碳纳米管/丁腈橡胶复合材料力学及摩擦性能的分子动力学模拟*

采用分子动力学模拟技术,从分子水平研究碳纳米管(CNTs)增强丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料的力学性能及摩擦学性能。运用恒应变法计算材料的力学性能,分别建立纯NBR和CNTs/NBR复合材料的3层模型,并对顶层和底层的铁摩擦副施加剪切载荷,研究材料的摩擦学性能。研究结果表明：在摩擦过程中,由于CNTs表面存在很强的吸附力,抑制了NBR分子链的迁移率,使得CNTs和聚合物分子链间的相互作用增强;CNTs/NBR复合材料具有更高的致密性以及更强的结构,从而表现出了比纯NBR更加优异的力学和摩擦学性能。     

二硫化钼/丁腈橡胶热氧老化及摩擦性能模拟研究

为研究二硫化钼(2H-MoS₂)对抗氧剂4020和丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料热氧老化及摩擦学性能的影响,采用分子动力学(MD)模拟分别建立4020/NBR和MoS₂/4020/NBR复合材料的模型,分析不同温度下2H-MoS₂对热氧老化性能、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明：添加MoS₂后,复合材料的相容性、稳定性和热氧老化性能均得到有效提高,力学性能也得到明显提升,即使在398 K高温下,复合材料也能表现出优异的热氧老化性能和力学性能;与4020/NBR复合材料相比,MoS₂/4020/NBR复合材料在298、398 K温度下的摩擦因数分别减小了约30%和25%,磨损率减小了5%和7%,表明MoS₂可以有效提高NBR复合材料的摩擦学性能。     

含纳米氧化锌丁腈橡胶摩擦学行为的分子动力学模拟

运用分子动力学模拟方法研究纳米氧化锌改善丁腈橡胶摩擦学行为的微观机制,考察纳米氧化锌增强丁腈橡胶的原子运动速度、剪切动力学与摩擦因数。结果表明:在剪切条件下,纳米氧化锌增强丁腈橡胶分子链段沿剪切方向分布完整连续,纳米氧化锌的存在提高了丁腈橡胶分子链的刚性;纳米氧化锌增强丁腈橡胶上下摩擦界面的原子运动速度峰值分别比纯丁腈橡胶材料的低11.8%与37.1%,说明纳米氧化锌的存在限制了胶料摩擦表面原子的热力学运动,减小了胶料摩擦剪切变形的程度;与纯丁腈橡胶材料相比,纳米氧化锌增强丁腈橡胶具有更低的摩擦因数,纳米氧化锌的存在增强了橡胶分子链的结合力,提高了胶料抵御剪切变形的能力,改善了胶料的摩擦学性能。     

碳纳米管/酚醛树脂基复合材料的研究进展

介绍了酚醛树脂(PF)的性质及对其增强改性的必要性,阐述了对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行修饰预处理的原因,并对几种修饰预处理方法进行了归纳对比;然后综述了CNTs/PF基复合材料的制备方法和性能,归纳分析了三种制备方法——溶液共混、干粉混合和原位聚合的优缺点,以及复合材料的力学性能、热学性能和摩擦学性能;最后指出,不能完全有效地阻止CNTs在PF基体中的团聚以及CNTs的增强机理不成熟是现阶段研究CNTs/PF基复合材料面临的两个问题,并针对存在的问题给出了CNTs/PF基复合材料今后的主要研究方向。     

改性玄武岩纤维增强橡胶基摩擦材料的摩擦学性能

采用热压成型工艺制备改性玄武岩纤维增强橡胶基复合材料,考察其力学性能和摩擦学性能,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对摩擦表面和磨料粉尘进行表征。结果表明,与憎水剂和硅烷偶联剂改性玄武岩短纤维及硅烷偶联剂改性玄武岩纤维增强复合材料相比,由于玄武岩纤维碎片的参与,聚醋酸乙烯酯和硅烷偶联剂改性玄武岩纤维增强橡胶基复合材料的摩擦表面上形成了完整且稳定的摩擦膜,这有助于稳定摩擦因数以及降低磨损率,因此表现为具有更好的摩擦学性能。     

碳纳米管及石墨烯协同增强尼龙6摩擦学性能的分子动力学模拟

为研究碳纳米管（CNT）和石墨烯片(GNS)协同增强尼龙6（PA6）复合材料摩擦学及力学性能的微观机制,利用分子动力学方法模拟PA6及其复合材料的拉伸过程及摩擦学行为,分析CNT、GNS对PA6复合材料力学及摩擦学性能的影响。建立Fe原子与纯PA6和PA6/ CNT、PA6/GNS、PA6/GNS/CNT复合材料组成的摩擦学模型,并对模型进行几何优化、退火及动力学平衡,通过对Fe原子施加0.2 GPa应力及0.01 nm/ps速度进行摩擦模拟。研究结果发现,PA6/GNS/CNT复合材料摩擦因数在所有材料中最低为0.252;相比其他3种材料,PA6/GNS/CNT复合材料的抗剪切性能最好,且弹性模量及剪切模量均有提高。通过对比分析4种材料的径向分布函数、摩擦界面温度、材料总势能揭示了CNT和GNS协同增强PA6摩擦学及力学性能的作用机制,指出加入的CNT/GNS通过范德华及静电力作用降低了PA6与Fe原子摩擦副之间的相互作用,此外一维CNT与二维GNS通过π-π堆叠杂化作用形成了3D杂交堆叠体系,协同增强了PA6的摩擦学性能。     

