利用RFLP、SSR、AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自交系遗传多样性的比较研究

利用 ＲＦＬＰ、ＳＳＲ．ＡＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ ４种分子标记方法研究了 １５个玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系的遗传多样性,同时对４种标记系统进行比较。在供试材料中筛选到具多态性的ＲＦＬＰ探针酶组合５６个,６６对ＳＳＲ引物,２０个ＲＡＰＤ引物和９个ＡＦＬＰ引物组合,分别检测到多态性带１６７、２０１、８７和１０８条。ＳＳＲ标记位点的平均多态性信息量（ＰＩＣ）最大（０．５４）,ＡＦＬＰ标记位点最小（０．３６）,但ＡＦＬＰ标记具有最高的多态性检测效率（Ａｉ,３２．２）。４种分子标记所得遗传相似系数相关性显著,比较相关系数表明 ＲＡＰＤ可靠性较低。依据 ４种分子标记结果将 １５个供试自交系划分为塘四平头、旅大红骨、兰卡斯特、瑞德和ＰＮ共５个类群,与系谱分析基本一致。认为ＳＳＲ和ＲＦＬＰ两种分子标记方法适合进行玉米种质遗传多样性的研究。     

应用微卫星标记对不同基因组组合生物型遗传多态性的研究(英文)

微卫星ＤＮＡ在真核基因组中分布频率为每２０～３０ｋｂ一个,具有片段长度短、序列 高度重复、种类多以及高度多态的特点,极适于遗传变异研究。本文报道：采用微卫星 标记对不同基因组组合的鱼类进行了基因组指纹图谱构建。受试材料为红鲤（ＲＣ）、红鲫 （ＲＡ）、镜鲤（ＭＣ）、鲤鲫杂种二倍体（ＣＡ）鲫鲤杂种三倍体（ＣＡＡ）,人工复合三倍体（ＣＣＡ） 等六种生物型。微卫星ＤＮＡ座位（探针）ＭＦＷ２、ＭＦＷ８和ＭＦＷ１６各自存在１２、１６和 １０个等位基因（Ｆｉｇ．１,２,＆３）。通过对微卫星标记图谱的量化分析,利用ＵＰＧＭＡ构建了 不同生物型的遗传关系树系图（Ｔａｂｌｅ　１,Ｆｉｇ．４）。本研究发现,徽卫星和ＲＡＰＤ分析两种 手段反映六种生物型之间的聚类模式完全一致。然而由微卫星标记获得的生物型内和生 物型之间的遗传距离均大于ＲＡＰＤ的,此结果表明微卫星标记在揭示群体内个体间差 异上有独到之处。     

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主抗条锈病基因Yr9的微卫星标记

以含有Yr9的抗条锈病近等基因系Taichung29＊6／Yr9及其轮回亲本Taichung29为材料,用目的基因所在1B染色体上32对微卫星引物对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,发现引物Xgwm582在近等基因系与轮回亲本间可扩增出特异性DNA片段。经F2代分离群体177个抗、感单株检测证实,该片段位点与抗条锈病基因Yr9紧密连锁,遗传距离为3．7cM,确定Xgwm582可作为抗条锈病基因Yr9的标记。     

古代“太子莲”及现代红花中国莲种质资源的RAPD分析

采用４０个１０碱基随机引物及８个锚定ＳＳＲ引物,对寿命为（５８０±７０）年的古代“太子莲”以及哈尔滨、河北、江西、湖南等地区的红花中国莲（ＮｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａＧａｅｒｔｎ．）野生居群或农家栽培品种的基因组ＤＮＡ进行了ＲＡＰＤ及微卫星（ＳＳＲ）ＤＮＡ多态性检测,共筛选出能产生多态性标记的ＲＡＰＤ引物１３个、ＳＳＲ引物２个。这１５个引物共扩增出１３５个位点,其中多态性位点７１个,占５２６％。琼脂糖电泳表明“太子莲”与哈尔滨红花莲表现出高度的遗传一致性,上述１５个引物未能在两组样品内检测到任何遗传变异。来自河北、江西、湖南的红花莲皆表现出不同程度的居群内或品种内分化。根据ＭＥＧＡ程序中的ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类分析结果,“太子莲”与哈尔滨、河北两地区的红花莲聚为一支。“太子莲”与河北红花莲的遗传距离最近（００５）,它们拥有共同的祖先。古代“太子莲”与其它４个地区的红花莲比较起来只缺少ＯＰＭＯ６３００一条带,仍属于红花中国莲这个种。湖南红花莲与江西红花莲之间可能有基因交流,彼此亲缘关系密切,聚为另一支。它们与“太子莲”遗传距离较远（０６７）。     

