基于复小波块阈值的降噪方法及其在机械故障诊断中的应用

提出一种基于对偶树复小波块阈值的信号降噪方法,并将其成功应用于机械故障诊断中.机械设备的振动信号都或多或少地含有噪声,导致弱故障信息的提取一直是故障诊断的难点和热点.提出的降噪方法充分利用对偶树复小波变换的平移不变性和块阈值法的更优估计特性,可以获得比常规的小波降噪方法以及基于常规离散正交小波变换的NeighBlock降噪法更高的信噪比,不仅能有效抑制高斯白噪声,还能够去除冲击信号中的脉冲噪声.对实际信号的研究表明:这种降噪方法可以提取齿轮箱早期故障信息和强噪声背景情况下的隐含故障信息,特别对提取弱冲击故障信号非常有效.     

对偶树复小波阈值降噪法及在机械故障诊断中的应用

为有效提取强噪声背景下微弱故障信号,提出了一种基于对偶树复小波的阈值降噪方法及其小波滤波器的设计原则,将其应用于机械故障诊断,取得了较好效果.阐述了对偶树复小波变换滤波器的设计要求和对偶树复小波阈值降噪法的实施步骤.该法充分利用了对偶树复小波变换的平移不变性的优良特性,试验表明:此法可以获得比常规的离散小波降噪更高的信...     

DT-CWT相关滤波在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

根据小波系数的相关分析理论,提出了基于双树复小波变换的小波相关滤波法。该方法根据相邻层小波系数的相关性,通过迭代过程自适应地进行滤波,能够在达到良好降噪效果的同时保留微弱故障特征信息。对降噪后的信号进行希尔伯特包络分析便可准确得到故障特征频率。试验信号分析与工程应用结果表明,该方法能够有效提取强背景噪声下的齿轮箱轴承早期故障特征信息。     

基于注意力机制的一维卷积神经网络行星齿轮箱故障诊断

针对行星齿轮箱故障信号成分复杂和时变性强的特点,提出了基于注意力机制的一维卷积神经网络(１D-CNN )行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法.首先,将行星齿轮箱各类故障状态的原始振动信号进行分段处理,作为模型的输入;其次,利用一维卷积神经网络对行星齿轮箱的原始振动信号学习齿轮故障特征,结合注意力机制( AM )对特征序列自适应的赋予不同的权重,增强故障特征信息;最后,利用 Softmax 分类器实现行星齿轮箱的故障诊断.通过故障实验验证以及与其他模型的对比,该故障诊断模型具有较强的学习能力,诊断性能优于其他的深度学习模型,有较好的工程实际意义.     

复小波分解联合SVD提取振动信号非平稳特征

针对齿轮箱故障信号的多分量多频调制特点,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的最优小波解调技术。首先,采用小波变换的最小Shannon熵作为时间尺度分辨率的度量指标,将其应用到Morlet分析小波的参数优化选择中;其次,对常规小波参数选择方法进行了改进,利用奇异值分解技术对最优小波变化尺度进行了迭代搜索。该方法可以很好地降低噪声信号,有效提取信号中的周期成分,具有较好的瞬态信息提取能力。试验结果也表明了该方法在齿轮箱故障特征提取中的重要性以及降噪方法的有效性。     

基于小波包近似熵和SVM的圆柱滚子轴承诊断

为了解决特种车辆变速箱圆柱滚子轴承由于振动信号的非线性、非平稳特征较为微弱,提取的特征量数值不明显且现实中难以获得大量含丰富特征的典型故障样本而难以对其进行准确诊断的问题,应用小波包近似熵和支持向量机对特种车辆变速箱圆柱滚子轴承进行诊断。首先,在自行搭建的模拟实验台上采集某型特种车辆变速箱圆柱滚子轴承正常、外圈磨损、滚动体故障、点蚀和压痕4种典型状态的振动信号;然后,分别提取4种典型状态振动信号的小波包近似熵值作为支持向量机的输入,根据支持向量机的输出结果来确定圆柱滚子轴承是否发生故障和故障类型。结果表明,该方法能有效对某型特种车辆变速箱圆柱滚子轴承的典型状态进行诊断,为其他相似变速箱圆柱滚子轴承的故障诊断提供一种参考途径,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法研究及其在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的应用

