拼接镜主动光学共相实验

考虑拼接望远镜子镜之间保持共相位可使拼接镜达到衍射极限,本文建立了一套主动光学实验系统来测量和调整拼接镜子镜之间的相位差和精度以实现子镜之间的共相位。拼接镜由3块正六边形球面子镜组成,子镜对边长为300mm,曲率半径为2000mm。首先,使用Shack-Hartmann传感器和高精度微位移平移台使子镜之间精确共焦,使用球径仪调整子镜之间的高度差到微米量级;然后,运用白光斐索干涉原理对子镜高度差进行调整;最后,运用子孔径衍射原理测量子镜之间的高度差,并调整使其共相位。为了验证标定效果,对光纤光束进行了成像实验,受光纤直径的限制,拼接镜上用于成像的口径为100mm。实验结果显示,白光斐索干涉的测量精度优于100nm,子孔径衍射的测量精度优于16nm,共相位标定后,系统能够实现衍射极限成像,表明提出的方法适用于拼接望远镜的共相位标定。     

球面拼接镜的相对曲率半径测量

为了实现对拼接镜子镜之间相对曲率半径的精确测量,提高各子镜曲率半径的匹配精度,提出了一种使用Shack-Hartmann传感器和高精度球径仪测量球面子镜相对曲率半径的新方法,并建立了一个实验系统。该方法首先使用共焦调整方法使各子镜共焦,用S-H传感器测量子镜的轴向离焦量,轴向调整压电陶瓷促动器,使由传感器测得的离焦量接近于0;最后,再对子镜进行一次共焦调整之后,使用高精度球径仪来测量各子镜之间的相对曲率半径差。实验采用的拼接镜由3块对边长300mm的正六边形子镜组成,子镜为球面,设计曲率半径为2000mm。分析测试结果表明,该方法测得的球面拼接子镜的相对曲率半径精度约为1μm,该方法表明适用于大型球面拼接镜面望远镜各子镜相对曲率半径的检测。     

球面拼接的相对曲率半径测量

拼接镜面加工制造的最大难题是匹配各子镜,即使各子镜的曲率半径完全匹配,使其能够等效成一个单一的主镜,对于球面拼接镜,就是要求各子镜的曲率半径相同。本文提出了一种使用Shack-Hartmann传感器和高精度球径仪对球面子镜的相对曲率半径进行测量的新方法,并建立了一个实验系统。该方法先使用共焦调整方法使各子镜共焦,然后再用S-H传感器测量子镜的轴向离焦量,轴向调整压电陶瓷促动器,使由传感器测得的离焦量接近于0,最后对子镜进行一次共焦调整之后,就可以使用高精度球径仪测量出各子镜之间的相对曲率半径差。实验中,拼接镜由三块对边长300mm的正六边形子镜组成,子镜面形为球面,设计曲率半径为2000mm。分析及实验表明,该方法测得的球面拼接子镜的相对曲率半径差精度约为 ,方法适用于大型球面拼接镜面望远镜各子镜相对曲率半径的检测。     

子孔径拼接干涉的快速调整及测量

考虑高精度子孔径拼接干涉测量技术对自动化拼接的要求,提出了一种子孔径零条纹自动快速调节方法。分析了干涉条纹数量对拼接误差的影响,分析显示:当子孔径干涉条纹数量少于5条时,干涉仪回程误差小于λ/50(PV值)。对子孔径拼接测量装置进行了结构优化,提出了拼接位移台角位移偏差自动补偿方法,实现了各个子孔径的零条纹测量,进而控制了子孔径拼接的累积误差。对450mm×60mm长条镜进行了子孔径拼接干涉测量,结果表明:自动测量结果与手动调整零条纹测量结果在面形分布上更为一致;但前者测量速度及测量效率都有所提高,测量时间平均减少5min。提出的方法不仅能完成干涉拼接测量装置的自动定位及自动快速调整,还提高了测量重复性与检测效率。     

光学拼接镜面微位移主动调节机构的设计和实测

设计和制造了一套微位移主动调节机构和支撑系统,用以实现拼接镜面天文光学望远镜的每块平面子镜精密地调节倾斜和轴向平移,并在典型的仰角工况下对该机构进行了实测。设计技术要求子镜主动调节行程须达±1 mm,同时分辨率须达50 nm以下。选用了工作行程为6 mm和分辨率为50 nm的位移促动器,并引入杠杆机构提高位移分辨率和抑制误差;采用平衡配重和预拉弹簧机构使工作中位移促动器上保持恒定负载,以保护位移促动器和保证其输出位移精度。依据拼接镜面的工作原理,建立了子镜微位移调节系统性能测试的数学模型,并在实验室内采用分辨率为5 nm的位移传感器进行了实测。结果表明其位移分辨率可达12 nm,线性良好,与理论值相对误差为5.6%,验证了该机构设计的合理性和在不同工作位置良好的灵敏度。     

