大鵟的食性改变:来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对大规模灭鼠后的海北高寒草甸生态系统大鵟、小型哺乳类以及雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值的测定发现,大篱的肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值介于-22．60‰和-23．10‰之间;小型哺乳类和主要雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值分别介于-25．57‰和-25．78‰以及-24．81‰和-22．51‰之间,且它们之间差异性显著。基于碳同位素的分馏模式(即动物和它食物之间稳定性碳同位素分馏在1‰～2‰之间),我们推断经大规模灭鼠后,大篱的食性发生了较大变化,其食物主要来源于高寒草甸的雀形目鸟类,而非原来的小型哺乳类。通过稳定性同位素营养级模型的运算发现,大蔫处在4．23左右的营养级;雀形目鸟类处在2．4到3．39左右的营养级,而小型哺乳类则处在1．45到1．82左右的营养级。进而采用稳定性同位素质量平衡模型计算得出,大篱的食物由35．04％的小型哺乳类和64．96％的雀形目鸟类所组成,进一步说明小型哺乳类在大量灭鼠后仅占大篱食物的很小一部分。由此可见,采取大规模的化学灭鼠,不仅降低了小型啮齿类天敌——大鵟的数量,而日使得其食谱发毕了巨大改变而转向草甸主要雀形目鸟类[动物学报49(6)：764～768,2003]。     

高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分间关系的影响

高原鼠兔干扰虽然能够改变高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分含量,但植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系对高原鼠兔干扰的响应尚不清晰。利用高原鼠兔有效洞口密度将高原鼠兔干扰程度划分为T_1(7个/625 m~2)、T_2(12个/625 m~2)、T_3(22个/625m~2)、T_4(38个/625 m~2)4个水平,运用RDA冗余分析法研究了高原鼠兔不同干扰程度下高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系。结果表明:随着高原鼠兔干扰水平的增加,优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的重要值先增加后降低,而伴生种小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var.flore-minors)和莓叶委陵菜(Potentilla fragarioides)的重要值先降低后增加;当高原鼠兔干扰水平从T_1到T_2时植物多样性指数变化不显著,而高原鼠兔干扰程度超过T_2时则植物多样性指数具有降低趋势;土壤全氮和硝态氮含量随高原鼠兔干扰水平增加而降低,而土壤铵态氮含量则降低后增加,土壤有机碳和全磷先增加后降低;多样性指数与0—10cm土壤深度硝态氮、10—20cm土壤深度全钾间的相关性从T_1到T_3时为正相关,而到T_4时则变为负相关,而与0—10cm土壤深度全氮的相关性则表现T_1到T_3时为负相关,T_4时为正相关,与铵态氮间相关性只有T_1时为负相关,这说明高原鼠兔干扰改变了植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系,其变化阈值介于T_2和T_3。     

应用碳氮稳定同位素技术研究江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. sunameri)食性

稳定同位素技术已广泛地用于分析生态系统中食物网的食物来源和营养级关系,但在海洋哺乳动物食性方面应用较少。通过分析2012年4—6月在辽东湾沿岸海域搁浅而死亡的江豚样本和同时期(6月)取自辽东湾海域主要渔获物的碳氮稳定同位素比值,研究了江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp.sunameri)及其可能摄食饵料的碳氮稳定同位素组成。结果表明:江豚δ13C值为(-18.4±0.3)‰,δ15N值为(13.8±0.4)‰。28种可能生物饵料的δ13C值的范围为-19.5‰—-17.0‰,δ~(15)N值的范围为11.4‰—14.0‰。江豚的营养级为4.5,高于传统胃含物分析法的研究结果。28种测试生物的营养级位于3.8—4.6之间。江豚的食物来源主要以鱼类为主,对食物种类的喜食顺序为中上层鱼类中下层鱼类底层鱼类头足类虾类蟹类,其平均贡献率分别为43.9%、18.2%、13.1%、10.0%、8.8%、6.0%。江豚碳氮稳定同位素比值与体长无明显的线性关系,碳营养源较为稳定,氮营养源复杂多变。     

