TA15钛合金连接孔滚柱挤压强化参数对残余应力及疲劳寿命的影响

滚柱挤压强化是重要的表面处理方法,能够在材料内部形成稳定的残余应力,进而有效提高结构的疲劳性能.针对TA15钛合金开孔结构,滚柱挤压强化参数对残余应力及疲劳寿命的影响规律有待进一步研究.基于Johnson-Cook方程建立了TA15滚柱挤压过程仿真模型,揭示了不同挤压量和摩擦因数下,残余应力的产生、扩展及影响范围,探讨了挤压后孔壁材料在周向及轴向的变形规律;开展了TA15开孔结构疲劳寿命试验,对比研究了挤压强化后疲劳寿命的增益效果.     

孔挤压强化对7A85铝合金锻件组织和疲劳性能的影响

采用孔挤压方法对含孔的7A85铝合金锻件进行了强化,对比分析了孔挤压前后试样的疲劳寿命;通过扫描电镜、透射电镜以及X射线应力仪等研究了挤压前后试样的疲劳断口形貌、显微组织变化以及孔表层的残余应力场。结果表明:采用5.3%的挤压过盈量可达到最佳强化效果,其疲劳寿命是挤压强化前的11倍;孔挤压强化后,试样在强化层处产生位错缠结及残余压应力,可有效延缓疲劳裂纹的扩展,从而提高试样的疲劳寿命,压应力层深度约为4.7 mm,最大残余压应力出现在距孔边约1 mm处,其值为-319 MPa。     

高干涉量压合衬套强化铝合金孔结构的疲劳性能

分别采用高干涉量压合衬套单侧挤压强化和两侧挤压强化两种工艺对7050铝合金孔结构进行强化,研究孔结构的残余应力和疲劳性能,并采用梯形累积法由疲劳断口定量反推出疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和扩展寿命。结果表明:孔结构中形成深度达12mm的残余压应力场,单侧挤压强化试样挤入端的残余应力显著低于挤出端的,两侧挤压强化试样挤入端和挤出端的残余应力相当;单侧挤压强化试样和两侧挤压强化试样的平均疲劳寿命比未挤压强化试样的分别提高了770%和1 500%,高干涉量压合衬套强化技术具有显著的疲劳强化效果,且双侧挤压强化的效果更好;高干涉量压合衬套强化技术可同时提高孔结构的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和萌生寿命,且萌生寿命提高的幅度更大。     

钛合金耳片结构复合强化工艺参数匹配研究

为了提高航空耳片结构疲劳性能,建立TC4钛合金耳片孔开缝衬套冷挤压与干涉配合复合强化有限元模型,分析了复合强化工艺参数对孔周塑性变形及结构疲劳寿命的影响。设计耳片孔周残余应力测试试验,验证了模型的准确性。复合强化工艺参数的研究结果表明:孔壁材料随芯棒的塑性流动使孔壁变形量在厚度方向上分布不均,弹塑性边界随挤压量的增长向耳片外侧转移;交变载荷下应力幅值的最大值始终位于孔壁处,且入口处应力水平最高;针对TC4钛合金耳片结构,3%挤压量与1%干涉量的复合强化工艺参数组合,疲劳寿命增益效果最好。     

孔冷挤压强化疲劳增寿技术研究

研究了紧固件孔冷挤压强化技术,分析了其疲劳增益原理,并通过试验对比了开缝衬套挤压和芯棒挤压的疲劳寿命增益效果,结果显示采用开缝衬套挤压强化后,含孔结构件疲劳寿命显著提高。     

TC4板孔冷挤压强化残余应力分布与疲劳寿命

开展了不同挤压量下TC4钛合金板孔冷挤压强化有限元仿真研究,得到了挤压强化后最小截面的切向残余应力分布规律,分析了挤压量对受载试样孔边应力分布的影响,探讨了挤压量、残余应力和疲劳增益三者之间的内在关系。采用开缝衬套冷挤压强化工艺对TC4带孔板件进行冷挤压和疲劳验证试验。研究结果表明,挤压强化后的孔边切向压缩残余应力可以有效降低孔周应力集中程度,优化受拉试样最小截面应力分布,改变裂纹源的位置并延长疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展寿命,有效提高试样疲劳寿命。综合仿真和疲劳试验得到TC4板孔最优挤压量为4%。     

