Ti-DLC薄膜在水介质中的摩擦学特性

采用非平衡磁控溅射法在Si(100)片和M2工具钢上制备Ti-DLC薄膜。通过X射线光电子能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜分析薄膜的结构以及微观形貌;利用球-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究不同载荷下Ti-DLC/Si-3N-4对摩副在水中的摩擦学特性。结果表明,Ti-DLC薄膜具有致密的表面结构,含有较多的C-Csp2键;摩擦介质为去离子水时,薄膜的摩擦因数随着载荷的增加先减小后增大,且载荷增加到一定值后,摩擦因数几乎不再变化; 薄膜磨损率随着载荷的增加先升高后降低,而相应的Si3N4小球磨损率却是先减小后增大, 这主要是由于Si3N4在水中易于发生水合反应,促使摩擦接触表面变得非常平滑,从起到降低摩擦因数,在一定程度上减少磨损的作用。     

高水基液压阀陶瓷摩擦副摩擦学性能研究

为选择适合的高水基乳化液液压阀摩擦副材料,探讨ZrO2与不同结构陶瓷组成的摩擦副在高水基乳化液润滑状态下的摩擦磨损特性。采用摩擦磨损试验机,在不同载荷和滑动速度下,研究在高水基乳化液介质中4种不同陶瓷材料（ZrO2、Al2O3、Si3N4和SiC）分别与ZrO2配副的摩擦学性能,并探讨不同组合陶瓷摩擦副的磨损机制。结果表明：在高水基乳化液中,各陶瓷的摩擦因数均随着滑动速度的增大而降低,其中Al2O3陶瓷的摩擦因数最小;ZrO2、Al2O3和Si3N4陶瓷的摩擦因数受载荷的影响较小,SiC陶瓷的摩擦因数则随着载荷的增大而骤增;各陶瓷的磨损体积都随着速度和载荷的增大而增大,其中Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷摩擦副的磨损体积最小,其磨损机制以磨粒磨损和微疲劳磨损为主。研究表明,在不同工况下,Al2O3与ZrO2陶瓷配副的摩擦因数和磨损体积均为最低值,更适合作为高水基乳化液液压阀的摩擦副材料。     

PEEK摩擦信号分形维数与表面形貌相关性试验研究

为研究聚醚醚酮树脂/球墨铸铁摩擦副磨合初期摩擦信号分形维数与聚醚醚酮初始表面形貌分形维数的相关性,在UMT-3MT摩擦磨损试验机上对聚醚醚酮树脂/球墨铸铁摩擦副进行了摩擦磨损试验,运用结构函数测度法对初始表面形貌、摩擦力信号、摩擦因数信号进行了分形表征,计算得到了不同载荷下的分形维数。研究结果表明,聚醚醚酮初始表面和摩擦信号均具有显著的分形特征;在相同速度、相同初始表面下,摩擦信号的分形维数随着载荷的增大而增大;在相同速度、不同载荷下,磨合初期摩擦信号的分形维数均与初始表面分形维数负相关。     

超声电机定子和转子接触微观表面分析和形貌模拟

研究了行波超声电机定、转子接触表面的摩擦特性,测试了摩擦副表面的粗糙度、功率谱函数和分形维,利用分形几何模拟了摩擦层表面的表面形貌.研究表明,摩擦材料层表面特性对电机的运行特性的影响不能忽视;相对于摩擦材料铜表面是光滑的.研究有助于分析超声电机定、转子接触表面的微观力学特性,建立超声电机的接触模型.     

Al2O3/ZrO2(n)陶瓷二维超声振动磨削表面特征试验研究

基于Al2O3/ZrO2(n)微-纳米复合陶瓷的"晶内型"微观结构,进行了二维超声振动磨削与普通磨削对比试验研究。应用AFM重点分析了微-纳米复合陶瓷二维超声振动磨削表面特征。AFM轮廓特征分析表明:同样磨削条件下,二维超声振动磨削表面峰谷较均匀,磨削表面均匀一致性优于普通磨削表面,二维超声振动磨削更易于实现塑性域磨削,可提高陶瓷磨削表面质量。     