拼接镜新型粗共相检测方法

为了实现拼接镜平移误差的大量程、快速检测,提出了一种利用白光(400～700nm)远场光斑相干性来检测拼接镜piston误差的方法。该方法以两半圆孔间的非相干衍射图案为模板,利用互相关算法求解实际衍射图案与模板图案间的互相关系数,通过设定0.85阈值,实现拼接镜piston误差的粗共相检测。搭建了一套室内拼接镜的主动共相检测实验光路系统,其中拼接镜是由4块对边长为100mm,曲率半径为2 000mm的正六边形球面反射镜组成,利用白光(400～700nm)远场光斑相干性测量拼接主镜各子镜间平移误差的方法进行了理论与仿真分析。利用波前探测器和主动光学技术实现了拼接镜精共焦误差的检测与调节,通过远场光斑相干性和主动光学技术实现了粗共相的检测和调节。实验表明:该方法耗时短、能量利用率高,可实现无限量程、±250nm精度的检测和调节,适合拼接镜的粗共相检测和调节。     

平面子孔径拼接测量实验研究

通过椭圆形口径（长轴225mm,短轴161mm）SiC平面反射镜的全口径面形测量加工实验,验证了一种新的子孔径拼接测量算法—子孔径拼接迭代算法（SASL算法）的有效性。首先用100mm口径平面平晶的子孔径拼接测量与全口径测量的对比实验,确定了拼接测量相关参数及测量装置的精度指标。在此基础上设计了SiC平面反射镜的子孔径拼接实验,在搭建的拼接装置上实现了五次离子束迭代加工过程中和最终的全口径面形测量。这是国内首次将子孔径拼接测量方法用于指导加工实践,加工过程中的测量结果为面形误差修正提供了准确的数据,保证了最终全口径面形误差快速收敛到RMS 50nm。实验证明,SASL算法能大大放宽拼接装置对准运动的精度要求,并减少拼接过程对拼接结果的影响。     

应用在拼接镜面中的电容位移传感器的 结构性误差分析及校正

分析了子镜运动和电容传感器极板运动之间的理论关系并探讨了电容位移传感器读数的"结构性"误差的处理方法。基于电容位移传感器的工作原理,对极板为圆形的电容位移传感器提出了采用以位移的测量值和子镜转角为自变量的多项式拟合的校正方法。计算表明该误差处理和校正方法是简洁可行的。对于转角的拟合只需2阶,同时位移测量值只需4阶的多项式进行拟合即可使输出位移达到3 nm的精度。进一步分析表明,直接使用位移传感器读数计算极板转角,并对误差的主动校正控制非常有利于该多项式拟合,可一次性达到优于5 nm的校正误差,完全满足拼接镜面主动光学工程应用的技术要求。     

采用立体视觉实现子孔径拼接测量的工件定位

为了实现大口径光学元件的子孔径拼接干涉测量,提出了采用立体视觉进行光学元件位姿测量的方法,建立了基于双目视觉的子孔径拼接测量系统。介绍了圆形子孔径拼接干涉测量的原理,基于齐次坐标变换分析了其对工件定位的要求;引入了立体视觉辅助测量系统,建立了通用测量模型,利用双目视觉获取不同子孔径测量时与工件刚性连接的特征点的三维全局坐标,在完成全部子孔径测量后利用四元数法求取各子孔径相对于全局坐标系的转换矩阵,然后利用优化拼接算法将各子孔径数据统一到全局坐标系下,完成大口径光学元件的全局测量。最后利用该系统实现了对口径为150mm平面和100mm球面的检测。实验结果证明,在本系统中,立体视觉系统平移定位精度优于0.1mm,转动测量精度优于0.01°,可为优化拼接算法提供一个有效的初始值,该方法能够快速给出各子孔径间的相对坐标变换且不产生误差累积方法简单且可靠。     