镍基高温合金深小孔的旋转冷挤压强化工艺优化

采用多级凸包硬质合金挤压工具对镍基高温合金平板中的深小孔进行旋转冷挤压及无旋转冷挤压(主轴转速为0)试验,研究了挤压率(2.4%,3.0%,3.6%)与主轴转速(0,66,200 r·min^-1)对孔壁表面完整性及试样疲劳寿命的影响,确定了旋转冷挤压优化工艺。结果表明：与无旋转冷挤压强化工艺相比,旋转冷挤压强化后孔壁表面微裂纹较少,随着主轴转速的增加,微裂纹增多,表面粗糙增大,且相同主轴转速下,挤压率越大,粗糙度越小,表面硬度越高,残余压应力和压应力层厚度越大。优化旋转冷挤压工艺参数为主轴转速66 r·min^-1、挤压率3.0%,该工艺下的孔壁表面微裂纹少,塑性变形层较厚(约30μm),表层硬度提升(硬度峰值为515 HV),表面粗糙度较低(R_a为0.298μm),沿深度方向形成了厚度约为450μm、应力峰值为498 MPa的周向残余压应力层;在优化工艺下孔强化后试样的疲劳寿命约为未强化试样的6.6倍,疲劳裂纹源由孔壁表面向内部偏移了约45μm。     

激光磨抛复合强化对15CrMnMoVA钢孔结构疲劳性能的影响研究

对15CrMnMoVA钢试件孔结构采用了坐标磨、数控磨抛和激光磨抛复合强化等不同工艺进行加工,分析其表面完整性特征,并对试件进行对称循环加速疲劳寿命试验。结果表明,试件孔结构的疲劳破坏机制为微动疲劳,增加孔的倒角尺寸会导致疲劳寿命降低;与传统的坐标磨工艺相比,数控磨抛工艺可以提高疲劳极限5%,而激光强化与数控磨抛复合工艺可以提高疲劳极限20%;激光强化能形成较深的残余压应力强化层,数控磨抛后残余压应力层仍然深达0.5 mm;数控磨抛可以提高孔的形状精度至0.009 mm,并进一步将孔壁抛光至镜面(表面粗糙度为Ra 0.018μm);激光磨抛复合强化工艺显著提高了孔结构的疲劳性能。     

孔挤压强化和工艺参数研究

孔挤压强化可以显著提高机械连接的疲劳强度。采用有限元方法建立了孔挤压强化轴对称模型,得到了孔壁残余应力分布状态,建立了孔壁残余应力和孔径、板件厚度、挤压强化过盈量等工艺参数之间的关系曲线。结果表明,周向残余应力和孔径、挤压强化过盈量之间为对数关系,和板件厚度之间为线性关系;径向残余应力和孔径、挤压强化过盈量之间为对数关系,和板厚(以2.5mm为分界线)之间为线性关系,为孔挤压强化效果的定量化认识奠定了基础。     

孔挤压与超载复合强化对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳裂纹起始寿命的影响

研究了孔挤压与超载复合强化对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳裂纹起始寿命的影响。实验结果与分析表明,孔挤压与超载复合强化对LY12CZ铝合金的疲劳裂纹起始寿命及裂纹萌生、扩展特性的影响和孔挤压单一强化效果相同。此外还给出了复合强化后LY12CZ铝合金疲劳裂纹起始寿命的定量表达式,以及变幅载荷下LY12CZ铝合金孔挤压件疲劳裂纹起始寿命的估算新方法。     