齿轮箱由于其工况复杂、工作环境恶劣,极易发生故障,并且振动信号中往往包含多种成分并且伴随着强烈的背景噪声,给齿轮箱故障诊断带来了很大的困难。稀疏分解方法能够在强背景噪声下有效地提取瞬态特征成分,针对传统稀疏分解方法存在的计算效率低,幅值低估以及估计精度不足等问题,提出了一种基于调Q小波变换(Tunable Q-factor wavelet transform,TQWT)作为稀疏表示字典的广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法。该方法研究了满足紧框架条件的TQWT来构建稀疏表示字典,然后基于Moreau包络平滑思想提出广义平滑对数正则化方法,该罚函数可以在保持幅值的基础上精确重构出齿轮箱故障瞬态成分,最后利用前向后项分裂(Forward-backward splitting,FBS)算法精确求解该稀疏表示模型。仿真信号和试验信号验证了所提方法在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的有效性。     

小波包与改进BP神经网络相结合的齿轮箱故障识别

应用小波包分解技术提取齿轮箱振动信号中的故障特征向量,并以此作为改进BP神经网络的输入,对神经网络进行训练,建立了齿轮箱运行状态分类器,用以识别齿轮箱的运行状态。试验结果表明,小波包分解与神经网络相结合的齿轮箱齿轮故障识别方法是可靠的,可以准确识别齿轮箱的故障。     

基于小波包变换与神经网络的齿轮故障诊断方法

对齿轮箱故障诊断问题进行研究,由于齿轮的振动信号是非平稳信号,常规的齿轮特征提取方法难以从振动信号中提取有效故障特征信息。笔者采用小波包理论对齿轮振动信号应用db12小波进行多层分解后,从而对信号进行消噪,并对消噪后的信号进行小波包3层分解及系数重构,再次对各频段能量进行处理分析从而得到特征向量。最终应用归一化方法对特征向量处理后再结合RBF神经网络进行故障诊断,并且取得了良好的诊断效果。     

A hybrid fault diagnosis method based on second generation wavelet de-noising and local mean decomposition for rotating machinery

In order to extract fault features of large-scale power equipment from strong background noise, a hybrid fault diagnosis method based on the second generation wavelet de-noising (SGWD) and the local mean decomposition (LMD) is proposed in this paper. In this method, a de-noising algorithm of second generation wavelet transform (SGWT) using neighboring coefficients was employed as the pretreatment to remove noise in rotating machinery vibration signals by virtue of its good effect in enhancing the signal–noise ratio (SNR). Then, the LMD method is used to decompose the de-noised signals into several product functions (PFs). The PF corresponding to the faulty feature signal is selected according to the correlation coefficients criterion. Finally, the frequency spectrum is analyzed by applying the FFT to the selected PF. The proposed method is applied to analyze the vibration signals collected from an experimental gearbox and a real locomotive rolling bearing. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has better performances such as high SNR and fast convergence speed than the normal LMD method.     

结合复小波包变换及频谱校正的机械转子碰摩故障诊断方法研究

针对机械转子系统中碰摩故障发生时故障特征微弱及识别困难的问题,提出一种结合双树复小波包变换及频谱校正的故障诊断方法。首先对于振动位移信号中工频基波成分,采用频谱加矩形窗的频谱校正方法识别其谐波信息,通过构造补偿信号进行对消,以减少其对后续特征提取的影响。其次通过双树复小波包对补偿过的信号进行多尺度分解;最后对小波包子空间信号进行希尔伯特包络解调分析,通过瞬时幅值及瞬时频率信息诊断转子的动静碰摩故障。在转子实验台上进行了实验验证,结果表明提出的方法能有效提取转子碰摩产生的微弱故障特征。     