栽培稻F1花粉不育基因座S—a的分子定位

以栽培稻品种台中６５及其等基因Ｆ１不育系ＴＩＳＬ４为材料,用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ等技术,对Ｆ１花粉不育基因座Ｓ－ａ定位。通过用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ方法对亲本间进行多态性分析,发现亲本间的多态性很低,说明经多代回交后,在等基因系基因组中供体亲本的ＤＮＡ片段所占的比例很小。通过连锁分析,将Ｓ－ａ定位在第１染色体。Ｓ－ａ与分子标记ＣＤＯ５４８、Ｏ１１－１０００、ＲＧ１４６和Ｙ１３－５００之间的遗传距离分别为     

小麦农家品种红麦(苏1661)中一个主效抗条锈病基因的微卫星标记定位

应用分离体分组混合分析法（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）和微卫星标记多态性分析方法,对红麦（保存单位编号：苏1661;统一编号：ZM008712）中的一个主效抗条锈病基因YrHm进行了分子标记和定位研究。共用512对微卫星引物对抗、感基因池进行了多态性分析,经用包括230个单株的F2分离群体进行遗传连锁性检测,发现4个与YrHm基因连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm904、Xbarcl73、Xcfdl3和Xcfd42,均位于小麦染色体6D短臂上。经Mapmaker3．0b软件计算,这4个标记与目的基因间的遗传距离分别为7．3、25．1、47．7和62．1cM,均位于YrHm基因远离染色体顶端的一侧。用全套中国春小麦缺体一四体材料进行检测,进一步确认了这4个标记均位于小麦6D染色体。因此,将YrHm基因定位于小麦染色体臂6DS上。     

利用RAPD技术进行植物性状标记及辅助选择

近等基因系、混合分离群体法是ＲＡＰＤ 标记的主要策略。目前,ＲＡＰＤ标记广泛用于抗线虫、抗病、雄性不育等辅助选择的研究中,取得了可喜的成绩。由于遗传距离的不同,使ＲＡＰＤ 标记具有基因型的差异。寻找无重组的ＲＡＰＤ 标记或将ＲＡＰＤ标记转化为ＲＦＬＰ标记,可以解决这一问题。随着连锁程度的降低选择效率也随着降低。相斥相的ＲＡＰＤ标注可提高选择效率将ＲＡＰＤ标记转化为ＳＣＡＲｓ、ＡＰＳＰｓ 标记,可以解决ＲＡＰＤ 标记稳定性差的问题。来源于ＲＡＰＤ 标记的ＳＣＡＲｓ 标记将在辅助选择中发挥巨大的作用。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤及其原始亲本遗传变异的微卫星标记分析

采用从鲤中分离出来的32对微卫星DNA标记,对异源四倍体鲫鲤、红鲫和野鲤的基因组DNA进行了研究。在筛选出的15对微卫星引物中,随引物不同,各等位基因数为1～8个,大小在100～420bp之间。从3个不同群体内部的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤个体之间的遗传相似系数最大,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤群体内部的遗传变异程度最低,已经形成了一个遗传性状稳定的群体。从3个不同群体之间的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤和红鲫遗传相似系数为0．5625,和野鲤的遗传相似系数为0．5125,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤接受原始母本的遗传物质比原始父本野鲤要多一些。微卫星标记与以前报道的RAPD标记的检测结果是相似的,然而由微卫星标记获得的种群内和种群间的遗传距离均大于RAPD,说明微卫星标记比RAPD标记显示出更高的个体多态性。     

利用RFLP,SSR,AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自效系遗传多样性的比较研究

利用ＲＦＬＰ、ＳＳＲ、ＡＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ４种分子标记方法研究了１５个玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系的遗传多样性,同时对４种标记系统进行比较。在供试材料中筛选到具多态性的ＲＦＬＰ探针酶组合５６个,６７６对ＳＳＲ引物,２０个ＲＡＰＤ引物和９个ＡＦＬＰ引物组合,分别检测到多态性带１６７、２０１、８７和１０８条。ＳＳＲ标记位点的平均多态性检测效率（Ａｉ,３２．２）。４种分子标记所得遗传相似自交系划分     