Characterization of fretting fatigue crack initiation processes in CR Ti–6Al–4V

A study was conducted to quantify fretting fatigue damage and to evaluate the residual fatigue strength of specimens subjected to a range of fretting fatigue test conditions. Flat Ti–6Al–4V specimens were tested against flat Ti–6Al–4V fretting pads with blending radii at the edges of contact. Fretting fatigue damage for two combinations of static average clamping stress and applied axial stress was investigated for two percentages of total life. Accumulated damage was characterized using full field surface roughness evaluation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of fretting fatigue on uniaxial fatigue strength was quantified by interrupting fretting fatigue tests, and conducting uniaxial residual fatigue strength tests at R=0.5 at 300 Hz. Results from the residual fatigue strength tests were correlated with characterization results.While surface roughness measurements, evaluated in terms of asperity height and asperity spacing, reflected changes in the specimen surfaces as a result of fretting fatigue cycling, those changes did not correspond to decreases in residual fatigue strength. Neither means of evaluating surface roughness was able to identify cracks observed during SEM characterization. Residual fatigue strength decreased only in the presence of fretting fatigue cracks with surface lengths of 150 μm or greater, regardless of contact condition or number of applied fretting fatigue cycles. No cracks were observed on specimens tested at the lower stress condition. Threshold stress intensity factors were calculated for cracks identified during SEM characterization. The resulting values were consistent with the threshold identified for naturally initiated cracks that were stress relieved to remove load history effects.     

喷丸与激光喷丸强化高强度钢对比试验

为了考察和对比喷丸(SP)和激光喷丸(LSP)2种表面强化技术对金属零件的强化效果,以30CrMnSiNi2A钢为试样,进行喷丸和激光喷丸强化处理试验。试验结果显示,2种强化试样的残余压应力和硬度都有较大的提高。分别测定了喷丸强化和激光喷丸强化试样在同一应力水平下的疲劳寿命,并运用扫描电镜分析了两者的疲劳断口。试验结果表明,激光喷丸强化试样中值疲劳寿命是喷丸强化试样的1.11~2.75倍,激光喷丸强化比喷丸强化在提高金属零件表面性能方面的效果更佳。     

超声冲击处理改善22SiMn2TiB钢焊接接头的疲劳性能

研究超声冲击处理(Ultrasonic impact treatment,UIT)对22SiMn2TiB钢焊接头疲劳性能的作用。疲劳试验用焊态和UIT样品,X射线衍射应力测定仪测试焊态和UIT样品残余应力分布,扫描电镜(Scanning eletron microscopy,SEM)对疲劳样品断口形貌进行分析,确定了裂纹形核机制。结果表明超声冲击处理可以提高22SiMn2TiB钢焊接头疲劳寿命。对于焊接接头,UIT改变了裂纹形核机制,从焊趾处的表面形核演变为次表面形核。UIT处理消除了焊趾处微缺陷,并引入残余压应力,限制焊趾表面起裂,导致焊接接头更长的疲劳寿命。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

Progression of fretting fatigue damage in Ti–6Al–4V

An investigation was conducted to explore the nature of fretting fatigue damage in the stages prior to crack formation. In the unique experimental apparatus employed in this study, where total slip never occurs, several locations on each test specimen exist where cracks can develop due to local contact conditions. Under the test conditions used, not all of the sites had cracks upon test completion. This study evaluated the condition of non-cracked sites on several fretted specimens in an effort to identify differences between these and sites where small cracks were observed.A single test condition of 620 MPa average applied static clamping stress and 250 MPa applied axial fatigue stress for R=0.5 was selected, which corresponds to a fretting fatigue life of 10⁷ cycles based on prior work. For specimens tested to 10⁶ cycles, or 10% of life, several destructive and non-destructive characterization methods were chosen: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), residual stress measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Each site at which crack nucleation could be expected was inspected in the SEM and was then characterized using surface X-ray diffraction to quantify the residual stresses field near that location. Then TEM foils were cut from one area on a specimen with tiny cracks and dislocation densities were observed. A novel technique was used which permitted TEM samples to be obtained from regions in close proximity on the original specimen.Comparisons were made between as-received (AR) and stress-relief annealed (SRA) specimens, on which the stress-relief was applied prior to fretting fatigue testing. SEM inspection was useful for qualitative analysis of wear debris and identification of cracks as small as 20 μm, but was unable to provide quantitative data on the level of fretting fatigue damage beyond crack size. Although differences were noted in the residual stresses for the SRA versus the AR specimens, no residual stress peaks were noted in the edge of contact regions where cracks would eventually develop. TEM observations in the vicinity of the crack nucleation region showed that the dislocation structure decayed rapidly into the specimen thickness. The cause of the dislocations was attributed to plastic deformation caused by the clamping stresses.     

