Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削试验研究

分析了Cu-3镍铜合金砂带磨削加工过程中,砂带粒度和磨削用量的不同对磨削加工效率、工件表面质量和砂带磨损的影响。采用氧化铝磨料砂带在不同的砂带线速度或磨削压力下对镍铜合金进行了工艺试验,对材料去除量、工件表面粗糙度和砂带磨损量进行了测量。研究表明:增加砂带线速度和磨削压力可在一定程度上提高材料去除率和磨削比;随着磨削压力的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈增大趋势;随着砂带粒度的增大,工件表面粗糙度呈减小趋势;砂带线速度为25m/s,磨削压力为43N,砂带粒度为P240时,镍铜合金综合磨削效果最好。     

钢轨砂带打磨与砂轮打磨综合性能对比实验研究

基于自主研发的锂电驱动钢轨砂带打磨机和砂轮打磨机,以60N型钢轨廓形作为实验对象,全面对比了新型钢轨砂带打磨技术和传统砂轮打磨技术的性能。结果表明：当打磨压力在45～75 N范围内时,砂带打磨的材料去除率约为砂轮打磨的15～30倍,而当压力增大到90 N时,砂带打磨的材料去除率高达砂轮打磨的102倍;砂带打磨的振动加速度、噪声和能耗均小于砂轮打磨;砂带打磨切屑为带状,而砂轮打磨则表现为高温熔融状,同时当打磨压力增大到105 N时,砂轮打磨后钢轨表面会出现发蓝现象,而砂带打磨不会;此外,砂带打磨的横向表面粗糙度大于砂轮打磨,最高可达8 μm,但满足中国铁路钢轨养护要求的最大值10 μm。综上,钢轨砂带打磨技术在材料去除率、振动、噪声、能耗和温度等方面显著优于传统砂轮打磨技术,预期将成为工程实际中解决钢轨严重病害问题的有效方法之一。     

高速铁路钢轨打磨技术的发展现状与展望

钢轨在服役过程中不可避免会产生波磨、裂纹、剥离、肥边等各种损伤和缺陷,严重影响其使用寿命和列车运行安全。钢轨打磨是当前国内外公认的去除表面损伤和缺陷、抑制滚动接触疲劳、改善轮轨匹配关系、延长钢轨使用寿命、提高列车运行平稳性、安全性以及乘客舒适度的有效和通用手段。概述预打磨、预防性打磨和修复性打磨三种钢轨打磨策略,然后将适用于高速铁路的钢轨打磨技术系统性的分为砂轮端面打磨技术、砂轮周面打磨技术、铣磨复合打磨技术、砂轮高速打磨技术和砂带打磨技术,并对每种打磨技术的原理、国内外相关研究及其对应的典型打磨装备发展现状进行详细评述,最后指出高速铁路钢轨打磨装备总体上呈现智能化、高效化、多样化和绿色化发展趋势,打磨技术将随着先进制造理念的不断渗透而发展进步,同时须研发我国自主化高端钢轨打磨装备,以全面提升我国高速铁路钢轨维护水平。     

氧化铝空心球砂带磨削钛合金的材料去除及表面质量研究

为了解决航空发动机钛合金叶片磨削加工中砂带使用寿命不足的问题，采用新型氧化铝空心球开展钛合金试样砂带磨削的相关工艺试验研究。通过单因素试验分析氧化铝空心球砂带加工钛合金板材中工艺参数对表面粗糙度和磨削比的影响，确定空心球砂带磨削钛合金参数的合理范围，进而通过正交试验研究磨削压力、磨削线速度、进给速度以及磨粒粒度等因素对表面粗糙度和磨削比的影响程度，确定空心球砂带磨削钛合金的最优工艺参数组合。     

The effect of the severity of the grinding mode on the wear characteristics of grade 36 Al2O3- and Al2O3-ZeO2-coated abrasive belts

With the trend toward increased production rates, demands on coated abrasive belts are becoming increasingly severe. A study was made of the wear and performance characteristics of two abrasive minerals used in two very different modes of grinding, a low pressure constant-load grinding test (to represent relatively mild grinding and finishing applications) and a high pressure constant-rate test (to represent severe machining applications). Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ minerals in a resin-bonded cloth-backed construction generally used for most metal-working applications were studied.A variety of techniques were used to analyze and to define wear and grinding performance. These included the measurement of the caliper, energy consumption, mineral utilization and surface profiles of the belts, together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of belts at various stages of wear. Substantial differences were found in many areas, both for the two mineral types used in the same grinding mode and for the same mineral used in different grinding modes. Interesting data showing mineral consumption during the grinding process and SEM visual identification of key differences in coated abrasive wear are presented. The study indicates that, although a coated abrasive belt can function effectively over a wide range of applications, its wear characteristics will vary with the severity of the application.     

Coated abrasive machining of 1018 steel, 1095 steel and 304 stainless steel at moderate to high rates of stock removal using a buffered tri-potassium phosphate solution

A coated abrasive machining method that results in moderate to high metal removal rates was used in evaluating a 10% aqueous solution of K₃PO₄ as a grinding aid. The K₃PO₄ solution was buffered with NaH₂PO₄ to reduce its caustic nature and to add additional phosphate ions to increase the grinding aid effect. Tests run on 1018 steel, 1095 steel and 304 stainless steel at three rates of metal removal show that the phosphate solution increases the amount of metal that can be removed with an abrasive belt over that removed in dry grinding or with some commonly used watersoluble commercial lubricants. By reducing the rate of mineral wear on the belt, the K₃PO₄ solution both increases belt efficiency and reduces thermal surface damage to the workpiece.     

