照相物镜传递函数和主观评价因子的测定

我们利用CCD扫描位于被测照相物镜前面的平行光管焦平面上的狭缝像,采样数据通过A/D变换后输入计算机,把这些数据进行快速傅立叶变换即可求出被测照相物镜的OTF值;同样我们用CCD采样对数光栅目标物通过被测照相物镜后处于平行光管焦面上的像,由于被测照相物镜的SQF可以表示为极坐标形式下系统OTF关于对数空间频率的积分,它由采样得到的目标光栅像各个峰值归一后与各自相邻对数频率间隔的乘积累加得出。     

利用相位估计算法实现ps量级的高精度时间间隔测量

高精度时间间隔测量广泛应用于时间同步、卫星导航、航天测控、激光测距以及核电子等场合.目前主流的时间间隔计数器能达到25 ps分辨率,约100 ps的准确度.本文把被测信号作为采样参考频标信号的触发信号,利用参考频标的相位记录被测信号的触发点,然后利用插值FFT对参考频标信号的采样数据进行相位估计,提出了一种理论上分辨率和精度均优于1 ps的时间间隔测量方法.实验测试结果表明原理样机达到了10 ps的测量精度.进一步改进样机的设计,有望达到1 ps的测量精度.     

脉冲激光测距中高精度时间间隔测量方法的研究

高精度时间间隔测量对脉冲激光测距系统具有重要意义,为此提出了一种新的高精度时间间隔测量方法。该方法在FPGA中实现了脉冲计数法、多相采样法和延迟链法的结合。采用脉冲计数法对被测时间间隔进行“粗值”测量,保证大的动态测量范围。利用FPGA内部锁相环产生N路同频率,相位均匀分布的时钟信号作为计数时钟,基于等精度测频原理,将被测时间间隔的测时分辨率提高到Tclk/N。利用FlipFlop锁存器形成延时链,对被测信号与相邻计数时钟的时间间隔进一步量化。该方法解决了传统多相采样技术中倍频次数高则相移分辨率降低的问题,在不增加计数时钟和有限延迟链数量的前提下,得到较高测时分辨率。测试结果表明,该时间间隔测量模块不但可以实现大的动态测量范围,而且测时过程相对较短,具有较高测时精度。     

脉冲激光测距中高精度时间间隔的测量

考虑时间间隔测量对脉冲激光测距系统的意义,提出了一种新的高精度时间间隔测量方法.该方法在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)中实现了脉冲计数法、多相采样法和延迟链法的结合.采用脉冲计数法对被测时间间隔进行"粗值"测量,保证大的动态测量范围.利用FPGA内部锁相环产生N路同频率,相位均匀分布的时钟信号作为计数时钟,基于等精度测频原理,将被测时间间隔的测时分辨率提高到Tclk/N.利用FlipFlop锁存器形成延时链,对被测信号与相邻计数时钟的时间间隔进一步量化.该方法解决了传统多相采样技术中由于倍频次数高导致相移分辨率降低的问题,在不增加计数时钟和有限延迟链数量的前提下,得到较高测时分辨率.测试结果表明,该时间间隔测量模块的动态测量范围为163.8 μs,测时过程相对较短,当进行多次重复测量时,测量的标准误差在71 ps以内,基本满足实际应用的精度要求.     

基于脉冲磁化的阵列磁桥式位移传感器

针对热轧钢管和在役油井管等铁磁性工件的表面无损检测的应用需求,提出一种阵列磁桥式位移传感方法和传感器,实现在一定空间分辨率下针对表面形貌缺陷的磁成像检测。其中传感器与被测工件共同组成磁回路,并采用特定的紧凑型阵列磁化结构,而具体参数设置较灵活可以获得较好性能。首先通过分时激励减小相邻测点间的互扰,并对阵列中单个位移测量磁路施加脉冲磁化;再间隔采样各个测量磁路中的磁场,计算得到对应位置的位移值。通过理论计算和仿真,本文还研究了传感器在不同基础提离下分辨出方槽状表面形变的分辨力性能,分析了在系统的扫查和采样参数影响下对被测表面成像的空间分辨率性能。相较于已有的H形磁桥式位移传感器位移测量量程为1～5 mm,线性度约2%;实验验证了该阵列传感器的量程为0.2～7.0 mm,B-y位移传感特性曲线拟合的线性度约为1%。     

光谱扫描间隔对节能光源色度测试的影响研究

研究了光谱扫描间隔对节能照明光源色度测试及合格性判断的影响.实验采用积分球-光谱仪测试系统,分别以1nm和5nm两种光谱扫描间隔测量节能灯样品光谱、色温、显色指数、色坐标等参数.实验结果发现:1nm、5nm采样条件下光源光谱功率在610nm附近峰值相差最为显著;1nm扫描间隔所测色温值均高于5nm间隔所测值,显色指数均...     