The influence of residual stresses induced by plastic deformation on rolling contact fatigue

A general method is first described for finding the optimum residual stress distribution. Cylindrical test specimens were subjected to a prestress cycle which was able to induce a favourable residual stress distribution, all the specimens being fatigue tested after that. The 10% fatigue life of the prestressed test specimens was more than twice that of the baseline group. Fatigue tests carried out on four groups of ball-bearings also confirm both the existence of the optimum residual stress distribution and the possibility of inducing this distribution by a prestress cycle.     

铝合金压铸模具热疲劳寿命试验研究

压铸模具是压铸的关键部件之一,其经受周期性的加热与冷却,易产生热疲劳。针对这种现象,研究压铸模具热疲劳的过程,不同工艺对热疲劳寿命的影响规律,探索预测压铸模具热疲劳寿命的方法。研究开发自约束冷热疲劳方法的热疲劳试验机,试样在铝液中加热,在脱模剂中冷却,试样内部通冷却水冷却,实现在压铸条件下的模具热疲劳试验。采用开发的热疲劳试验机对H13钢试样进行热疲劳寿命试验研究,在试验过程中测量试样的温度变化,每隔3 000～4 000次测量残余应力,观察裂纹,经过几万次的循环后可以得到应力变化曲线和基于温差的模具热疲劳寿命曲线。研究水冷对试样的温度、应力、裂纹以及热疲劳寿命的影响。同时,针对试验过程进行传热数值模拟,得到不同工艺条件下的模具温差。试验和数值模拟相结合讨论如何提高模具的热疲劳寿命。     

Effect of Nano-Cu Lubrication Additive on the Contact Fatigue Behavior of Steel

Effects of four different concentrations of nano-Cu lubrication additives on contact fatigue properties of GCr15 steel friction pairs were evaluated on a ball-rod contact fatigue tester. The anti-fatigue mechanisms of these additives were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy. The test results and analyses show that all of these additives can raise the contact fatigue life of steel ball elements to a certain extent. The action of 10% additive is the better. It is confirmed that the main failure of the steel ball element is fatigue desquamation. The anti-fatigue mechanism of lubrication additives mainly accounts for forming a chemical reaction film on the steel rod and ball surface and decreasing in friction between the ball and rod, enhancing the ability of anti-wear.     

Cr5Mo炉管高温服役后性能及剩余寿命评估

通过金相组织分析、力学性能测试、断口SEM等分析了Cr5Mo炉管高温服役78000 h后的组织性能,并采用Larson-Miller方法预测了炉管剩余寿命。结果表明,焦化炉Cr5Mo炉管在670℃和20 MPa的工作条件下可继续服役26000 h。     

工程结构钢疲劳寿命分散性评价方法

随着可靠性应用研究工作的深入,材料试验结果不可避免存在的分散性处理日益受到人们的重视,特别是工程结构钢的疲劳寿命数据的可靠性评价已经引起人们的关注。本文针对常见的工程结构材料的疲劳寿命数据,采用威布尔三参数法进行处理并对数据处理中的问题进行探讨,得到了一种快速计算材料疲劳寿命可靠性评价方法,该方法有助于小样本试样结果的精度提高,从而可以节省试验时间和费用。