轴流泵出水流道水力损失试验研究

受导叶出流环量、出水弯管二次流等因素的影响,轴流泵单孔出水流道内为复杂的螺旋流,双孔出水流道左孔流量大于右孔流量,水力损失异常。采用五孔探针准确测定流道断面水流能量,实测分析出水流道水力损失特性,探讨减阻措施。结果表明,出水流道水力损失不符合与流量平方成正比的关系。与等圆出水管相比,渐扩出水流道可以减小水力损失,提高泵装置效率10％～30％;对单孔流道,轴流泵出口环量过大,增大了水力损失, 而微小环量会使水力损失略有减小;对双孔流道,两孔流量不等,存在偏流,水力损失增大。采用微小出流环量或无出流环量后导叶,可减小出水流道水力损失,提高泵装置效率6％-11％。     

大型水泵出水流道优化水力设计

研究大型水泵出水流道扩散角、断面形状和中心线走向对水力损失的影响,提出当量扩散角概念,以包括沿程摩阻水力损失、扩散水力损失和出口水力损失在内的总水力损失最小为目标,对出水流道扩散角和断面形状进行优化,提出流道中心线走向优化的原则。研究结果表明,在进、出口断面位置一定的情况下,出水流道存在最优扩散角,使总水力损失最小。试验证明,由于水泵出水弯管的作用,出水流道实际开始脱流的扩散角小于理论计算的最优扩散角;采用优化渐变扩散角,可使水力损失进一步减小;矩形流道断面以正方形为最优,且存在最优角圆,使单位长流道沿程水力损失最小。成果对减小出水流道水力损失,实现泵装置优化设计,提高泵装置效率有重大意义。     

南昌市新洲老泵站改建工程潜水泵装置模型试验研究

经多种泵型方案比较,新洲老泵站改建工程确定采用2台大型立式潜水轴流泵装置,配套电机功率800 kW,泵与潜水电机直联。进水流道采用簸箕型流道,出水流道为井筒式。为了预测大型潜水泵装置的水力性能,在中水北方勘测设计公司的水力模型通用试验台上进行了该装置的模型试验,主要包括:能量特性试验、空化(汽蚀)特性试验及空化气泡发生发展情况观察试验、飞逸性能、进水流道压差测流等项目。获得结果:在试验转速1450 r/min下,泵装置效率为64%的高效区覆盖了叶片角度范围-4°~+2。、泵装置扬程范围3~4.5 m的区域,最高效率65.01%;在装置运行工况范围内,临界空化余量均小于6.5 m。     

进水流道对轴流泵装置水力性能的影响

分析比较了包括轴流泵水力特性、装置水力特性及进出水流道水力特性在内的三组模型试验资料,指出:进水流态显著地影响泵装置的特性;泵装置的水力特性并不是泵水力特性与流道水力特性的简单迭加;进水流道最优水力设计是获得优异的泵装置特性的重要条件之一.     

斜轴伸泵装置水动力数值计算与模型试验

为研究斜轴伸泵装置的水动力特性,基于ANSYS CFX软件采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数对泵装置进行三维粘性湍流定常数值计算,计算区域包括叶轮、导叶和进、出水流道,共计算包括设计工况在内的9个工况点。计算结果揭示出该泵装置的内部流动特性,分析在叶轮旋转条件下斜15°进水流道出口断面的水力性能及其对叶轮进口断面相对高度位置的影响和叶轮受水流作用力的分布规律,并探讨水力矩的变化规律及翼型附近的相对流速分布,给出参考的叶轮名义安装高度取值范围(0.7～0.9)D。通过数值计算预测了模型泵装置的水力性能并与物理模型试验结果进行对比,预测的效率值和试验值最大绝对误差为5.01%,最优工况与设计工况时扬程的相对误差、效率的绝对误差均在3.5%以内。     