复杂曲面的三坐标测量机采样参数选取

为了提高复杂曲面零件测量精度,研究三坐标测量机若干采样参数对复杂曲面离散数据法向偏差的影响。文章以采样间隔和测量直径两组采样参数为研究对象,先通过理论分析两组采样参数对复杂曲面测量精度的影响,然后通过实验方法研究两组采样参数对复杂曲面法向偏差的影响,最后对实验数据进行统计分析,得到复杂曲面法向偏差图。研究结果表明:采样间隔和测球直径越小,曲面法向偏差越大,越能够反映曲面实际轮廓,提高了测量精度,保证了测量结果的准确性。     

测量光学元件表面粗糙度的取样问题

根据统计规律,通过对在ZYGOMaxim·3D5700非接触表面轮廓议上测试的6种光学元件表面大量的rms（root－mean－square）数据分析的基础上,认为,在未引入“大”疵病的前提下,被测表面按口径大小和光滑程度取一定的采样区域数就足以表征整个表面的粗糙程度,无需因采样区域数偏少怀疑结果的代表性而添加许多测试区域数。为了反映光学元件整个表面轮廓起伏程度,作者推荐测试结果以rms±σ表征为宜。     

基于采样逼近的准同步改进算法研究

准同步算法在和离散傅里叶变换结合求取周期信号的幅值和相位时,由于被测信号频率未知或仅知道被测信号的频率变化范围,在求解傅里叶系数时只能将采样频率作为被测信号频率带入造成傅里叶系数计算产生理论近似,尤其是在求解各次谐波初相角时频偏越大,求解相位误差相应增大。本文首先基于准同步测频差原理求出被测信号的实际频率,重新选取采样点使其逼近整周期采样点数,再将计算频率代入傅立叶变换中的基函数频率,最后迭代求取傅里叶系数。计算结果表明这种基于频率代入并采样逼近的改进准同步算法可以极大地提高准同步谐波算法的准确度。     

连续式测频

目前广泛使用的采样式测频法,实际上是测量被测频率在采样周期内的平均值,其分辨率不可能做得太高。本文提出一种连续式测频法,它可以连续显示被测频率的瞬时值,精度和分辨率都可以做得很高。文中介绍了这种测频方法的原理,主要逻辑线路和参数的选择。     

离散数据环境下复杂曲面检测点布局策略研究

根据采样策略进行采样点的选择和布局,是对复杂曲面加工质量进行检测轨迹规划的重要内容之一.针对一般曲面采样点布局算法用于离散数据环境下复杂曲面测点布局存在的局限性,通过分析离散数据环境下复杂曲面数据的特点,引入局部网格曲率特性参数,构建基于三角面片微分几何特性的网格简化方法,从而提出基于网格简化的复杂曲面离散数据检测点布局策略,并建立不同层次网格之间距离值相对于简化三角形数量的拟合曲线方程,验证曲率权值优化方法在离散数据环境下对提高复杂曲面采样点布局精度的有效性.     

基于压缩传感理论的随机等效采样信号的重构

随机等效采样技术通过对周期信号进行多次随机时间间隔取样,以时间间隔为序排列采样数据,形成具有较高等效采样率的波形。然而,由于时间间隔的非均匀性,很难采集到足够的有效信号重构原始波形。为了克服这种信息不足引起的重构误差,提出了一种基于压缩传感理论的随机等效采样信号重构方法,构造了随机等效采样测量矩阵。该方法能够对周期信号以低于信号奈奎斯特频率的采样率进行随机采样,通过最优化问题从有限的采样值中重构原始信号。最后通过实验对该方法的可行性进行了验证。     

抽样定理在周期性非连续信号的压电泵气穴现象中的应用方法

抽样时间间隔由抽样定理来决定.压电泵气穴现象所摄取的连续画像也应遵从该定理来抽取得到不连续的静止画像.可是,作为由振动形式驱动的压电泵,气穴现象只发生在吸入工程,了解其气穴现象统计特性时,如果按着抽样定理,在吐出工程的半周期,即使是不发生气穴现象也必须依次抽样.若利用这样的数据系统,数据的样本将过大,对其解析的时间性与经济性均不利.而且,在吐出工程的半周期,是与气穴无关系的信号.因此对于气穴现象数据系统,可以说是输入了错误情报信号.为此,开发了适用于压电泵气穴现象周期性非连续信号的抽样定理的方法;同时,利用这个方法,以有阀压电泵为例,调查了该泵的气穴现象特性之一的中心多发性,发现里利用新方法测得的中心多发几率高于原方法.     