碳织物增强聚合物基自润滑材料摩擦学性能研究进展

从聚合物基体、组分改性、碳织物增强工艺、材料摩擦磨损机制等方面综述碳织物增强树脂基自润滑复合材料摩擦学研究现状。比较热塑性与热固性树脂基体在该类材料中的应用特点,介绍聚合物本体改性和减摩增强填料改性提高摩擦学性能的各种方法,总结当前摩擦学研究中碳织物增强制备工艺及典型材料的摩擦学性能,指出减摩机制、磨损形式、摩擦温升为该类材料摩擦学性能研究中关注的焦点。温度范围广、力学性能优良、易加工成型、无污染的新型材料与成型工艺为今后碳织物增强聚合物基自润滑复合材料摩擦学研究中的首选。     

CNTs/AZ91复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金法和热挤压工艺制备了碳纳米管增强AZ91镁合金(CNTs/AZ91)复合材料,研究了复合材料在干滑动条件下的摩擦磨损性能、磨损形貌及磨损机制,并与AZ91镁合金基体的进行了对比。结果表明:由于CNTs的自润滑和增强作用,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能明显优于基体合金的;随着载荷和CNTs质量分数增加,复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐降低;随着载荷增加,复合材料的磨损量增大;在相同的载荷下,复合材料的磨损量随CNTs质量分数的增大而减小;AZ91镁合金的磨损机制为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,复合材料的磨损机制以轻微的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主。     

聚酰胺摩擦学研究进展

聚酰胺(PA)在摩擦材料领域显示出广阔的应用前景,为了进一步改善其摩擦磨损性能,可用固体润滑剂、颗粒填充、纤维增强、混杂增强等对其进行改性。综述聚酰胺的各种摩擦学改性方法及聚酰胺基复合材料的摩擦磨损形式与机制,指出聚酰胺摩擦学改性的发展方向,包括通过建立适当模型进行摩擦行为的模拟及预测,分析复合材料摩擦磨损机制及工况条件的影响;研究填料或增强纤维与PA基体的界面相容性、稳定性,考察其对摩擦磨损性能的影响;结合使用工况条件,遵循摩擦磨损机制,考察不同填料、增强体之间的协同作用,选用不同类型的增强减磨材料组元和功能组元,采用混杂增强改性,制备高性能的功能PA复合材料。     

复合铸造法制备纳米碳管增强镁基复合材料的研究

采用复合铸造的方法制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)增强镁基复合材料；对其力学性能进行了测试，并对显微组织进行了观察和分析。用透射电镜(TEM)和能谱(EDS)方法对CNTs涂覆层的界面结构和成分进行分析，探讨了CNTS对镁基复合材料的增强机理及作用机制。试验结果表明：加入CNTs后，复合材料的抗拉强度比基体最高可提高150％以上，延伸率最高可提高30％以上，平均弹性模量可增加近80％，硬度可升高6HB；采用化学镀镍方法可在CNTs表面获得均匀的涂覆层，改善CNTs与基体的润湿和结合状况，提高CNTs对镁基材料的增强效果。CNTs对镁基材料具有较好的增强效果，能明显细化晶粒组织．促使复合材料的位错密度增加，大幅度提高复合材料的抗拉强度、延伸率、硬度和平均弹性模量。但在本文试验条件下，CNTs的加入量不能太高，否则，因CNTS难以分散而使复合材料的性能大幅下降。     

聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦性能

采用溶液共混法制备聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料,探讨碳纳米管含量和超声分散时间对聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料摩擦性能的影响。结果表明:随着碳纳米管含量的增加,聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐降低,随着载荷的增大,摩擦因数有所减小;超声分散时间对聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料摩擦性能影响不大;碳纳米管具有较好的润滑性质,可以降低聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦因数,改善聚氨酯的摩擦性能。     

UHMWPE与橡胶共混水润滑轴承摩擦磨损性能试验研究

为改善丁腈橡胶水润滑轴承的摩擦学性能，以丁腈橡胶为基体，通过添加不同量的超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）粉末（分别为丁腈橡胶量的12%、50%、100%）制得3种复合材料；分析不同复合材料的结构，研究其在水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性，并与纯丁腈橡胶和纯UHMWPE材料进行对比。结果表明：制备的UHMWPE与丁腈橡胶复合材料中，UHMWPE以分散相的形式分布在丁腈橡胶基体中，分布较为均匀；UHMWPE的加入提高了丁腈橡胶材料的自润滑性能，其中UHMWPE的添加量为丁腈橡胶的50%和100%时复合材料在低速时的摩擦因数明显减小；UHMWPE的加入提高了丁腈橡胶基体的硬度，改善了复合材料摩擦表面的挤压变形，使得复合材料的磨损量有所降低。研究表明，一定添加量的UHMWPE添加量可明显改善丁腈橡胶水润滑轴承的摩擦学性能，其最佳添加量为丁腈橡胶的50%。     