人为营养物质输入对汉丰湖不同营养级生物的影响--稳定C、N同位素分析

以长江一级支流小江上游的汉丰湖为研究对象,设置了4个采样点(影响组:A, B;对照组:C, D),应用碳、氮稳定性同位素探讨人类生活污水和农业面源污染对汉丰湖水生生态系统中不同营养级水平生物类群的影响。结果表明:影响组POM(颗粒有机物)和螺类碳、氮稳定性同位素比值范围分别为-25.93‰--24.63‰、4.12‰-9.86‰,-14.28‰--21.60‰、7.97‰-19.99‰;对照组POM(颗粒有机物)和螺类碳、氮稳定性同位素比值范围分别为-25.62‰--22.51‰、0.01‰-6.56‰,-22.96‰--19.21‰、6.75‰-8.89‰;不同组间POM和初级消费者螺类碳同位素比值无明显空间变化(P>0.05), 而氮稳定性同位素比值空间变化显著(P<0.05)。因此,在汉丰湖食物网中,氮稳定性同位素特征更好地反应了营养物质(人为输入)吸收和富集的信息。与固着藻类、鱼类等相比,POM和软体动物螺类更适合作为环境评价的指示物。影响组A、B样点的部分生物类群已经受到了人为营养物质输入的影响,影响强度B样点区域>A样点区域。结果建议加强汉丰湖水环境保护,控制污水排放量及提高污水处理水平,对于保护小江和三峡库区水质具有十分重要的意义。     

基于单体氨基酸氮同位素的鄱阳湖水生生态系统食物网结构

过去的数十年内,利用单体化合物(尤其是氨基酸)氮同位素分析技术追踪氮的来源、转化和归宿,已经成为生态学和生物地球化学研究中的重要手段.在氨基酸代谢过程中,以苯丙氨酸为代表的"源"氨基酸分馏极小(0.5‰),而以谷氨酸为代表的"营养"氨基酸极度偏正(+6‰～+8‰),因此比较不同氨基酸氮同位素差异可以用来高精度定量生物营养级位置.本研究应用成熟可靠的氨基酸氮同位素测定方法,解析了鄱阳湖水生生态系统中主要生物的营养级位置,结合不同食物来源的相对贡献,建立了从初级生产者到顶级捕食者的水生生物网营养结构图.作为一种前沿的手段,单体氨基酸氮同位素方法建立在氨基酸代谢的生物化学理论基础上,因此能够可靠地确定生物体营养级位置.     

高寒草甸生态系统食物链结构分析--来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

稳定性同位素技术应用于生态系统物质流动和食物链营养关系的研究方法 ,是基于生物体内天然存在的同位素比值与它们食物密切相关这一原理建立起来的。即将生物体内的稳定性同位素比值 (如δ1 3C)作为一自然标记 ,根据物种间该值的相对差异 ,追踪生态系统中的主要物质 (如碳源 )的来源和物质流动。于 2 0 0 2年 4～8月测定了高寒草甸生态系统主要生物群落中物种的稳定性碳同位素比值 (δ1 3C) ,依据得到的系统的富集因子( 1 0 5± 0 4 5 )‰ ,分析并确定了所测物种间的取食与被取食关系。结果发现 :高寒草甸生态系统由 5条主要的食物链构成 ,其中 1条为“植物→小型哺乳类→食肉兽 /猛禽”的三节点食物链 ,2条为“植物→牲畜和植物→植食性鸟类”的二节点食物链 ,2条分别为“植物→昆虫→雀形目鸟类→猛禽 /食肉兽”和“植物→昆虫→两栖类→猛禽 /食肉兽”的四节点食物链 ;系统食物链的最大长度为 3 5 3 ,与系统的最大节点数相近。表明稳定性碳同位素可以作为分析高寒草甸生态系统食物网和食物链结构以及食物链长度的有效代理 (proxy)。     

青海门源地区大鵟和雕鸮的食性比较

1999-2002年的6-8月份,在青海门源地区收集了大鵟和雕鸮的吐弃块(pellets)和残留食物(food remains),带回实验室进行分检鉴定、研究分析。大鵟食物中共有736个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠28只、高原鼠兔139只、甘肃鼠兔142只、田鼠科动物422只、雀形目鸟类4只、香鼬1只;各猎物对大鵟食物的生物量贡献率分别为14．26％、40．79％、17．39％、26．99％、0．22％、0．35％。雕鸮食物中共有330个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠17只、高原鼠兔77只、甘肃鼠兔44只、田鼠科动物183只、雀形目鸟类2只、红脚鹬2只、高原兔5只;各猎物对雕鸮食物的生物量贡献率分别为11．83％、30．87％、7．36％、16．00％、0．15％、0．62％、33．17％。雕鸮的食物生态位宽度与大鵟的食物生态位宽度相近,食物生态位高度重叠,但是它们捕食同种猎物的比例显著不同。     