PCR-SSP技术对广东汉族人HLA-DR基因分型

探索具有高分辨率、高特异性和简捷快速的方法对ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ基因分型,为临床器官移植配型和疾病相关性分析提供实用的方法和基础资料．利用ＤＲ１～ＤＲｗ１８序列特异性的１９组引物及１对内参照引物进行ＰＣＲ扩增即ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ对ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ进行基因分型,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,溴乙锭染色,在紫外光下观察分型结果．每个被检个体的ＤＲ型别可由特异引物扩增出现的电泳谱带直接判断．双盲检测２２例的结果１００％正确．在１０２例中国广东地区汉族人中,ＤＲ９和ＤＲ２的基因频率最高,分别为０．２２０５和０．１９１２,ＤＲ１０为最低（０．００９８）．与用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ方法分型获得的结果比较,基因型别分布基本一致,但一些等位基因的频率有差异,表明ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ基因频率的分布在不同地区、不同种族的人群间存在着差异．ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ法分辨率和特异性虽不及ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＯ法但比血清学方法精细,分型的全过程只需２～４ｈ能满足临床器官移植配型的要求．基因频率调查结果为器官移植配型和疾病相关性分析提供了基础资料．     

Genetic diversity in basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm as revealed by microsatellite (SSR) markers

Genetic diversity among rice genotypes, including 15 indica basmati advance lines and 5 basmati improved varieties were investigated by 28 SSR markets including one indel marker. The SSRs covered all the 12 chromosomes that distributed across the rice genomes. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.60, showing average number of polymorphism information content was 0.48. A total of 101 alleles were also identified from the microsatellite marker loci. A number of SSR markers were also identified that could be utilized to differentiate between rice genotypes. Pair wise Nei,s genetic distance between rice genotypes ranged from 0.07 to 0.95. The dendrogram based on cluster analysis by using SSR polymorphism that grouped the 20 genotypes of rice in to five clusters based on their genetic similarity. The result could be useful for the identification and selection of the diverse genotypes for the future cross breeding program and development of new rice varieties.     

Genetic diversity in basmati rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) germplasm as revealed by microsatellite (SSR) markers

Genetic diversity among rice genotypes, including 15 indica basmati advance lines and 5 basmati improved varieties were investigated by 28 SSR markers including one indel marker. The SSRs covered all the 12 chromosomes that distributed across the rice genomes. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.60, showing average number of polymorphism information content was 0.48. A total of 101 alleles were also identified from the microsatellite marker loci. A number of SSR markers were also identified that could be utilized to differentiate between rice genotypes. Pair wise Nei’s genetic distance between rice genotypes ranged from 0.07 to 0.95. The dendrogram based on cluster analysis by using SSR polymorphism that grouped the 20 genotypes of rice in to five clusters based on their genetic similarity. The result could be useful for the identification and selection of the diverse genotypes for the future cross breeding program and development of new rice varieties.     

Development of microsatellite markers and construction of genetic map in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive fungal pathogen of rice and a model organism for studying plant-pathogen interaction. Molecular markers and genetic maps are useful tools for genetic studies. In this study, based on the released genome sequence data of M. grisea, we investigated 446 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and developed 313 SSR markers, which showed polymorphisms among nine isolates from rice (including a laboratory strain 2539). The number of alleles of each marker ranged 2-9 with an average of 3.3. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of each marker ranged 0.20-0.89 with an average of 0.53. Using a population derived from a cross between isolates Guy11 and 2539, we constructed a genetic map of M. grisea consisting of 176 SSR markers. The map covers a total length of 1247 cM, equivalent to a physical length of about 35.0 Mb or 93% of the genome, with an average distance of 7.1cM between adjacent markers. A web-based database of the SSR markers and the genetic map was established (http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/pgl/MGM/index.html).     