轴伸式贯流泵装置全流场三维湍流数值模拟

为探讨轴伸式贯流泵装置双向运行时的内部流动结构并进行性能预测,应用三维湍流Navier-Stokes、Realizable 两方程湍流模型、壁面函数法和滑移网格技术,进行泵装置双向运行时的全流场三维湍流数值模拟研究。计算所采用的模型贯流泵具有特定的S形叶片及正向运行时的后置弯曲导叶。研究结果揭示了贯流泵装置正、反向运行时的全流道速度等值线、静压等值线、出水流道断面矢量及出水流道的流线形状特征,探讨在泵装置实际安装条件下泵与流道的相互影响,进行泵装置性能的数值模拟预测,并与试验结果进行比较分析。数值模拟结果表明,泵段的出口流态及导叶对流道的流动结构有很大的影响,扩散形流道对流道进口流态反映敏感,无导叶的直形泵装置出口扩散流道内的流动为轴向旋涡、环形旋涡、轴向流动的叠加,数值模拟计算预测泵装置性能的方法是有效、可行的,能够满足工程需要。     

大型双向流道泵装置优化与试验研究

引江济淮工程枞阳泵站采用双向流道立式轴流泵装置型式。根据枞阳泵站的控制性尺寸,对双向进出水流道进行了参数化数学建模。基于Isight多学科优化平台,搭建了双向进出水流道的水力优化设计平台。采用多岛遗传算法对优化目标进行寻优,得到了高效双向进出水流道型线优化结果,并与TJ04-ZL-20水力模型匹配得到高效泵装置。通过泵装置模型试验可知,枞阳泵站模型泵装置在装置扬程为5.67 m时,泵装置最高效率达到78.59%,已达到了单向立式泵装置的较高水平,为双向流道立式泵装置的进一步推广和应用提供了参考。     

大型水泵轴向后导叶叶片出口角对出水流道性能的影响

对低扬程大型泵站单管出水流道 ,水泵出口存在最优旋流 ,使水力损失最小 ,可以通过后导叶叶片出口角设计满足出流最优旋流要求。为此 ,提出了已建泵站和新建泵站泵后导叶—出水流道整体水力设计两种物理模型 ,目的是使流道水力损失最小。提出了平分分析法试验求解物理模型的方法和后导叶设计方法     

博斯腾湖东泵站水泵装置进出水流道优化水力设计

博斯腾湖东泵站扬程较低，进、出水流道形状复杂，压力场分布不均匀，水力损失在水泵装置中所占比重较大，故对泵站进出水流道进行优化数模计算以提高泵站水泵装置效率是非常必要的。     

立式轴流泵水力不稳定工况流场数值预测

为了研究轴流泵位于水力不稳定工况的流动特性,基于N-S方程以及RNGκ-ε湍流模型,对轴流泵进行三维湍流数值计算。预测得到设计工况下的扬程与模型参数接近,说明所采用的数值计算方法可以较为准确地预测轴流泵内部流动特性。计算结果表明:在0.35Q_d至0.5Q_d流量区间内,轴流泵的流量-扬程曲线呈现正曲率特性,此区间内流量工况即为其水力不稳定工况;伴随着流量由设计工况Q_d依次减小至0.5Q_d和0.35Q_d的过程中,轴流泵内部流态逐渐恶化。在0.35Q_d工况点,叶轮进口前水流存在强烈的预旋,进口存在漩涡导致流体不能有效进入叶轮室,同时叶轮室内流体脱流现象严重,严重堵塞流道,致使叶轮无法有效对流体做功。     

Test investigation on hydraulic losses in the discharge passage of an axial-flow pump

In a discharge passage with a guide blade discharge circulation and secondary flow because of bend pipe, the flow in a 1-channel discharge passage of an axial flow pump is a complicated spiral flow. For a 2-channel passage, the discharge in the left channel is bigger than that in the right, and the passage hydraulic losses are abnormal. In this study, the section current energy of the passage is accurately measured and determined with a 5-hole probe. The hydraulic loss characteristics are determined and analyzed. The methods deducing the hydraulic losses are investigated. The results indicate that the passage hydraulic losses are not proportional to the flow discharge. Compared with a circular pipe, the hydraulic losses of a divergent discharge passage are smaller and the pump assembly efficiency is 10%–30% higher. As for the 1-channel passage, the axial-flow pump outlet circulation is usually too big; the passage hydraulic losses are also big, but a small circulation can slightly reduce hydraulic losses. As for the 2-channel passage, discharges in the two channels are not equal and the hydraulic losses increase. The outlet guide blade with a small discharge circulation or without circulation could reduce discharge passage hydraulic losses and increase pump assembly efficiency by 6%–11%. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(5): 39–44 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