Blind vibration component separation and nonlinear feature extraction applied to the nonstationary vibration signals for the gearbox multi-fault diagnosis

Fault diagnosis of gearboxes, especially the gears and bearings, is of great importance to the long-term safe operation. An unexpected damage on the gearbox may break the whole transmission line down. It is therefore crucial for engineers and researchers to monitor the health condition of the gearbox in a timely manner to eliminate the impending faults. However, useful fault detection information is often submerged in heavy background noise. Thereby, a new fault detection method for gearboxes using the blind source separation (BSS) and nonlinear feature extraction techniques is presented in this paper. The nonstationary vibration signals were analyzed to reveal the operation state of the gearbox. The kernel independent component analysis (KICA) algorithm was used hereby as the BSS approach for the mixed observation signals of the gearbox vibration to discover the characteristic vibration source associated with the gearbox faults. Then the wavelet packet transform (WPT) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) nonlinear analysis methods were employed to deal with the nonstationary vibrations to extract the original fault feature vector. Moreover, the locally linear embedding (LLE) algorithm was performed as the nonlinear feature reduction technique to attain distinct features from the feature vector. Lastly, the fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN) was applied to the fault pattern identification of the gearbox. Two case studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic approach. One is for the gear fault diagnosis, and the other is to diagnose the rolling bearing faults of the gearbox. The nonstationary vibration data was acquired from the gear and rolling bearing fault test-beds, respectively. The experimental test results show that sensitive fault features can be extracted after the KICA processing, and the proposed diagnostic system is effective for the multi-fault diagnosis of the gears and rolling bearings. In addition, the proposed method can achieve higher performance than that without KICA processing with respect to the classification rate.     

基于最优Morlet小波的滚动轴承故障诊断

将最优Morlet小波和阈值降噪法相结合,进行强噪声背景下滚动轴承故障诊断.依据峭度最大准则确定最优Morlet小波基.利用连续小波变换和软阈值法对振动信号降噪.试验表明,该方法具有良好的去噪性能,并能更好地提取滚动轴承振动信号中的故障特征.     

Intelligent condition monitoring of a gearbox using artificial neural network

This paper concentrates on a new procedure which experimentally recognises gears and bearings faults of a typical gearbox system using a multi-layer perceptron neural network. Feature vector which is one of the most significant parameters to design an appropriate neural network was innovated by standard deviation of wavelet packet coefficients. The gear conditions were considered to be normal gearbox and slight- and medium-worn and broken-teeth gears faults and a general bearing fault which were five neurons of output layer with the aim of fault detection and identification. A downscaled 2-layer multi-layer perceptron neural-network-based system with great accuracy was designed to carry out the task. In this research, vibration signals were recognised as the most reliable source to extract the feature vector which were synchronised by piecewise cubic hermite interpolation (PCHI) and pre-processed using the standard deviation of wavelet packet coefficients.     

基于连续小波灰度图的变速箱故障诊断

为了诊断汽车变速箱的周期性冲击故障，利用连续小波变换灰度图分别对正常和故障汽车变速箱振动信号进行了分析。结果发现，连续小波灰度图不仅能识别变速箱的正常与故障，准确提取出周期性冲击故障信息，而且能够非常直观形象地表达出信号的细微结果，并进一步显示出故障变速箱中同时存在的两种相同频率的故障信息，从多层次、多方位观察到了分析信号的细微变化。     

Detection of signal transients based on wavelet and statistics for machine fault diagnosis

This paper presents a transient detection method that combines continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test for machine fault diagnosis. According to this method, the CWT represents the signal in the time-scale plane, and the proposed “step-by-step detection” based on K–S test identifies the transient coefficients. Simulation study shows that the transient feature can be effectively identified in the time-scale plane with the K–S test. Moreover, the transients can be further transformed back into the time domain through the inverse CWT. The proposed method is then utilized in the gearbox vibration transient detection for fault diagnosis, and the results show that the transient features both expressed in the time-scale plane and re-constructed in the time domain characterize the gearbox condition and fault severity development more clearly than the original time domain signal. The proposed method is also applied to the vibration signals of cone bearings with the localized fault in the inner race, outer race and the rolling elements, respectively. The detected transients indicate not only the existence of the bearing faults, but also the information about the fault severity to a certain degree.     