采用立体视觉的子孔径拼接测量工件定位

为了实现大口径光学元件的子孔径拼接干涉测量,提出了采用立体视觉进行光学元件位姿测量的方法,建立了基于双目视觉的子孔径拼接测量系统,对该系统的数学模型、测量原理以及基于四元数法的位姿变换矩阵求取方法进行了研究。首先,介绍了圆形子孔径拼接干涉测量的原理,并基于齐次坐标变换分析了其对工件定位的要求,接着引入了立体视觉辅助测量系统,建立了其通用测量模型,利用双目视觉获取不同子孔径测量时与工件刚性连接的特征点的三维全局坐标,在完成全部子孔径测量后利用四元数法求取各子孔径相对于全局坐标系的转换矩阵,然后利用优化拼接算法将各子孔径数据统一到全局坐标系下,完成大口径光学元件的全局测量。最后利用该系统实现了对口径为150mm平面和100mm球面的检测。实验结果证明,在本系统中,立体视觉系统平移定位精度优于0.1mm,转动测量精度优于0.01度,能够给优化拼接算法提供一个有效的初始值,且该方法能够快速给出各子孔径间的相对坐标变换且在其视场范围内不产生误差累积,方法简单实用,稳定可靠。     

拼接式反射镜共焦误差检测

基于传统的夏克-哈特曼波前传感技术,针对实验室现阶段所拥有的合成孔径望远镜系统设计了一套共焦检测系统,用于对合成孔径系统的拼接主镜进行倾斜量误差检测。由于受实验平台振动和实验环境气流扰动等因素的影响,导致检测系统的夏克-哈特曼光斑质心阵列做无规则的抖动,检测系统难以实现高精度共焦。针对该问题提出采用连续帧频数据采样叠加滤波处理的方法来克服实验环境因素的影响;将采集的连续帧频数据逐帧处理,相互叠加,分析光斑质心分布规律,通过构建光斑分布图样最小外接矩形获取光斑质心位置,从而有效的提高了共焦检测系统的准确度。实验表明中心镜沿x与y方向的倾斜量误差数据的标准差分别从0.0297与0.0092降到了6.0×10^-5与5.1614×10^-4。最终光斑质心数据的稳定性得到了不止一个量级的提升,良好的克服了因实验环境因素导致检测系统精度损失的问题,同时也验证了共焦检测系统方案的可行性。     

An experimental study on dryout pattern of two-phase flow in helically coiled tubes

Experimental results are presented for the effects of coil diameter, system pressure and mass flux on dryout pattern of two-phase flow in helically coiled tubes. Two tubes with coil diameters of 215 and 485 mm are used in the present study. Inlet system pressures range from 0.3 to 0.7 MPa, mass flux from 300 to 500 kg/m2s, and heat flux from 36 to 80 kW/m2. A partial dryout region exists because of the geometrical characteristics of the helically coiled tube. The length of the partial dryout region increases with coil diameter and system pressure. On the other hand, it decreases with increasing mass flux. The critical quality at the tube top side increases with mass flux, but decreases with increasing system pressure. This tendency is more notable when the coil diameter is larger. When the centrifugal force effect becomes stronger, dryout starts at the top and bottom sides of the tube. However, when the gravity effect becomes stronger, dryout is delayed at the tube bottom side. In some cases when the mass flux is low, dryout occurs earlier at the outer side than at the inner side of the tube because of film inversion.     

电梯导轨几何误差测试系统

开发了一套电梯导轨测试系统，该系统用于静态测量电梯导轨的几何参数，包括导轨三个导向面的直线度、平面度、导轨的宽度、高度、垂直度和扭曲度等。在测量系统中，5个光栅传感器通过适当配置用于测量电梯导轨三个面的直线度，两侧面的平面度和导轨的其他参数可以通过这些传感器的值经过适当的数学变换获得。用一个双频激光干涉仪标定了系统导轨的运动误差，用有限元分析方法对测量时导轨的挠度进行建模，进行了系统误差和挠度的补偿。实验表明，系统的测量误差小于0．05mm。     

Experimental Study of the Flow Field Inside a Whirling Annular Seal

The flow field inside a whirling annular seal has been measured using a 3-D Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) system. The seal investigated has a clearance of 1.27 mm, a length of 37.3 mm and is mounted on a drive shaft with a 50 percent eccentricity ratio. This results in the rotor whirling at the same speed as the shaft rotation (whirl ratio = 1.0). The seal is operated at a Reynolds number of 12000 and a Taylor number of 6300 (3600 rpm). The 3-D LDA system is equipped with a rotary encoding system which is used to produce phase averaged measurements of the entire mean velocity vector field and Reynolds stress tensor field from 0.13 mm upstream to 0.13 mm downstream of the seal. The mean velocity field reveals a highly three-dimensional flow field with large radial velocities near the inlet of the seal as well as a recirculation zone on the rotor surface. The location of maximum mean axial velocity migrates from the pressure side of the rotor at the inlet to the stiction side at the exit. Turbulence production is a maximum near the seal inlet as indicated by the rapid increase of the turbulence kinetic energy (κ). However, turbulence production and dissipation attain equilibrium fairly quickly with K remaining relatively constant over the last half of the seal.     