大型立式轴流泵叶片进口流场及其对水泵影响研究

分析各因素对大型立式轴流泵叶片进口流态的影响,研究该断面流场的形成机理。提出叶栅对进口流态反作用和相互自动调整的观点,即如果叶栅来流非均匀轴向,叶栅过流特性会反过来影响来流流态并调整达到平衡。结果表明,立式轴流泵叶片进口流场既非轴向,又非均匀,不符合常规假设。用五孔探针实测叶轮直径D=1.64m轴流泵叶片进口流场,证明了理论分析的正确性。分析叶片进口流态对水泵性能、导轴承偏磨和间隙气蚀的影响,提出改善流态的方法。成果对改进轴流泵及其进水流道设计理论和方法,提高运行性能具有重大意义。     

Experimental study of the influence of flow passage subtle variation on mixed-flow pump performance

In the mixed-flow pump design, the shape of the flow passage can directly affect the flow capacity and the internal flow, thus influencing hydraulic performance, cavitation performance and operation stability of the mixed-flow pump. However, there is currently a lack of experimental research on the influence mechanism. Therefore, in order to analyze the effects of subtle variations of the flow passage on the mixed-flow pump performance, the frustum cone surface of the end part of inlet contraction flow passage of the mixed-flow pump is processed into a cylindrical surface and a test rig is built to carry out the hydraulic performance experiment. In this experiment, parameters, such as the head, the efficiency, and the shaft power, are measured, and the pressure fluctuation and the noise signal are also collected. The research results suggest that after processing the inlet flow passage, the head of the mixed-flow pump significantly goes down; the best efficiency of the mixed-flow pump drops by approximately 1.5%, the efficiency decreases more significantly under the large flow rate; the shaft power slightly increases under the large flow rate, slightly decreases under the small flow rate. In addition, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes on both the impeller inlet and the diffuser outlet increase significantly with more drastic pressure fluctuations and significantly lower stability of the internal flow of the mixed-flow pump. At the same time, the noise dramatically increases. Overall speaking, the subtle variation of the inlet flow passage leads to a significant change of the mixed-flow pump performance, thus suggesting a special attention to the optimization of flow passage. This paper investigates the influence of the flow passage variation on the mixed-flow pump performance by experiment, which will benefit the optimal design of the flow passage of the mixed-flow pump.     

Numerical simulation and analysis of flow characteristics in the front chamber of a centrifugal pump

We performed numerical simulations to study the flow characteristic in a centrifugal pump based on the RANS equations and the RNG k-ε turbulent model. The flow field, including the front and back pump chambers, the impeller wear-ring, the impeller passage, the volute casing, the inlet section and outlet section was calculated to obtain accurate numerical results of fluid flow in a centrifugal pump. The flow characteristic was studied from the internal flow structure in pump chambers, the radial velocity at impeller outlet as well as the pressure inside of the pump, the circumferential velocity and the radial velocity in front pump chamber. The variation of flow parameters in internal flow versus flow rate in the centrifugal pump was analyzed. The results show that the overall performance of the pump is in good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the distribution of flow field in the front pump chamber is axial asymmetry. The energy dissipation at the impeller outlet is larger than other areas. The distribution of the circumferential velocity and that of radial velocity are similar along the axial direction in the front pump chamber, but the distribution of flow is different along the circumferential and the radial directions. It was also found that the vorticity is large at the impeller inlet compared with other areas.     