双矢时域齿轮早期微弱故障特征增强及应用

信噪比低和源信息的缺失是造成早期微弱故障难以准确判定的主要因素,针对以此问题,提出一种双矢时域变换(dual vector time-time domain transform,简称DVTD)的方法,用于完备和凸显齿轮早期微弱故障特征。方法借用全矢原理实现相互垂直的双通道振动信号的融合,保证双矢信号源信息的完整。在此基础上,结合双时域变换理论,提取二维时间序列的主对角元素用以构建完整的、故障特征增强的时域振动信号。以风电机组齿轮箱为实验对象,提取表征信号波动强度的小尺度指数作为状态特征,验证了双矢时域变换的微弱故障特征增强特性及其在齿轮早期微弱故障识别中应用的有效性。     

基于改进经验小波变换的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

行星齿轮箱振动信号具有复杂多分量和调幅-调频的特点。幅值解调和频率解调方法能够避免传统Fourier频谱中的复杂边带分析,有效识别故障特征频率。经验小波变换通过对信号Fourier频谱的分割构造一组正交滤波器组,能提取具有紧支撑Fourier频谱的单分量成分,再对单分量成分运用Hilbert变换即可实现信号的解调分析。经验小波变换能够有效分离出调幅-调频成分,不存在模态混叠现象,具有完备的理论基础,自适应性好、算法简单、计算速度快。将改进的经验小波变换应用于行星齿轮箱振动信号的解调分析;提出了一种单分量个数的估算方法,解决了经验小波变换中的Fourier频谱划分问题;给出了对故障敏感的信号分量的选取方法,提高了分析的针对性。将改进方法应用于行星齿轮箱振动仿真信号和实验信号分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

改进小波去噪Teager算子的齿轮微弱故障提取方法

针对齿轮箱在强噪声背景下齿轮微弱故障振动信号的特征不易被提取的问题,提出将改进小波去噪和Teager能量算子相结合的微弱故障特征提取方法。采用改进小波阈值函数对振动信号进行去噪处理,与形态学滤波和传统小波阈值函数相比能够有效地提高信号的信噪比。对去噪后的信号进行集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)得到若干本征模式函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF),计算各IMF分量与原信号的相关系数并结合各IMF分量的频谱剔除虚假分量。对有效的IMF分量计算其Teager能量算子,并重构得到Teager能量谱,对重构信号进行时频分析并将其结果与原信号的希尔伯特黄变换(HilbertHuang transform,简称HHT)得到的边际谱进行对比。实验研究结果表明,本研究方法相比HHT能够对齿轮微弱故障特征进行更为有效地提取,验证了本研究方法在齿轮箱微弱故障诊断中的可行性。     

基于小波相关排列熵的轴承早期故障诊断技术

针对机械系统早期故障诊断困难的问题,引入滤波效果良好的小波相关滤波法(Wavelet transform correlation filter,WTCF)和对信号微弱变化特征敏感的排列熵算法,定义一种新的小波相关排列熵(Wavelet correlation permutation entropy,WCPE)的概念,并提出基于WCPE的特征提取方法。对采集到的设备振动信号进行WTCF处理,得到信噪比较高的各层小波系数,在此基础上计算小波系数的排列熵复杂度,构造信号沿各小波分解层分布的WCPE特征矢量,并据此分析振动信号的微弱变化。通过对滚动轴承全寿命振动数据的分析,证明基于WCPE提取的信号特征不但能够准确表征轴承由正常状态到故障状态的详细变化过程,还能及时检测出轴承的早期故障。对比小波熵及小波相关特征尺度熵等其他早期故障诊断方法,该方法可显著提前滚动轴承早期故障的检出时间。