氮磷共限制青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳吸收

随着人类活动加剧,青藏高原高寒草地面临外来资源输入的威胁,而外源资源输入如氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)及其交互作用如何影响高寒草地生态系统碳循环尚不明确.本研究在藏北高寒草甸进行了连续3年N、P、K元素交互的添加试验,测定群落盖度和生态系统碳交换等数据,旨在阐明资源添加对高寒草甸生态系统碳交换过程的影响.结果 表明:在植物...     

Water- and Plant-Mediated Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes to Warming and Nitrogen Addition on the Songnen Grassland in Northeast China

Background

Understanding how grasslands are affected by a long-term increase in temperature is crucial to predict the future impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Additionally, it is not clear how the effects of global warming on grassland productivity are going to be altered by increased N deposition and N addition.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In-situ canopy CO₂ exchange rates were measured in a meadow steppe subjected to 4-year warming and nitrogen addition treatments. Warming treatment reduced net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and increased ecosystem respiration (ER); but had no significant impacts on gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). N addition increased NEE, ER and GEP. However, there were no significant interactions between N addition and warming. The variation of NEE during the four experimental years was correlated with soil water content, particularly during early spring, suggesting that water availability is a primary driver of carbon fluxes in the studied semi-arid grassland.

Conclusion/Significance

Ecosystem carbon fluxes in grassland ecosystems are sensitive to warming and N addition. In the studied water-limited grassland, both warming and N addition influence ecosystem carbon fluxes by affecting water availability, which is the primary driver in many arid and semiarid ecosystems. It remains unknown to what extent the long-term N addition would affect the turn-over of soil organic matter and the C sink size of this grassland.     

氮素添加对内蒙古草甸草原生态系统CO2交换的影响

氮沉降增加将影响草原生态系统固碳, 但如何影响草原生态系统CO₂交换目前为止还没有定论。同时, 不同类型和剂量氮素对生态系统CO₂交换影响的差异也不明确。选取内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原, 开展了不同类型氮肥和不同剂量氮素添加条件下生态系统CO₂交换的野外测定。实验设置尿素和缓释尿素2种类型氮肥各5个剂量水平(0、5.0、10.0、20.0和50.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)。结果显示, 生长季初期及中期降雨量低时, 氮素添加抑制生态系统CO₂交换; 而生长季末期降雨量较高时促进生态系统CO₂交换。随着氮素添加水平的提高, NEE和GEP均显著增加, 当氮素添加量达到10 g N·m^-2·a^-1时, NEE和GEP的响应趋于饱和。2种氮肥(尿素和缓释尿素)仅在施氮量为5 g N·m^-2·a^-1时, 缓释尿素对生态系统CO₂交换的促进作用显著大于尿素, 在其它添加剂量时差异不显著。研究结果表明: 氮素是该草甸草原生态系统的重要限制因子, 但氮沉降增加对生态系统CO₂交换的影响强烈地受降雨量与降雨季节分配的限制, 不同氮肥(尿素和缓释尿素)对生态系统CO₂交换作用存在差异。     

Non-Additive Effects of Water and Nitrogen Addition on Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in a Temperate Steppe

Changes in precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition can influence ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and budget in terrestrial biomes, with consequent feedbacks to climate change. However, little is known about the main and interactive effects of water and N additions on net ecosystem C exchange (NEE). In a temperate steppe of northern China, a field-manipulated experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of NEE and its components to improve N and water availability from 2005 to 2008. The results showed that both water and N additions stimulated gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and NEE. Water addition increased GEP by 17%, ER by 24%, and NEE by 11% during the experimental period, whereas N addition increased GEP by 17%, ER by 16%, and NEE by 19%. The main effects of both water and N additions changed with time, with the strongest water stimulation in the dry year and a diminishing N stimulation over time. When water and N were added in combination, there were non-additive effects of water and N on ecosystem C fluxes, which could be explained by the changes in species composition and the shifts of limiting resources from belowground (water or N) to aboveground (light). The positive water and N additions effects indicate that increasing precipitation and N deposition in the future will favor C sequestration in the temperate steppe. The non-additive effects of water and N on ecosystem C fluxes suggest that multifactor experiments are better able to capture complex interactive processes, thus improving model simulations and projections.     