Tribological Behavior of Carbon-Nanotube-Filled PTFE Composites

Carbon nanotube/polytetrafluoroethylene (CNT/PTFE) composites with different volume fractions were prepared and their friction and wear properties were investigated using a ring-on-block under dry conditions. It was found that CNTs signifi-cantly increased the wear resistance of PTFE composites and decreased their coefficient of friction. PTFE composites with 15–20 vol.% CNTs exhibited very high wear resistance. The significant improvements in the tribological properties of CNT/PTFE composites are attributed to the super-strong mechanical properties and the very high aspect ratio of CNTs. The CNTs greatly reinforce the structure of the PTFE-based composites and thereby greatly reduce the adhesive and plough wear of CNT/PTFE composites. The CNTs are released from the composite during sliding and transferred to the interface of the friction couples. They thus serve as spacers, preventing direct contact between the mating surfaces and thereby reducing both wear rate and friction coefficient.     

聚苯酯填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学行为研究

采用聚苯酯（Ekonol）、Ekonol／PAB纤维增强聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）制备利用转移膜润滑的摩擦副材料，并研究了两组材料在于摩擦条件下与9Cr18轴承钢对摩时的摩擦学性能；运用扫描电镜分析了两组材料磨损表面形貌和磨损机理。结果表明：随着Ekonol含量的增大，Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐增大，当Ekonol质量分数超过25％时摩擦因数略有下降，磨损方式由以犁削磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主；而Ekonol／PAB纤维填充门FE复合材料的摩擦因数，随Ekonol含量的增大而增大，磨损方式由以粘着磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主。Ekonol／PAB纤维填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦学性能优于Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料。     

Effect of Carbon Nanotube Addition on Tribological Behavior of UHMWPE

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to improve the tribological properties of UHMWPE. CNTs which have a diameter of about 10–50 nm, while their length is about 3–5 nm were produced by the catalytic decomposition of acetylene gas using a tube furnace. Ball-on-disc-type wear tests were performed to evaluate the tribological performance of UHMWPE composites reinforced with CNTs. The results showed that addition of carbon nanotube up to 0.5 wt% lowered wear loss significantly and increased friction coefficient slightly. Also through the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surfaces of UHMWPE were observed and analyzed to discuss the tribological behavior of CNT added UHMWPE.     

Effect of rare earths on mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fibers reinforced PTFE composite

The effect of a rare earth (RE) surface treatment on the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites was experimentally investigated. The tensile properties of the CF reinforced PTFE (CF/PTFE) composites treated with air oxidation and RE modifier were superior to those of untreated CF/PTFE composites, while RE treatment was most effective in promoting the tensile strength and strain at break of the CF/PTFE composite. The bending strength of the RE treated CF/PTFE composite was improved by about 16% compared with that of untreated composites, while 2% improvement was achieved by air oxidation. Under oil-lubricated conditions, RE treatment was more effective than air oxidation to reduce the friction coefficient and wear of PTFE composite. RE treatment effectively improved the interfacial adhesion between CF and PTFE. The strong interfacial coupling of the composite made CF not easy to detach from the PTFE matrix, and prevented the rubbing-off of PTFE, accordingly improved the friction and wear properties of the composite.     

NBR Powder Modified Phenolic Resin Composite: Influence of Graphite on Tribological and Thermal Properties

The incorporation of graphite as a solid lubricant in the formulation of brake friction material is well-recognized practice. However, achieving the desired level of performances using graphite is still a significant challenge, due to difficulty in dispersion and loading of graphite in composite materials. The present investigation was aimed at identifying the effect of graphite loading on the tribological and thermal properties of a composite made from phenolic resin modified with powdered acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Five composites were prepared with different proportions of graphite (0–40 phr) to the phenolic resin. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity measurements were carried out to demonstrate the thermal stability and thermal conductivity behaviors. Both the thermal stability and thermal conductivity were found to increase with an increase in graphite content. On the other hand, the tribological properties were found to be optimum at a definite loading of graphite (30 phr). The change in surface morphology of these composites was studied before and after the friction test and correlated with the tribological properties. This investigation provides guidelines for achieving a high-performance composite using graphite for brake friction materials.     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰碳纤维对环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为提高碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面结合性能,从而提高复合材料的摩擦学性能,用聚多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺对碳纤维进行表面修饰,利用光谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析修饰前后碳纤维表面的化学组成和微观结构,利用万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机考察碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明：碳纤维经表面处理之后的粗糙程度和活性官能团增多,改善了纤维与树脂之间的界面结合,使得复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度得到不同程度的提高;与未修饰碳纤维增强的环氧树脂复合材料相比,表面修饰碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性能得到了很大程度的提高,复合材料的磨损机制也由疲劳磨损转变为磨粒磨损。