Stability analysis of sample data systems with input missing: A hybrid control approach

In this paper, we establish exponential stability criteria for the sampled-data impulsive control of the linear time-invariant system. With average impulse interval (AII), less conservative conditions are obtained on the exponential stability problem for the sampled-data systems. It is proved that when the AII of the impulsive sequences is fixed, the upper bound of the impulsive intervals could be very large, which guarantees the less conservativeness of the obtained result concerning the sampling intervals. The control input missing is also studied and we establish a new stability criterion for the exponential decay rate and the sampling period which is less conservative than the ones obtained for variable sampling intervals. Two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the obtained result.     

圆柱面形状误差评定的理论与方法

围绕着精确评定圆柱面形状误差的问题，较为全面系统地提出了一套理论和方法。它包括：用于圆柱面形状误差测量的采样原理；精确评定其形状误差的统一数学模型；误差评定求解的优化理论和方法；求解过程中的删点方法以及利用模拟基准件对测量仪器或测量结果验证的方法等，并按照上述主要理论，研制了微机控制的圆度检测系统。经大量实验验证，本理论正确、方法可行。测量系统的精度达到０．０４μｍ。     

Adaptive sampling method for laser measuring free-form surface

In order to achieve high accuracy in the laser measuring of free-form surfaces, equal step-length sampling usually involves much more measurement data than necessary. An equal arc-length sampling method based on tangent extrapolation of cubic spline curves is introduced to solve this problem. By this method, step-length is adjusted adaptively according to the slope variation of the sampled curve with arc-length maintained to be constant, thus the small slope region is sampled sparsely while the large slope region is sampled densely. Sampling simulation of a typical surface proves that the data amount of equal arc-length sampling is much less than that of equal step-length sampling under the same circumstance.     

A robust surface fitting and reconstruction algorithm for form characterization of ultra-precision freeform surfaces

Ultra-precision freeform surfaces are non-rotational symmetric surfaces possessing sub-micrometer form accuracy and nanometric surface finish. Although they can be fabricated accurately by ultra-precision machining technology, their surface quality is difficult to be characterized. Surface reconstruction is a vital task in the form characterization of ultra-precision freeform surfaces. This paper presents a robust surface fitting algorithm to reconstruct a high fidelity surface from measured discrete points while the surface smoothness can be ensured as well. A fitting threshold named confidence interval of fitting error is proposed to strike the balance between fitting accuracy and surface smoothness in the fitting process. The fitting algorithm is in two steps. In the first step, bidirectional sampling method is developed to extract a curve network from measured points cloud to construct an initial surface. In the second step, the fitting error of the initial surface is minimized to meet the prescribed fitting error threshold. A series of experimental work has been conducted and the results show that the proposed algorithm is able to provide effective means for increasing the accuracy in the form characterization of ultra-precision freeform surfaces.     

基于形状特征的自由曲面采样算法的研究

测点采样是自由曲面零件检测的关键步骤.基于零件的两个形状特征因子:曲率因子、局部曲面片大小因子,提出一种面向不同类型曲面的采样算法,推导出曲率因子、局部曲面片大小因子的计算公式,进而优选合理的采样方案.该采样算法具有适应性广、无需繁琐的迭代过程等特点.用NURBS表达曲面,根据零件的梯度信息模拟制造误差并考虑测量误差,对采样过程进行了仿真分析,仿真结果验证了该采样策略的有效性.     

Stress drop and contact stiffness measured from stick-slip experiments on PMMA-PMMA friction

We present results from an extensive stick-slip study on PMMA-PMMA dry friction, where we studied the influence of a wide range of normal stresses, loading velocities and roughnesses of the sliding surfaces. In this paper we focus (a) on the analysis of a residual coefficient of friction, i.e., shear stress measured at the end of the slip phase divided by the corresponding normal stress, and (b) on the contact stiffness measured by plotting the relative displacement between sample against the shear stress during the stick phase. It is shown that the residual coefficient of friction (i) decreases as normal stress increases, (ii) shows a slight increase when the roughness of the sliding surfaces increases and (iii) does not vary according to the loading velocity. The contact stiffness proved independent of loading conditions and of the roughness of the sliding surfaces. These results are interpreted in terms of asperity interlocking. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of Best Objective Function for Evaluating Geometric Deviations

Laser scanning equipment and coordinate measuring machines are used to sample points from manufactured surfaces for inspection purposes. The sampled points are then used to evaluate the geometric deviations associated with the surface. The evaluation of geometric deviations involves an optimisation step which fits a substitute surface to the measured points, while minimising the error between the substitute surface and the measured points. The geometric deviation is equal to the difference between the maximum and the minimum normal distances between the fitted surface and the measured surface points. The choice of the objective function used in fitting the substitute surface affects the accuracy by which the geometric deviations are estimated. This paper presents a procedure for determining the best fitting function. It considers the trade-off between the accuracy of the estimation and the susceptibility to measurements and sampling errors. The proposed procedure has been verified for a number of geometric deviation types. Those results show that adopting a generic form for the fitting objective function may lead to large estimation errors with some geometric deviations, and that the proposed procedure reduces these errors significantly.