Linkages of plant stoichiometry to ecosystem production and carbon fluxes with increasing nitrogen inputs in an alpine steppe

Unprecedented levels of nitrogen (N) have entered terrestrial ecosystems over the past century, which substantially influences the carbon (C) exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere. Temperature and moisture are generally regarded as the major controllers over the N effects on ecosystem C uptake and release. N‐phosphorous (P) stoichiometry regulates the growth and metabolisms of plants and soil organisms, thereby affecting many ecosystem C processes. However, it remains unclear how the N‐induced shift in the plant N:P ratio affects ecosystem production and C fluxes and its relative importance. We conducted a field manipulative experiment with eight N addition levels in a Tibetan alpine steppe and assessed the influences of N on aboveground net primary production (ANPP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE); we used linear mixed‐effects models to further determine the relative contributions of various factors to the N‐induced changes in these parameters. Our results showed that the ANPP, GEP, ER, and NEE all exhibited nonlinear responses to increasing N additions. Further analysis demonstrated that the plant N:P ratio played a dominate role in shaping these C exchange processes. There was a positive relationship between the N‐induced changes in ANPP (ΔANPP) and the plant N:P ratio (ΔN:P), whereas the ΔGEP, ΔER, and ΔNEE exhibited quadratic correlations with the ΔN:P. In contrast, soil temperature and moisture were only secondary predictors for the changes in ecosystem production and C fluxes along the N addition gradient. These findings highlight the importance of plant N:P ratio in regulating ecosystem C exchange, which is crucial for improving our understanding of C cycles under the scenarios of global N enrichment.     

Response of ecosystem carbon exchange to warming and nitrogen addition during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons in a temperate steppe

A large remaining source of uncertainty in global model predictions of future climate is how ecosystem carbon (C) cycle feedbacks to climate change. We conducted a field manipulative experiment of warming and nitrogen (N) addition in a temperate steppe in northern China during two contrasting hydrological growing seasons in 2006 [wet with total precipitation 11.2% above the long‐term mean (348 mm)] and 2007 (dry with total precipitation 46.7% below the long‐term mean). Irrespective of strong intra‐ and interannual variations in ecosystem C fluxes, responses of ecosystem C fluxes to warming and N addition did not change between the two growing seasons, suggesting independence of warming and N responses of net ecosystem C exchange (NEE) upon hydrological variations in the temperate steppe. Warming had no effect on NEE or its two components, gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), whereas N addition stimulated GEP but did not affect ER, leading to positive responses of NEE. Similar responses of NEE between the two growing seasons were due to changes in both biotic and abiotic factors and their impacts on ER and GEP. In the wet growing season, NEE was positively correlated with soil moisture and forb biomass. Negative effects of warming‐induced water depletion could be ameliorated by higher forb biomass in the warmed plots. N addition increased forb biomass but did not affect soil moisture, leading to positive effect on NEE. In the dry growing season, NEE showed positive dependence on grass biomass but negative dependence on forb biomass. No changes in NEE in response to warming could result from water limitation on both GEP and ER as well as little responses of either grass or forb biomass. N addition stimulated grass biomass but reduced forb biomass, leading to the increase in NEE. Our findings highlight the importance of changes in abiotic (soil moisture, N availability) and biotic (growth of different plant functional types) in mediating the responses of NEE to climatic warming and N enrichment in the semiarid temperate steppe in northern China.     