中街山列岛海域三种恋礁性鱼类的营养生态位及潜在碳源

为明确中街山列岛重要恋礁性鱼类的营养关系，本研究以中街山列岛的3种典型恋礁性鱼类条石鲷、褐菖鲉和星康吉鳗为对象，利用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了其在2020年夏季的营养生态位，并计算主要碳源(大型海藻、浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物、底质有机物)的贡献值。结果表明：1)条石鲷、褐菖鲉和星康吉鳗的δ¹³C值范围在-21.44‰～-15.21‰,平均值为(-16.85±1.12)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围在8.32‰～10.96‰,平均值为(9.69±0.66)‰,三者之间的碳氮稳定同位素均有显著性差异；2)条石鲷和褐菖鲉的营养生态位重叠很小，说明其种间竞争并不激烈，而条石鲷和褐菖鲉与星康吉鳗之间均不存在生态位重叠，说明它们之间的摄食种类有所分化；3)星康吉鳗的生态位总面积、校正核心生态位面积和食物来源多样性均最大，表明星康吉鳗的食性泛化，食物来源更为丰富；4)以厚壳贻贝作为基线生物，星康吉鳗的营养级最大，为3.38,其次是褐菖鲉，为3.09,条石鲷的营养级最小，为3.00;5)稳定同位素混合模型(SIAR)显示，悬浮颗粒有机物是三者的主要碳源，贡献率分别为57...     

高原鼠兔冬季的食物选择

本文采用胃内容物镜检分析法,对高原鼠兔在矮嵩草草甸、垂穗披碱草草甸和杂类草草甸三种类型栖息
地中的主要食物组成进行了比较分析,旨在探讨三类栖息地不同食物资源状况对高原鼠兔食物组成的影响,以
及高原鼠兔在食物匮乏的冬季的觅食对策。研究结果表明:高原鼠兔在冬季主要选食弱小火绒草和铺散亚菊,
甘肃棘豆、垂穗披碱草和长茎藁本也是冬季食物主要组成部分。在冬季食物资源较为匮乏的情况下,高原鼠兔
选食的主要植物种类相对较多,且不同植物比例变化明显,说明高原鼠兔对食物具有一定的选择性。在矮嵩草
草甸中,其食物组成依次为铺散亚菊(16. 2% ) > 弱小火绒草(11. 5% ) > 甘肃棘豆(11. 3% ) > 大籽蒿
(9. 7% ) > 早熟禾(7. 6% ) > 长茎藁本(7. 5% ) > 垂穗披碱草(5. 5% )等7 种,占其食物的69. 3% ;在垂
穗披碱草草甸,其主要食物组成依次为垂穗披碱草(15. 8% ) > 甘肃棘豆(14. 7% ) > 弱小火绒草(14. 5% )
> 铺散亚菊(14. 2% ) > 早熟禾(7. 8% ) > 长茎藁本(6. 9% ) > 锥果葶苈(6. 2% )等7 种,占其食物的
80. 1% ;在杂类草草甸中,其主要食物组成依次为铺散亚菊(20. 8% ) > 长茎藁本(20. 6% ) > 大籽蒿
(9. 9% ) > 弱小火绒草(9. 8% ) > 锥果葶苈(6. 5% ) > 圆齿狗娃花(5. 5% )等6 种,占选食食物的73. 1% 。
不同栖息地之间食物组成比较分析结果表明,在冬季食物资源匮乏的情况下,栖息地类型不同对高原鼠兔食物
组成的影响较小,杂类草构成了它们的主要食物,这可能是由食物质量决定的,而不同栖息地中喜食植物可利
用量是决定鼠兔食物组成的主要因子,进一步验证了食物可利用量和质量决定植食性小哺乳动物食物选择模式
的假设。     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4．97只／hm^2和10．6只／hm^2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0．16只／100hm^2、0．37只／100hm^2、3只／100hm^2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100％、96．1％、100％,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87．5％、73．2％、0％。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0．703％和0．038％,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0．780和0．393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.