Si_3N_4陶瓷材料的磨削试验研究

通过用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对Si3 N4陶瓷进行磨削试验 ,从磨削过程中的磨削力、磨削比能、磨削温度及磨削表面的微观形貌变化等方面 ,综合探讨Si3 N4材料的磨削加工机理。研究结果表明 :Si3 N4在磨削加工中在磨粒切深较大时主要以脆性断裂方式去除 ,其磨削温度与材料去除机理有着密切联系。     

Al2O3/ZrO2（n）陶浇二维超声振动磨削表面特征试验研究

基于Al2O3/ZrO2（n）微-纳米复合陶瓷的“晶内型”微观结构,进行了二维超声振动磨削与普通磨削对比试验研究。应用AFM重点分析了微-纳米复合陶瓷二维超声振动磨削表面特征。AFM轮廓特征分析表明：同样磨削条件下,二维超声振动磨削表面峰谷较均匀,磨削表面均匀一致性优于普通磨削表面,二维超声振动磨削更易于实现塑性域磨削,可提高陶瓷磨削表面质量。     

面接触条件下织构表面摩擦特性研究

为研究织构表面对面接触摩擦副摩擦特性的影响,设计和制造4个表面高度算术平均值相同、表面微凹坑面积占有率分别为7%、14%、21%、28% 的试件,选用HDM20端面摩擦磨损试验机,针对油润滑和脂润滑两种润滑剂,在不同载荷、转速等工况和不同摩擦副配对材料等条件下进行了试验研究,探讨表面形貌对摩擦特性的影响规律,并使用Talysurf CCI Lite 非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对试样进行三维表面测量,采用ISO25178定义的体积参数和连通性系数对三维表面形貌进行表征,从而得出表面体积参数及连通性系数与摩擦因数的关系。结果表明：在油润滑条件下表面形貌的微观结构特性对摩擦的影响要比脂润滑条件下的更显著;在钢对铜摩擦副条件下织构表面的摩擦因数变化比较复杂,在钢对钢摩擦副条件下织构表面的摩擦因数变化相对平稳;在不同的条件下,最优的表面微观结构特性也不同;将连通性系数和体积参数结合起来对表面形貌进行表征将更有利于表面微观结构特性的摩擦学设计。     

Si3N4陶瓷材料的磨削试验研究

通过用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对Si3N4陶瓷进行磨削试验，从磨削过程中的磨削力、磨削比能、磨削温度及磨削表面的微观形貌变化等方面，综合探讨Si3N4材料的磨削加工机理。研究结果表明：Si3N4在磨削加工中在磨粒切深较大时主要以脆性断裂方式去除，其磨削温度与材料去除机理有着密切联系。     

齿面形貌对动力学特性的影响规律研究

为了建立表面形貌特征参数对齿轮动力学性能的影响规律,开展不同润滑条件下的齿轮表面分形维数测定及效率和振动特性试验。选择3组同等齿面精度等级的齿轮箱,在相同的载荷和运转时间等工况下,对油润滑、脂润滑和干摩擦的齿面进行表面轮廓测量,通过结构函数法获得相应的分形维数。结果显示,油润滑的分形维数最大,且试验前后的分形维数变化最小,表明齿面磨损较低、从而能够获得较为稳定的动力学性能。通过效率和振动特性试验也发现,油润滑的传动效率最高、振幅最小,与分形维数的测量分析结论一致。本研究能够为后续进行齿面的微观形貌设计提供理论基础和应用前提。     

干摩擦工况下Si3N4/PTFE配副材料摩擦磨损特性与转移膜形成分析

为使全陶瓷轴承在干摩擦工况下可靠运转,选用四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质的保持架为全陶瓷轴承提供润滑.利用Rtec销/盘摩擦磨损试验机,以PTFE盘与氮化硅(Si3 N4)销为摩擦副,研究Si3 N4/PTFE在不同载荷和转速条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过SEM对Si3 N4表面的转移膜形貌进行观察,分析转移膜形成原因.结果表明...     

Friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si3N4 sliding in water

The friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si₃N₄ with different initial roughness sliding in water were investigated with pin-on-disk apparatus at normal load of 5 N and sliding speed of 120 mm/s in ambient condition. It was found that, for self-mated Si₃N₄, the wear mechanism for surface smoothening to obtain low friction was tribochemical wear, but for self-mated SiC, it changed from mechanical wear into tribochemical wear with increasing sliding cycles. After running-in in water, self-mated Si₃N₄ exhibited lower steady-state friction coefficient than self-mated SiC did. For these two ceramics, initial and steady-state friction coefficients were hardly dependent on initial roughness. Initial roughness mainly affected the running-in period. The larger the initial roughness, the longer the running-in period, but the running-in period was much shorter for self-mated Si₃N₄ at each initial roughness than that for self-mated SiC.     

INFLUENCE OF MACHINING ON FRICTION AND WEAR OF LUBRICATED CERAMICS IN SLIP-ROLLING CONTACTS

The slip-rolling friction and wear tests were performed in a twin disc tribometer of the Amsler-type at a Hertzian pressure of 3 GPa over 2 million revolutions. Paraffinic oil with no additives was used as lubricant. The ceramics were machined with different processes, resulting in different surface roughness (i.e., rough and fine honed, rough and fine ground, rough and fine lapped, and rough and fine polished). Ceramic materials like HIP-Si₃N₄, S-SiC, HIP-ZrO₂, and GPS-Si₃N₄-TiN were investigated as self-mated couples. This paper summarizes the results. Si₃N₄, Si₃N₄-TiN, and ZrO₂ generally exhibit a small wear coefficient in the range of 10^-9 mm³/Nm in paraffinic oil and their wear coefficients correlate with the initial surface roughness and the material removal rate. The lowest wear coefficients were exhibited by ZrO₂- With a reduction of the Hertzian pressure to 1.5 GPa, S-SiC exhibits the same tribological behavior as the other ceramics.     

The effects of iron particles on the friction and wear mechanisms of ceramics in ethanol

For the combinations of an Si₃N₄ pin and five kinds of ceramic disk (SiC, Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, TiC), a friction and wear test was carried out in ethanol and in ethanol containing iron particles (1 wt.%, average diameter d = 200 nm, D = 12 μm under cohered condition) under a load in the range 5.88–11.50 N, at a sliding velocity of 0.138–0.196 m s⁻¹. A topographical analysis was also performed on the microasperities of the wear surfaces to estimate the behavior of the iron particles, and the degree of surface damage. As a result, the following facts were found. (1) The addition of iron particles in ethanol decreased both the wear rates of SiC and TiC disks and the mating pins, and also decreased the wear rate of the Al₂O₃ disk but increased that of the mating pin. The addition increased the wear rates of both ZrO₂ and Si₃N₄ disks and the mating pins. (2) The average coefficients of friction with the addition of iron particles were greater than those without iron particles. (3) The wear rates of pin and disk depended on the topographies of wear surfaces and the wear index Γ.     

切向载荷作用下氮化硅陶瓷崩碎损伤规律与机理

针对工程陶瓷的崩碎损伤,应用单颗粒划痕实验系统研究了切向载荷作用下Si3N4陶瓷的崩碎损伤特征和机理。比较了损伤位置、切入深度、切向速度和金刚石磨粒磨损等因素对陶瓷崩碎损伤的影响,应用3D激光测量显微镜观测了崩碎损伤表面的三维形貌,应用扫描电镜分析了崩碎损伤机理。结果表明:出口崩碎损伤是陶瓷崩碎损伤的主要形式;切入深度越大,切向速度越小,金刚石颗粒磨损越多,崩碎损伤就越严重。出口崩碎损伤的中心剖面线具有显著的阶梯形分形特征,其扩展演化规律可由逾渗理论和裂纹扩展的最小阻力原理解释。在切向载荷作用下,入口崩碎损伤在金刚石磨粒的碰撞下主要以穿晶断裂为主;内部崩碎损伤在金刚石磨粒的挤压和切割下主要以破碎和铲除的形式发生断裂;而出口崩碎损伤主要以沿晶断裂为主。     

A study of the friction and wear performance of MoSx thin films produced by ion beam enhanced deposition and magnetron sputtering