增温对青藏高原高寒草原生态系统碳交换的影响

碳交换是影响草地生态系统碳汇功能的关键过程,对气候变暖极为敏感。青藏高原分布着大面积的高寒草原,其碳汇功能对气候变暖的响应对区域碳循环过程具有重要的影响。为探究高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程对增温的响应,2012—2014年,在青藏高原班戈县进行了模拟增温对高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程影响的研究。结果表明,增温对高寒草原碳交换各组分的影响存在年际差异,但总体上对碳交换存在负面影响。3年平均结果显示,增温显著降低了高寒草原地上生物量、总生态系统生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)(P0.05),平均降幅分别为15.1%、36.8%、19.2%和51.5%。增温条件下3年平均土壤呼吸(SR)较对照无显著变化(P0.05),但2013年增温显著降低了SR(P0.05),降幅达18.1%。增温对SR与ER的比值具有一定的促进作用,最高增幅达到40.0%。GEP、ER、SR和NEE与土壤温度和土壤水分无显著相关(P0.05),而GEP、ER和NEE与空气温度呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。增温引起的干旱胁迫以及地上生物量降低是导致高寒草原NEE降低的主要原因。研究表明,全球变暖会一定程度降低青藏高原高寒草原的碳汇功能。     

中国北方针叶林生长季碳交换及其调控机制

采用开路式涡动相关法对北方针叶林连续2个生长季节(2007和2008年)的碳交换及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明：北方针叶林生态系统总生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(R_e)和净生态系统碳交换(NEE)在6月下旬到8月中旬的生长旺盛期达到最大值,但各峰值出现的日期并不一致.2007和2008年北方针叶林生长季的日均GEP、日均R_e、日均NEE分别为19.45、15.15、-1.45 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1和17.67、14.11、-1.37 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1,2007年碳交换明显大于2008年,这可能是生长季较高的平均温度及光合有效辐射引起(2007年为12.46 ℃和697 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,2008年为11,04 ℃和639 μmol·m^-2·s^-1).北方针叶林的GEP与温度和光合有效辐射具有很好的相关性,其中与气温的相关系数接近0.55(P<0.01);R_e主要受温度调控,相关系数为0.66～0.72(P<0,01);NEE与光合有效辐射相关性最大,相关系数为0.59～0.63 (P<0.01).     

Characterization of CO2 flux in three Kobresia meadows differing in dominant species

Aims Kobresia meadows, the dominant species of which differ in different habitats, cover a large area of alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and act as potential CO₂ sinks. Kobresia meadows with different dominant species may differ in carbon sink strength. We aimed to test the hypothesis and to clarify the differences in CO₂ sink strength among three major Kobresia meadows on the plateau and the mechanisms underlying these differences.Methods We measured the net ecosystem exchange flux (NEE), ecosystem respiration flux (ER), aboveground biomass (AGB) and environmental variables in three Kobresia meadows, dominated by K. pygmaea, K. humilis, or K. tibetica, respectively, in Haibei, Qinghai. NEE and ER were measured by a closed-chamber method. Environmental variables, including photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), air and soil temperature and air and soil moisture, were monitored during the above flux measurements.Important findings The measured peak AGB increased with soil water content and was 365, 402 and 434 g dry weight m^{-2<-sup> for K. pygmaea, K. humilis and K. tibetica meadow, respectively. From the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic rate in relation to PPFD measured during the growing season, we estimated gross ecosystem photosynthetic potential (GEP max) as 22.2, 29.9 and 37.8 μmol CO₂ m-2<-sup> s-1 for K. pygmaea, K. humilis and K. tibetica meadow, respectively. We estimated the respective gross primary production (GPP) values as 799, 1-063 and 1?158 g C m-2<-sup> year-1 and ER as 722, 914 and 1-011 g C m-2<-sup> year-1. Average net ecosystem production (NEP) was estimated to be 76.9, 149.4 and 147.6 g C m-2<-sup> year-1 in K. pygmaea, K. humilis and K. tibetica meadows, respectively. The results indicate that (i) the three meadows were CO₂ sinks during the study period and (ii) Kobresia meadows dominated by different species can differ considerably in carbon sink strength even under the same climatic conditions, which suggests the importance of characterizing spatial heterogeneity of carbon dynamics in the future.}     

