拉深工艺中脉动压边力控制方法

压边力是板料拉深成形过程的重要工艺参数之一 ,合理控制压边力的大小可避免起皱或破裂缺陷。采用脉动变化的压边力控制拉深工艺 ,可提高成形极限及拉深件的表面质量。本文采用数值模拟方法研究了脉动变化压边力的振幅、振频对成形的影响。     

新型电磁压边拉深模具的设计与仿真

提出了一种新型电磁压边薄板拉深模具,压边力由电磁力替代了传统的液压力或机械压力。建立了电磁力与压边力的数学关系,提出了励磁电流的控制方法,为得到电磁压边系统中电磁力的分布情况,运用ANSYS/Multiphysics软件进行了数值模拟。根据电磁压边装置及传统压边装置的压边力特点,建立了3条变压边力曲线,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对筒形件拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟,证明电磁压边拉深模具可以较好地抑制拉深过程中的起皱与减薄。     

板料成形中起皱问题的分析及解决方案

从板料的相对厚度、拉深系数、材料的力学性能方面分析了板料在拉深成形过程中失稳起皱的影响因素.针对冲压生产中出现的拉深起皱现象,利用DYNAFORM软件,在模拟与实验工艺参数相一致的条件下,建立了圆筒件成形的仿真模型,并对成形过程进行了数值模拟,验证了仿真模型的正确性.在此基础上对不同压边力条件下的拉深成形进行了分析,得到了合适的压边力参数.生产实验证明,所选的压边力合理.研究结果对实际生产具有重要指导意义.     

圆锥形件拉深过程中变压边力的研究

起皱和断裂是板料成形过程的主要失效模式，合理控制成形过程中的压边力，可以消除这些缺陷，提高成形性能。本文以圆锥形件的成形为例，采用Dynaform软件对变压边力控制的成形工艺进行了数值模拟计算，得到了最佳压边力变化曲线。本文还对模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明，变压边力拉深工艺能够极大提高板料的极限拉深高度。     

圆筒件拉深过程中压边力的研究

利用恒定压边力经验公式计算得到的压边力值进行模拟时,圆筒件质量存在明显的缺陷。采用变压边力优化曲线作为圆筒件拉深成形的压边力加载模式,研究了临界防皱变压边力曲线的确定方法,应用Dynaform软件对恒定压边力、优化压边力下圆筒件的拉深成形进行了数值模拟,得出了成形极限图(FLD)和材料厚度变化图。将模拟结果进行对比分析,发现在后者作用下的圆筒件平面外缘厚度变化较小,筒壁等其他部分的材料厚度变化率也较小,采用优化压边力可有效防止圆筒件起皱、拉裂现象,提高圆筒件成形质量。     

基于正交试验的半球形拉深成形工艺参数优化

以某半球形TA1钛合金拉深成形件为例,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立了拉深成形三位模型和数值模拟正交试验方案。以是否破裂和起皱为衡量指标,探究凹凸模间隙、拉深速度和压边力对拉深成形件质量的影响,结果表明:起皱现象主要出现在压边区域不影响成形件质量,对底部最小厚度的影响从大到小依次为拉深速度、压边力以及凹凸模间隙。基于正交试验结果设计优化方案,得到最优工艺参数组合并将其应用于实际生产得到表面质量较好的拉深成形件,结果表明:基于正交试验对拉深成形工艺参数优化的方案可行,可以为企业生产提供指导,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于Autoform的轿车引擎盖板冲压成形仿真的研究

介绍了轿车引擎盖零件冲压成形仿真的研究背景,详细论述了板料冲压成形数值模拟的理论和主要步骤.以典型轿车引擎覆盖件为研究对象,以三维成形分析软件Autoform为平台,研究了板科与凸模、凹模的摩擦、压边力、拉深筋等因素对成形性能的影响.通过Autoform的成形仿真预测板料成形过程中减薄、拉裂、起皱等缺陷,分析产生缺陷的原因,进而优化板料成形工艺参数.     