MoS_x thin films were deposited by ion beam enhanced deposition (IBED) and magnetron sputtering (MS) onto the surface of IBEN Si₃N₄ and TiN thin films. The friction and wear performances of thin films and 52100 steel were compared using an SRV model reciprocating testing machine. The results showed that all MoS_x films exhibit good tribological behavior. The MS MoS_x thin film has better wear resistance and the IBED MoS_x film has a longer wear life. The wear resistance of IBED Si₃N₄ and TiN thin film plus MoS_x film is 3–4 times and 8–20 times that of single IBED Si₃N₄ and TiN thin films and 52100 steel respectively. The analyses indicate that the difference in friction and wear performance between the two kinds of MoS_x thin film is determined by the x value of MoS_x, its microstructure and the atom mixing effect at the interface.     

Sliding speed-temperature wear transition maps for Si3N4/iron alloy couples

The superior high temperature resistance of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) based ceramics makes them suitable for tribological applications above room temperature or in high speed unlubricated sliding. There are some published works on the wear behaviour of Si₃N₄/metal alloys. However, experimental data are shown in a form that is not of direct use for engineers involved in materials selection. In the present work, Si₃N₄ pins were tested against tool steel and grey cast iron on a pin-on-disc tribometer. Ceramics were produced by hot-pressing and tested without lubrication at variable temperature and sliding speed. SEM/EDS and XRD analysis were used for chemical and microstructural characterisation of worn surfaces and wear debris. At low speeds (0.05–0.5 m s⁻¹) and room temperature, Si₃N₄ surfaces are polished-like due to a combination of humidity-assisted tribo-oxidation and abrasive action of very fine wear debris. At high sliding speeds (2–3.5 m s⁻¹), as well as for temperatures in the range 400–600°C, an extensive coherent tribolayer mainly composed by iron oxides spreads over the ceramic surfaces. Polishing and protection by adherent tribolayers are the mechanisms responsible for observed severe and mild wear regimes, respectively. Wear maps are constructed showing the transition of wear regimes in Si₃N₄/iron alloys contacts determined by constant flash temperature curves. Equations for calculation of bulk and flash contact temperatures in tribocontacts between dissimilar materials are deduced.     

A piezoelectric-drive table and its application to micro-grinding of ceramic materials

A micro-positioning table with a 0.005 μm resolution has been developed to enhance the performance of a conventional grinding machine in the fine grinding of ceramics. A piezoelectric actuator with high stiffness and resolution has been applied to drive the table and to provide small depths of cut for the workpiece. The performance of the table is investigated with both open and closed-loop operation to drive the actuator. The accuracy and stiffness of the positioning are improved by means of the closed-loop control. Grinding experiments with ceramics, such as partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and hot-pressed silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), were carried out to demonstrate the performance of the table. The actual resolution of depth-of-cut control was determined by measuring ground groove depths on the ceramic surface. A mirror-like surface on the ceramic was easily obtained by grinding at the small depth of cut of 0.1 μm with the aid of the table.     

Magnetic fluid grinding of advanced ceramic balls

A new method of finishing advanced ceramics, namely, magnetic fluid grinding with a float, has been developed especially for Si₃N₄ balls. The removal mechanism in this process and the optimum grinding conditions have been studied in the last seven years. In this paper, the results from the published papers are surveyed and summarized from the viewpoints of removal rate, surface roughness and sphericity of balls. From this review, it was found that magnetic fluid grinding can be applied to the rough finishing process at high speed. However, if a sphericity smaller than 0.1 μm is required, some new ideas are necessary.     

The computer simulation of the temperature distribution on the surface of ceramic cutting tools

The temperature distributions on the surface of Si₃N₄ and Ti(CN) ceramic cutting tools for turning different metallic materials were calculated and plotted using computer simulation based on a mathematic model of heat sources. The results showed that the temperature on the rake face of the ceramic cutting tools for turning 18-8 stainless steel was much higher than that for turning 1045 plain carbon steel due to the much lower thermal conductivity of the former, the temperature increased with increasing cutting speed. This observation is important in explaining the wear resistance and wear mechanisms of the two ceramic cutting tools. The computed temperature distributions on the surface of the ceramic cutting tools were checked by measurement with a thermal video system (TVS), and showed good agreement.