The role of shrub (Potentilla fruticosa) on ecosystem CO2 fluxes in an alpine shrub meadow

Aims Recent studies have shown that alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau act as significant CO₂ sinks. On the plateau, alpine shrub meadow is one of typical grassland ecosystems. The major alpine shrub on the plateau is Potentilla fruticosa L. (Rosaceae), which is distributed widely from 3 200 to 4 000 m. Shrub species play an important role on carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems. In addition, alpine shrubs are sensitive to climate change such as global warming. Considering global warming, the biomass and productivity of P. fruticosa will increase on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Thus, understanding the carbon dynamics in alpine shrub meadow and the role of shrubs around the upper distribution limit at present is essential to predict the change in carbon sequestration on the plateau. However, the role of shrubs on the carbon dynamics in alpine shrub meadow remains unclear. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the magnitude of CO₂ exchange of P. fruticosa shrub patches around the upper distribution limit and to elucidate the role of P. fruticosa on ecosystem CO₂ fluxes in an alpine meadow.Methods We used the static acrylic chamber technique to measure and estimate the net ecosystem productivity (NEP), ecosystem respiration (R e), and gross primary productivity (GPP) of P. fruticosa shrub patches at three elevations around the species' upper distribution limit. Ecosystem CO₂ fluxes and environmental factors were measured from 17 to 20 July 2008 at 3 400, 3 600, and 3 800 m a.s.l. We examined the maximum GPP at infinite light (GPP max) and maximum R e (R emax) during the experimental time at each elevation in relation to aboveground biomass and environmental factors, including air and soil temperature, and soil water content.Important findings Patches of P. fruticosa around the species' upper distribution limit absorbed CO₂, at least during the daytime. Maximum NEP at infinite light (NEP max) and GPP max of shrub patches in the alpine meadow varied among the three elevations, with the highest values at 3 400 m and the lowest at 3 800 m. GPP max was positively correlated with the green biomass of P. fruticosa more strongly than with total green biomass, suggesting that P. fruticosa is the major contributor to CO₂ uptake in the alpine shrub meadow. Air temperature influenced the potential GPP at the shrub-patch scale. R emax was correlated with aboveground biomass and R emax normalized by aboveground biomass was influenced by soil water content. Potentilla fruticosa height (biomass) and frequency increased clearly as elevation decreased, which promotes the large-scale spatial variation of carbon uptake and the strength of the carbon sink at lower elevations.     

降水量与氮添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响

为深入了解降水格局改变和氮沉降增加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响机制，于2017年在宁夏荒漠草原设立了降水量变化（减少50%、减少30%、自然降水量、增加30%以及增加50%）和氮添加（0和5 g m^-2 a^-1）的野外试验，研究了2019年生长季（5-10月份）净生态系统碳交换（Net ecosystem carbon exchange，NEE）、生态系统呼吸（Ecosystem respiration，ER）和总生态系统生产力（Gross ecosystem productivity，GEP）的时间动态，分析了三者与植被组成以及土壤属性的关系。NEE、ER和GEP日动态和月动态均呈先增加后降低，NEE在整个生长季表现为净生态系统碳吸收。0和5 g m^-2 a^-1氮添加下，减少降水量显著降低了NEE、ER和GEP （P<0.05），增加30%降水量显著提高了三者（P<0.05）。相同降水量条件下，氮添加不同程度地提高了NEE、ER和GEP，且其效应在增加50%降水量时较为明显。净生态系统碳吸收（-NEE）、ER和GEP与群落生物量、牛枝子（Lespedeza potaninii）以及草木樨状黄芪（Astragalus melilotoides）生物量正相关。三者亦随Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的增加而增加。本文结果意味着，减少降水量降低了土壤水分和养分有效性、抑制了植物生长，从而降低了生态系统碳交换。适量增加降水量则可能通过提高土壤含水量、刺激土壤酶活性、调节土壤C ： N ： P平衡特征等途径，促进了植物生长和物种多样性，从而提高了生态系统碳汇功能；氮添加亦促进了生态系统碳交换，但其与降水的交互作用尚不明显，需通过长期观测进行深入探讨。     