Molecular tagging and genetic mapping of the disease resistance gene<Emphasis Type="Italic"> RppQ</Emphasis> to southern corn rust

Southern corn rust (SCR), Puccinia polysora Underw, is a destructive disease in maize (Zea mays L.). Inbred line Qi319 is highly resistant to SCR. Results from the inoculation test and genetic analysis of SCR in five F₂ populations and five BC₁F₁ populations derived from resistant parent Qi319 clearly indicate that the resistance to SCR in Qi319 is controlled by a single dominant resistant gene, which was named RppQ. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was carried out in an F₂ population derived from the cross Qi319×340. Twenty SSR primer pairs evenly distributed on chromosome10 were screened at first. Out of them, two primer pairs, phi118 and phi 041, showed linkage with SCR resistance. Based on this result, eight new SSR primer pairs surrounding the region of primers phi118 and phi 041 were selected and further tested regarding their linkage relation with RppQ. Results indicated that SSR markers umc1,318 and umc 2,018 were linked to RppQ with a genetic distance of 4.76 and 14.59 cM, respectively. On the other side of RppQ, beyond SSR markers phi 041 and phi118, another SSR marker umc1,293 was linked to RppQ with a genetic distance of 3.78 cM. Because the five linkage SSR markers (phi118, phi 041, umc1,318, umc 2,018 and umc1,293) are all located on chromosome 10, the RppQ gene should also be located on chromosome 10. In order to fine map the RppQ gene, AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis was carried out. A total 54 AFLP primer combinations were analyzed; one AFLP marker, AF1, from the amplification products of primer combination E-AGC/M-CAA, showed linkage with the RppQ gene in a genetic distance of 3.34 cM. Finally the RppQ gene was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 10 between SSR markers phi 041 and AFLP marker AF1 with a genetic distance of 2.45 and 3.34 cM respectively.Communicated by H. F. Linskens     

Characterization and development of EST-SSR markers to study the genetic diversity and populations analysis of Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L.)

In recent years, Jerusalem artichoke has received widespread attention as a novel source of sugar, biofuel, and animal feed. Currently, only few gDNA-SSRs derived from sunflower were verified in the Jerusalem artichoke; therefore, it is particularly important to develop SSR primer markers that belonged to Jerusalem artichoke resources. Using EST data to develop EST-SSR markers is simple and effective. In order to understand the general characteristics of SSR markers in Jerusalem artichoke EST sequences and accelerate the use of SSR markers in Jerusalem artichoke research. This study used 40,370 sequenced unigene fragments and MISA software to identify SSR loci. The 48 pairs of EST-SSR primers assessed for the identification of 45 varieties of Jerusalem artichoke. Cluster, genetic diversity parameters and AMOVA analysis was conducted using the genetic similarity coefficient, revealing genetic differences between 48 genetic material. A total of 1204 SSR loci were identified with 13 different types of repeats, distributed among 1020 EST sequences, of which trinucleotide repeats were the most common, accounting for 38.21% of the total SSR loci. Among the 44 repeat motifs, AG/CT, AAG/CTT, and ATC/ATG motifs had the highest frequencies, accounting for 22.45, 14.71, and 7.84% of all motifs, respectively. From these sequences, 48 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed, and 22 primer pairs for loci with high polymorphism were selected to analyze the genetic diversity of 45 Jerusalem artichoke germplasm sources. The results indicated that the variation range of the effective number of alleles for 22 primers ranged between 1.7502 and 4.5660. The Shannon’s information index ranged between 0.6200 and 1.6423. The variation range of PIC ranged between 0.3121 and 0.6662 with an average of 0.5184. Cluster analysis was conducted using the genetic similarity coefficient, revealing significant genetic differences between Asian and European genetic material. Cluster analysis revealed a relationship between the genotypes and geographic origins of the Jerusalem artichoke. The results of AMOVA as well as the genetic identity and genetic distance in the Jerusalem artichoke population showed that there presented certain genetic heterogeneity in Jerusalem artichoke genetic structure of 45 samples from seven different geographic populations. The Jerusalem artichoke EST-SSR marker system established in this study provides an effective molecular marker system for future research focused on Jerusalem artichoke genetic diversity and the breeding of new varieties.     

An SSR genetic map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and its comparison to a published genetic map.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an important grain and forage crop grown worldwide. We developed a simple sequence repeat (SSR) linkage map for sorghum using 352 publicly available SSR primer pairs and a population of 277 F2 individuals derived from a cross between the Westland A line and PI 550610. A total of 132 SSR loci appeared polymorphic in the mapping population, and 118 SSRs were mapped to 16 linkage groups. These mapped SSR loci were distributed throughout 10 chromosomes of sorghum, and spanned a distance of 997.5 cM. More important, 38 new SSR loci were added to the sorghum genetic map in this study. The mapping result also showed that chromosomes SBI-01, SBI-02, SBI-05, and SBI-06 each had 1 linkage group; the other 6 chromosomes were composed of 2 linkage groups each. Except for 5 closely linked marker flips and 1 locus (Sb6_34), the marker order of this map was collinear to a published sorghum map, and the genetic distances of common marker intervals were similar, with a difference ratio 相似文献   