Mechanical testing of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 regenerated bone in sheep mandibles

A new method was developed in this study for testing excised sheep mandibles as a cantilever. The method was used to determine the strength and stiffness of sheep hemi-mandibles including a 35 mm defect bridged by regenerated bone. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) in a bovine collagen type-I carrier was used for the bone regeneration. Initial tests on ten intact sheep mandibles confirmed that the strength, stiffness and area beneath the load-deformation curves of the right and left hemi-mandibles were not significantly different, confirming the validity of using the contra-lateral hemi-mandible as a control side. Complete bone regeneration occurred in six hemi-mandibles treated with rhBMP, but the quality and mechanical properties of the bone were very variable. The new bone in three samples contained fibrous tissue and was weaker and less stiff than the contra-lateral side (strength, 10-20 per cent; stiffness, 6-15 per cent). The other half had better-quality bone and was significantly stiffer and stronger (p < 0.05), with strength 45-63 per cent and stiffness 35-46 per cent of the contra-lateral side. Hemi-mandibles treated with collagen alone had no regenerated bone bridge suggesting that 35 mm is a critical-size bone defect.     

Continuous out-of-plane deformation measurements of AA5083-H116 plates subjected to low-velocity impact loading

An optical system based on structured light and close-range photogrammetry has been developed and is in this study used to continuously measure the full-field out-of-plane deformation of aluminium plates subjected to low-velocity impact loading. During testing, square AA5083-H116 aluminium plates with thickness 5 mm were mounted in a circular frame and impacted by a 30 mm diameter blunt-nose projectile with velocities ranging from 7 to 11 m/s, while the out-of-plane deformations were measured at the opposite side. A fringe pattern was projected onto the rear target surface by a slide projector and the variation in the pattern during penetration was observed by a high-speed camera recording 10,000 images per second. The recorded images were subsequently computer processed to provide full-field topography information of the target surface during deformation. Degradation of measurement data due to impact induced vibration has been evaluated and reduced to a minimum by isolating the optical system from the mechanical experiment. The out-of-plane deformation measurements were compared to non-linear finite element simulations, and the agreement between experimental and predicted results was in general found to be good.     

The effects of different wire and screw combinations on the stiffness of a hybrid external fixator

Hybrid external fixators that use tensioned wires in the metaphysis and screws in the diaphysis combine the advantages of both unilateral and circular fixators and provide considerable flexibility in frame construction. This study aims to determine the effects of wire and screw combinations on the mechanical characteristics of such systems. Acrylic rods were used to simulate a long bone with a transverse fracture gap. A standard hybrid fixator design was used to stabilize the fracture in accordance with modern concepts with wires being used on one side of the fracture and screws on the other side. Twelve different wire and screw combinations were tested in axial compression and four-point bending in two planes. All the fixators tested demonstrated stiffening under increasing axial load, the extent of which appeared to correlate inversely with the number of wires used. Increasing the number of wires by one increased the axial stiffness by 7-16 N/mm (average 11 N/mm). The bending stiffness was largely controlled by the number of wires and increased by 0.42-1.03 N m/mm (average 0.74 N m/mm) for each additional wire. The axial stiffness of fixators with three screws was 4-7 N/mm (average 6 N/mm) higher than those with two screws if the offset screw was not in use. When the offset screw was used no stiffness advantages were found for three screws over two screws. The use of an offset screw substantially increased axial stiffness (by 12-26 N/mm, average 20 N/mm) and is recommended for unstable fractures. The two-ring hybrid fixators with four wires in one ring and three screws in the other had stiffness characteristics similar to the conventional four-ring Ilizarov fixator. Knowledge gained regarding the effects of wire and screw combinations on overall stiffness will be helpful both in the construction of frames and in destabilization during fracture healing.     

一种激光挠测量系统的实现

本文介绍了一种用于大型土木工程结构的投影式光学挠度测量系统。系统由激光器、光接收器件及其外围信号采集处理电路组成。光接收部分采用特殊的光电接收器件取代传统的CCD或PSD,使测量范围得到扩大;外围电路部分采用现场可编程逻辑阵列FPGA器件作为核心。通过这种设计,系统的量程和可扩展性得到改善,实现了通道复用。实验室证明,系统的测量范围可以达到210mm,分辨率达到0.005mm,可完成结构的静态及动态挠度测量。