Soil drying and nitrogen availability modulate carbon and water exchange over a range of annual precipitation totals and grassland vegetation types

Increased intensity in precipitation events and longer periods of water deficit are predicted as a general trend under future climate scenarios with potentially large effects on terrestrial ecosystem function. The primary objective of this study was to understand how variation in the intensity of precipitation inputs followed by intermittent soil drying events influence leaf and ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water exchange in a California annual grassland mesocosm experiment. We further examined how nitrogen (N) availability, and differences in plant community composition (grass-forb combinations) affected gas exchange responses to the precipitation treatments. Net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) increased significantly with greater precipitation and were positively correlated with soil moisture. A repeated 10-day soil drying period, following 11 days of watering, strongly depressed NEE over a range of annual precipitation totals (297, 657 and 987 mm), and plant community types. Ecosystem dark respiration ( R _e) and leaf level photosynthesis ( A _max) showed greater sensitivity to periods of soil drying in the low precipitation plots (297 mm). N additions significantly increased NEE and R _e, particularly as water availability was increased. Across the range of precipitation totals and plant community types, intermittent periods of soil moisture deficit and native soil N availability constrained leaf and ecosystem level CO₂ exchange, while the influence on water vapor exchange was less pronounced.     

氮添加对内蒙古温带典型草原生态系统碳交换的影响

生态系统碳交换(NEE)是评估碳循环及平衡的重要指标,由生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(ER)共同决定。以往研究表明,N添加能显著促进草地生态系统植物的生长进而提高生态系统的生产力,但N添加如何影响生态系统碳交换的结论仍不明确。同时,对于不同剂量的N添加对生态系统碳交换影响有何差异也不清楚。于2012和2013年在内蒙古草原开展N添加控制实验,设置中等剂量(10 g N m~(-2)a~(-1),N10)和高等剂量(40 g N m~(-2)a~(-1),N40)两个N添加处理,并采用生态系统原位观测箱系统监测不同N处理条件下的NEE动态。结果表明:2年中等剂量N添加处理(N10)下GPP较对照分别增加了15.6%和20%,而ER的变化不显著,该处理下NEE较对照显著降低了230%和337%(即固碳能力增强)。与中等剂量N添加处理结果不同,高等剂量N添加处理下GPP和ER均有不显著的降低趋势,同时,尽管该处理下NEE有升高的趋势(即固碳能力降低),但并不显著。土壤水分改善、土壤温度下降以及叶片N浓度增加可能是中等剂量氮添加促进该生态系统固碳能力的重要机制,而土壤酸化和物种组成改变可能是导致高等剂量N添加下生态系统固碳能力低于中等剂量的重要原因。研究结果表明,不同剂量N添加对生态系统生产力与呼吸的作用机制存在差异,导致生态系统固碳能力有着明显区别。     

气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

Carbon dioxide exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a managed tropical humid savanna ecosystem in western Kenya

Aims Humid savannas, as a result of high precipitation amounts, are highly productive. They are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) due to the large soil carbon (C) stocks. Understanding how ecosystem CO₂ exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in management and climate. The aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO₂ exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management practices.Methods We used flux chambers to quantify CO₂ fluxes, while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herbaceous layer of three sites that were (i) fenced to exclude livestock grazing, (ii) subjected to grazing by livestock and (iii) abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by livestock.Important findings The peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449g m ?2 and biomass production was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the grazed and abandoned plots. The maximum gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and ?9.6±0.7 to^-17.9±4.8 μmol m ?2 s^-1, respectively. Seasonal NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21 μmol m ?2 s^-1, while spatial (among sites) differences ranged between 2 and 10 μmol m ?2 s^-1. Ecosystem respiration (R eco) fluctuated between 5 and 10 μmol m ?2 s^-1 during the growing season. R eco was, however, not significantly different among the sites. Unlike in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature, we did not find any relationship between R eco and temperature in this savanna. Instead, soil moisture accounted for 38–88% of the spatial and seasonal fluctuations in ecosystem CO₂ fluxes and aboveground biomass production. Management influenced the maximum GPP and NEE rates through modification of soil moisture, plant species composition and aboveground biomass. We concluded that soil moisture is the key determinant of ecosystem CO₂ exchange and productivity in this tropical savanna. Management, however, significantly modifies C fluxes and productivity through its influence on soil moisture, plant species composition and aboveground green biomass and should be taken into consideration in future similar studies.     

