用混合模型方法分析不同性状IGF-1基因型的遗传效应,并由此计算IGF-1基因的加性和显性效应.固定模型和混合模型方法的分析结果都表明,IGF-1不同基因型对猪断奶后日增重有显著影响,AA型的遗传效应显著比AB型高20.58 g(P=0.0347),IGF-1基因对该性状的加性和显性效应分别为1.78 g和-18.81 g;对胴体组成性状也有影响,AA型和AB型对骨率的遗传效应分别极显著低于BB型5.22%(P= 0.0008)和5.19%(P=0.0007),IGF-1基因对该性状的加性和显性效应分别为-2.61%和-2.58%;AA型胴体瘦肉量的遗传效应显著比AB型少0.45 kg(P=0.0264),IGF-1基因对该性状的加性和显效应分别为0.16 kg和0.61 kg;AA型和AB型皮脂率的遗传效应比BB型分别高8.81%(P=0.0206)和7.64%(P=0.0431),对该性状的加性和显性效应分别为4.41%和3.24%.因此,IGF-1基因的遗传效应分析说明该基因对断奶后日增重、骨率、胴体瘦肉量和皮脂率等4个性状有显著的遗传影响;而加性和显性效应估计值的大小表明,IGF-1基因的遗传效应只有在皮脂率性状上加性效应相对显性效应比较高,可以作为主基因对该性状进行有效选择.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.