斜壁矩形盒件多点拉深成形的数值模拟

通过对斜壁矩形盒件多点拉深成形的有限元数值模拟,分析了成形过程中起皱与拉裂缺陷的产生,研究了四种不同压边力加载曲线即恒压边力、↘形压边力曲线、V形压边力曲线、■形压边力曲线对成形结果的影响。结果表明:斜壁矩形盒件在整个多点拉深成形过程中,在宽度方向的侧壁底部极易发生破裂缺陷,在法兰直边对称轴处起皱最严重;不同的压边力曲线对斜壁矩形盒件多点拉深最终成形结果的影响很大,其中■形状的压边力加载曲线最有利于斜壁矩形盒件的多点拉深成形。     

基于DYNAFORM的筒形件拉深成形数值模拟技术

应用数值模拟技术对金属板料成形规律进行研究越来越受到重视。对影响筒形件拉深成形的主要因素压边力、凹模圆角半径、凸模圆角半径、摩擦系数进行了分析,并研究了单元技术、求解格式、本构关系等金属板料成形模拟中的关键技术。应用DYNAFORM数值模拟软件,对筒形件的两道次拉深成形四种主要因素的工艺参数进行了模拟优化。模拟结果分析表明,各因素对金属板料拉深系数影响的主次顺序在不同拉深道次下是不相同的,不能一概而论,与实验结果基本吻合。     

火箭贮箱箱底充液拉深成形工艺的多目标优化

充液拉深成形技术能实现大型贮箱箱底的整体成形,然而成形件的质量受到许多工艺参数的影响。针对大型贮箱整体箱底构件充液拉深成形的起皱和破裂缺陷,以预胀压力、液室压力、压边力、压边圈圆角半径等工艺参数为研究对象,建立多目标优化模型。对贮箱箱底成形过程进行模拟,在此基础上,使用拉丁超立方采样法获得样本数据。采用克里金插值法(Kriging)和径向基函数(Radial basis function, RBF)建立工艺参数和质量指标之间的代理模型。利用NSGA-III算法和粒子群算法(Particle swarm optimization, PSO)确定了贮箱箱底达到目标(壁厚减薄率最小、破裂趋势最小、法兰边起皱最小、起皱趋势最小)时的最优工艺参数。最后通过实验验证了方法的有效性和结果的准确性。     

Experiment and numerical simulation on delamination during the laminated steel sheet forming processes

Laminated steel sheets, which have advantages in reducing vibration and noise, are widely used in home appliances, automotive components and building structures. With polymer layer laminated in steel sheets, the unique failure mode—delamination may occur in the forming process if the process parameters are defined improperly. In the presented work, firstly, the delamination is investigated by U channel forming in bending mode. Then, a step-bottom square cup drawing is also conducted to study the delamination in the deep drawing of the laminated sheet metal in more complex stress state. Nonlinear visco-elastic material model is applied to describe the mechanical behavior of polymer layer. Cohesive element and continuum shell elements are utilized to discretize the polymer layer and the outer steel sheets, respectively. The results of U channel forming indicate that increasing forming speed somewhat decreases the tendency of delamination, and increasing blank holding force (BHF) significantly diminishes the occurrence of delamination. Meanwhile, the results of the step-bottom square cup drawing reveal that the wrinkling of facial sheets often induces delamination. Increasing the BHF and the frictional coefficient prevents the occurrence of wrinkling and the delamination induced by wrinkling. However, when wrinkling is suppressed, further rising in BHF and frictional coefficient will increase the risk of direct delamination.     

Experimental and finite element investigation on wrinkling of circular single layer and two-layer sheet metals in deep drawing process

This paper deals with the comparison of wrinkling behavior of both single and two-layer sheets in the deep drawing process. Unfortunately, due to the significant difference in the material properties of the two layers, it is very challenging for the finite element method to predict the location and relative possibility of wrinkling in the multilayer sheets. Blank holder force (BHF) has a significant effect on the failure mode of sheet metals. By decreasing BHF, wrinkling turns out as the principal failure mode, whereas its increase results in splitting and fracture. Thus, this paper investigates the effect of blank holder forces on wrinkling and fractures in drawing process of single and two layers. Moreover, the effect of material and arrangement of layers on wrinkling, fracture, and required deformation forces in the cylindrical deep drawing will be discussed. Results show that the optimum blank holder force for two-layer sheets is affected by the material and arrangements of lay-ups.     

A comparative study on the evaluation of the tribological behaviour of polymer/zinc coated steel sheets

A major factor affecting the formability of coated automative steel sheets is the interfacial frictional behaviour between the sheet and the forming die. Within this study, the suitability of standard laboratory-type tribological tests (pin-on-disc and block-on-cylinder test) to evaluate the tribological behaviour of uncoated and zinc and zinc/polymer coated steel sheets in dry sliding contact with cold working steel is investigated. The results obtained are compared to those obtained by a deep drawing experiment. Friction coefficients measured during the running-in stage of the pin-on-disc test seem to be well suited to distinguish between the different frictional behaviour of coated steel sheets.     