潮汐作用下干湿交替对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

潮汐作用作为盐沼湿地独特的水文特征能在短时间内强烈影响盐沼湿地的碳平衡.利用涡度相关和微气象监测技术,对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)和环境因子进行监测,并同步监测潮汐变化,探究潮汐过程及潮汐作用下干湿交替对NEE的影响.结果表明: 潮汐过程促进了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收但未对夜晚CO₂的释放产生显著影响,潮汐淹水成为影响白天NEE的主要因子.干旱阶段和湿润阶段NEE的日平均动态均呈“U”型曲线,但干旱阶段NEE的变幅较小.干湿交替增强了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收,干旱阶段最大光合速率(A_max)、表观量子产量(α)和生态系统呼吸(R_eco)的均值均高于湿润阶段.此外,干湿交替减少了盐沼湿地夜晚NEE释放的同时增强了其温度敏感性.     

潮汐作用下干湿交替对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

潮汐作用作为盐沼湿地独特的水文特征能在短时间内强烈影响盐沼湿地的碳平衡.利用涡度相关和微气象监测技术,对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)和环境因子进行监测,并同步监测潮汐变化,探究潮汐过程及潮汐作用下干湿交替对NEE的影响.结果表明: 潮汐过程促进了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收但未对夜晚CO₂的释放产生显著影响,潮汐淹水成为影响白天NEE的主要因子.干旱阶段和湿润阶段NEE的日平均动态均呈“U”型曲线,但干旱阶段NEE的变幅较小.干湿交替增强了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收,干旱阶段最大光合速率(A_max)、表观量子产量(α)和生态系统呼吸(R_eco)的均值均高于湿润阶段.此外,干湿交替减少了盐沼湿地夜晚NEE释放的同时增强了其温度敏感性.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7—9月)较高、生长初期(5—6月)和生长末期(10—11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China

Understanding the dynamics and underlying mechanism of carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is one of the key issues in global change research. In this study, we quantified the carbon fluxes in different terrestrial ecosystems in China, and analyzed their spatial variation and environmental drivers based on the long‐term observation data of ChinaFLUX sites and the published data from other flux sites in China. The results indicate that gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of terrestrial ecosystems in China showed a significantly latitudinal pattern, declining linearly with the increase of latitude. However, GEP, ER, and NEP did not present a clear longitudinal pattern. The carbon sink functional areas of terrestrial ecosystems in China were mainly located in the subtropical and temperate forests, coastal wetlands in eastern China, the temperate meadow steppe in the northeast China, and the alpine meadow in eastern edge of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. The forest ecosystems had stronger carbon sink than grassland ecosystems. The spatial patterns of GEP and ER in China were mainly determined by mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT), whereas the spatial variation in NEP was largely explained by MAT. The combined effects of MAT and MAP explained 79%, 62%, and 66% of the spatial variations in GEP, ER, and NEP, respectively. The GEP, ER, and NEP in different ecosystems in China exhibited ‘positive coupling correlation’ in their spatial patterns. Both ER and NEP were significantly correlated with GEP, with 68% of the per‐unit GEP contributed to ER and 29% to NEP. MAT and MAP affected the spatial patterns of ER and NEP mainly by their direct effects on the spatial pattern of GEP.