Analysis of genetic relationship in mutant silkworm strains of Bombyx mori using inter simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers

Amplified inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were used to determine genetic relationships among mutant silkworm strains of Bombyx mori. Fifteen ISSR primers containing simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs were used in this study. A total of 113 markers were produced among 20 mutant swains, of which 73.45% were found to be polymorphic. In selected mutant genetic stocks, the average number of observed allele was (1.7080±0.4567), effective alleles (1.5194±0.3950) and genetic diversity (Ht) (0.2901±0.0415). The dendrogram produced using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) and cluster analysis made using Nei's genetic distance resulted in the formation of one major group containing 6 groups separated 20 mutant silkworm strains. Therefore, ISSR amplification is a valuable method for determining the genetic variability among mutant silkworm swains. This efficient molecular marker would be useful for characterizing a considerable number of silkworm swains maintained at the germplasm center.     

405份CIMMYT引进小麦种质的遗传多样性分析

为了明确国际玉米改良中心(CIMMYT)引进普通小麦种质材料的遗传多样性特点,为其利用提供参考依据,本研究从均匀分布于小麦基因组的420对SSR引物中选择出条带清晰、多态性较好的62对引物对引自CIMMYT的405份普通小麦种质系进行遗传多样性检测。结果表明,62对SSR引物在405份CIMMYT材料中共检测到198个等位变异,每对引物检测到等位变异的数目为2~8个,平均每对SSR引物能够检测到3.19个等位变异。单个SSR引物的PIC值介于0.03~0.79之间,平均值0.48。405份CIMMYT材料A、B、D基因组之间多态性位点数和等位变异数相差不大,PIC平均值B基因组(0.53)A基因组(0.52)D基因组(0.39)。聚类分析结果显示,62对SSR引物能够将405份CIMMYT材料区分开来,在0.1285遗传距离处将供试材料分为24个类群,类型较为丰富,不同类群的材料在农艺性状和品质性状上存在差异。     

Use of simple sequence repeat markers for DNA fingerprinting and diversity analysis of sugarcane (Saccharum spp) cultivars resistant and susceptible to red rot

Red rod is an economically important disease of sugarcane caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. We used a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based marker system to identify and analyze genetic relationships of red rot resistant and susceptible sugarcane cultivars grown in Pakistan. Twenty-one highly polymorphic SSR markers were used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis of 20 sugarcane cultivars. These SSR markers were found to be highly robust; we identified 144 alleles, with 3-11 alleles per marker and a mean of 6.8. Three SSR markers were able to identify all 20 cultivars. DNAMAN(?)-generated homology tree was used to analyze genetic diversity among these cultivars; all cultivars shared 58% or more similarity. We correlated polymorphism information content and resolving power values with marker effectiveness in the process of sugarcane cultivar identification. We concluded that a small number of SSR-derived DNA markers will allow breeders to identify red rot resistant and susceptible cultivars.     

基于EST-SSR标记的南方型黑杨主栽无性系鉴定及亲缘关系分析

以南方型黑杨引进后主栽区重点推广栽植的12个无性系为研究对象,利用EST-SSR分子标记进行多态性分析,并建立无性系鉴定的指纹图谱,为优良黑杨无性系的推广提供依据。用EST-trimmer对NCBI数据库中的EST序列进行分析、MISA软件找出SSR位点后运用primer3在线设计获得的30对EST-SSR引物,对12个黑杨无性系进行PCR扩增。经过筛选获得18对多态性引物,对12个黑杨无性系进行扩增获得88个等位基因,多态率为70.5%,平均观察等位基因数为2.1463,平均Shannon’s多样性指数为0.5927。通过5对引物组合(EU147、EU43、EU11、EU164和EU81)可以将12个黑杨无性系进行区分,并在此基础上构建指纹图谱。亲缘关系分析发现无性系间的遗传相似系数为0.6020~0.9040,平均值为0.7691;无性系间的遗传距离较近,与其均来源于美洲黑杨和欧美杨的相似遗传背景有关。总之,EST-SSR标记可以对南方型黑杨主栽无性系进行有效鉴定。