Experimental methodology to study tribological aspects of deep drawing — application to aluminium alloy sheets and tool coatings

To optimise the contact between aluminium alloy sheets and coated HSS steel tools during deep drawing operation, we present an experimental methodology to decompose an extended slippage by using a strip drawing test with cylindrical tools in multipassing mode. We show in this paper the role of transfer films formed on the tool surface on the evolution of both friction coefficient and surface topography of the metal sheet.     

A closed-loop type algorithm for determination of variable blank holder force trajectory and its application to square cup deep drawing

In deep drawing, a low blank holder force (BHF) can cause wrinkling, while a high BHF can lead to tearing. Thus, it is important to determine the appropriate BHF to be utilized in the forming process. In this study, a variable blank holder force (VBHF) approach to deep drawing is employed, and a simple closed-loop type algorithm is developed to obtain the VBHF trajectory. The proposed algorithm is divided into two phases. The objective of the first phase is to check wrinkling and tearing. In this phase, a low BHF, which is the cause of wrinkling, is used as the initial BHF; it is then increased to prevent wrinkling. The algorithm is terminated when tearing occurs. In a numerical simulation, the distance between the die and the blank holder is used to measure wrinkling. On the other hand, the thickness of the blank is used to determine the tearing. Next, in the second phase, the deviations in thickness are examined. Wrinkles are also checked in the second phase. By iterating the above two phases, the VBHF trajectory can be obtained. One of the advantages of the VBHF is that it reduces the forming energy. The validity of the proposed algorithm is examined through both a numerical simulation and experiment.     

A study of the control of the blank holding force using an MR damper in a drawing press

The predominant failure modes (wrinkling and tearing) must be avoided during the drawing process in sheet metal forming. These defects may be eliminated by using a controllable device for which the blank holding force (BHF) is adjustable. The purpose of this research is to verify the possibility of using a magneto-rheological (MR) damper for obtaining an almost constant BHF in drawing presses. The damper force is controlled by adjusting the current that is applied to the MR fluid, which is a functional material. To realize this aim, a prototypical press system is manufactured. A control test using a closed-loop PID controller is carried out for achieving the objective where by a constant BHF is retained at a constant prescribed force, while the press slide translates at a constant velocity. The results show that the BHF of the drawing press can be controlled effectively by using the proposed MR damper.     

The influence of lubrication in rectangular deep drawing

Rectangular deep drawing is a widely used process in the electrical, automobile, and aeronautical industries, in military engineering, etc. Despite its popularity little information is available about the effect of lubrication on limiting drawing ratio, drawing force, and work done. In view of this, rectangular deep drawing experiments were conducted using mild steel, aluminium, and tin sheets in a 100 t double action hydraulic press. The maximum drawing force, the work done during drawing, and the limiting drawing ratio for a number of commercial lubricants were measured, and are reported in this paper. The effect of anodising has also been studied in the case of aluminium sheets. In the case of mild steel sheets the effect of shot blasting the blank has also been reported.     

轴对称拉深成形法兰区起皱失稳变形能及临界压边力

在平面应变假设条件下,对轴对称拉深成形法兰区的起皱失稳问题进行了理论分析。首先采用数学方法,将以积分形式表示的应力解析式进行了简化。在此基础上,进一步简化了起皱过程中变形能的计算式。给出的算例表明,对起皱过程中的变形能分别以简化后的计算式和以原积分式进行计算,其结果误差很小,相对误差小于0.8%。该起皱失稳临界压边力的计算和分析简化方法有助于给出简明和符合实际的起皱判据。     

平面应力条件下轴对称拉深成形法兰区起皱和破裂分析

分别采用平面应力和平面应变假设条件,对轴对称拉深成形法兰区的应力分布进行了分析比较,两种情况下的径向应力计算值相差较小,但周向应力计算值相差较大。有限元模拟表明,平面应力条件下得到的解析结果与模拟值非常接近,表明平面应力假设条件比平面应变假设条件更接近于实际情况。在平面应力条件下,建立了轴对称成形法兰区起皱失稳条件和圆筒形件破裂失稳条件,导出了临界压边力的计算式。对于某一具体的拉深成形问题,计算得到了临界压边力与拉深位置的关系曲线。分析结果有助于进一步认识拉深成形各变形区的变形特点,建立更符合实际的起皱、破裂准则,预测成形缺陷及临界压边力。