Effects of meridional flow passage shape on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers

During the process of designing the mixed-flow pump impeller, the meridional flow passage shape directly affects the obtained meridional flow field, which then has an influence on the three-dimensional impeller shape. However, the meridional flow passage shape is too complicated to be described by a simple formula for now. Therefore, reasonable parameter selection for the meridional flow passage is essential to the investigation. In order to explore the effects of the meridional flow passage shape on the impeller design and the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, the hub and shroud radius ratio (HSRR) of impeller and the outlet diffusion angle (ODA) of outlet zone are selected as the meridional flow passage parameters. 25 mixed-flow pump impellers, with specific speed of 496 under the design condition, are designed with various parameter combinations. Among these impellers, one with HSRR of 1.94 and ODA of 90° is selected to carry out the model test and the obtained experimental results are used to verify accuracies of the head and the hydraulic efficiency predicted by numerical simulation. Based on SIMPLE algorithm and standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model, the three-dimensional steady incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the effects of different parameters on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers are analyzed. The analysis results demonstrate that there are optimal values of HSRR and ODA available, so the hydraulic performance and the internal flow of mixed-flow pumps can be improved by selecting appropriate values for the meridional flow passage parameters. The research on these two parameters, HSRR and ODA, has further illustrated influences of the meridional flow passage shape on the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, and is beneficial to improving the design of the mixed-flow pump impeller.     

清洗机斜盘轴向柱塞泵流道的流场仿真与结构优化设计

分析了清洗机斜盘轴向柱塞泵出水端吸液阀流道的流场力学特性并对其流场进行了数值仿真。在流场仿真结果基础上,对现有泵头文丘里流道的喉管直径与进口直径的收缩比、喉管段长度、渐缩角度和渐扩角度进行了优化。计算机仿真及实验结果表明：优化方案达到了减小文丘里流道压力损失和溢流阀平衡压力的目标,提升了清洗机斜盘轴向柱塞泵整体性能。     

轴流式水泵非定常湍流数值模拟的若干关键问题

为准确捕捉轴流式水泵不稳定流场特征,采用雷诺时均法和大涡模拟方法对轴流泵非定常湍流进行数值模拟,并就相关问题进行深入研究。研究发现,与其他湍流分析方法相比较,大涡模拟方法在轴流泵非定常流场分析中具有更高的计算精度;同时将轴流泵进水流道与泵段一起进行流场计算后,发现叶轮进口的流动是极不均匀的,靠近弯肘形流道内侧的速度明显大于其他部位,这一现象与通常假定的轴流泵进口流动是均匀的设计与分析理论有很大区别。研究还发现,为了获得轴流泵流场内不同压力脉动频率成份,脉动计算的采用样时间应不少于8个旋转周期;轴流泵内部的水压力脉动幅值在叶轮附近区域沿半径逐渐增大,而在导叶出口之后沿半径逐渐减小。     

多级多出口离心泵的数值模拟及试验验证

应用ANSYS-CFX软件及标准k-ε湍流模型,实现了对多级多出口离心泵整机全三维流场的数值模拟,通过分析不同出口设置下的泵内流场分布和压力分布,发现处在泵出口下游段的泵级流量为零,级内的液流处于自循环状态,伴随有较大的能量损耗,且产生较大的静压,对泵强度及可靠性产生一定影响。然后计算出泵的特性曲线,发现当泵出口设置在多级离心泵最后一级时,泵扬程及效率达到最高,泵出口位置越向前级移动,多级泵扬程和效率下降越多。最后通过与试验性能曲线进行对比,验证了计算方法及结果的准确性。     

离心泵偏置短叶片叶轮内部流动的粒子图像速度测量

对三副短叶片不同偏置的低比转数复合叶轮离心泵,应用粒子图像速度仪分别测试大流量、设计流量和小流量三种工况下长短叶片叶轮同一叶槽内的瞬时流场.分析叶槽内相对速度矢量、速度等值线的特征,揭示短叶片不同偏置时的速度分布规律.研究三副长短叶片复合叶轮出口处径向速度、切向速度、相对速度和相对液流角沿圆周的分布,测得与三副叶轮相对应的泵外特性曲线.测量结果表明,分流短叶片不同偏置对叶槽内流场的影响差异明显,当短叶片进口相对出口向压力面偏转时,叶轮出口相对速度分布很不均匀,短叶片工作面出口存在较大的低速区;与之相反,当短叶片进口相对出口向吸力面偏转时,叶轮出口速度分布较均匀,并且泵的扬程与流量曲线明显右移,大流量时,效率显著提高.