强力砂带平面磨削的磨削机理（上）

报导了在强力砂带磨削工艺实现与磨削机理研究等方面所做的工作，重点介绍了磨削加工精度、磨削温度、砂带磨损、工件表面残余应力等磨削机理方面的研究结果。这些研究结果对完善磨削机理和强力砂带平面磨削工艺在我国广泛应用具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Wear behavior of diamond wheel for grinding optical connector ferrule — FEA and wear test —

The grinding characteristics and the wear behavior of diamond wheel for grinding the optical connector ferrule were investigated by finite element analysis (FEA) and wear test. FEA of contact between diamond wheel and ferrule shows that the subsurface damage area of ferrule is 13μm from the interface of abrasive particle and matrix. Fallout of abrasive particle is affected by the stress state at the interface. A 2-D finite element model was established to calculate the distribution of stress at the interface. As the result of FEA, fallout condition of abrasive was concerned with the ratio of the critical protrusion; the ratio of particle size is about 0.6. FE model was established to investigate the effects of the diamond concentration of wheel. The FEA result shows that the lower concentration of it has larger wear volume due to the small stress propagation. To investigate grinding performance, the pin-on-disc wear test was carried out for three types of concentrations 75%, 100% and 125%. Through the wear test, it was confirmed that the 75% wheel concentration has the highest amount of wear volume. This result shows good agreement with that of FEA. And 100% concentration by considering the grinding ratio of the wheel shows the best optimized result for the grinding performance. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Maenghyo Cho Chang-Min Suh received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from Busan Na-tional University in 1964 and 1968, respectively, and received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Tokyo in 1981. He now is a professor at Kyungpook National University. He has served as the Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Kyungpook National University, a Visiting Professor of Materials Science and Engineering in Univ. of California Berkeley, a Head of the Institute of Engineering Design Technology Kyungpook Nat’l Univ, and a Head of the Technology Innovation Center designated by the Department of Commerce and Industry of Korea.     

船用螺旋桨砂带磨削研究

为改善船用螺旋桨叶片的磨削效果,采用两种不同磨料砂带对螺旋桨叶片进行了磨削试验。讨论了砂带线速度、法向磨削压力、磨料种类对材料去除率的影响;分析了砂带粒度和接触轮硬度对表面粗糙度的影响。试验表明:使用砂带磨削螺旋桨不仅可行,并且具有较高的材料去除率,可获得较小的加工表面粗糙度。该研究为确定合理的螺旋桨砂带磨削工艺参数提供了依据。     

AZ91镁合金超涂层砂带磨削特性试验研究

分析了AZ91镁合金砂带磨削过程中砂带的磨损特征,找到了产生较低材料切除率的原因,通过砂带磨削AZ91镁合金的试验研究提出了提高材料切除率的方法,该研究对生产实践具有理论指导意义。     

Effects of Abrasive Types on Grinding of Chopped Strand Mat Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

A grindability study of chopped strand mat glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates (CSM GFRP) has been carried out to evaluate the effects of abrasive types on grinding force ratio and area roughness at varying grinding parameters such as speed, feed and depth of cut. Performances of alumina (Al₂O₃) and cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels were compared. Both wheels delivered the maximum grinding force ratios at low speed, high feed and low depth of cut. Alumina wheel produced smoother surface when grinding at low speed, low feed and high depth of cut. CBN wheel, on the other hand, gave smoother surface at high feed and low depth of cut conditions, regardless of speed. With CBN wheel, it is likely that a single grinding condition exists that maximizes grinding force ratio and minimizes area roughness. The findings indicate that CBN wheel exhibited higher grinding force ratio than alumina grinding wheel in general. CBN grinding wheel also outperformed alumina grinding wheel by producing smoother ground surface in most cases.     

Abrasive wear of a single CBN grain in ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding

Research into the single grain cutting mechanism is important for understanding complex grinding mechanisms. Based on the characteristics of ultrasonic vibration, the motion equation of the grain is established, and the generated trajectory is theoretically analyzed. By adopting the method of combining high-speed grinding technology with ultrasonic vibration, abrasive wear forms of single cubic boron nitride (CBN) grains under common and ultrasonic conditions are studied. Further studies are conducted on the influence of the grain itself and the main grinding parameters on abrasive wear. Research shows that the main forms of abrasive wear during ultrasonic-assisted grinding are shearing wear and removing wear. However, common grinding leads to micro-crushing wear and a small amount of abrasion wear; the different forms of wear correspond to different grinding force signals. The greater the initial grain protrusion height, the greater is the abrasion of the protrusion; for the same grain protrusion height, the abrasive wear due to ultrasonic-assisted grinding is larger than that due to common grinding. As the grinding depth increases, the abrasive wear of both processing modes increases; however, in the case of ultrasonic machining, the abrasive wear increases slowly and is larger than that under common grinding. This study provides a certain decision basis for real-time monitoring of the ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding process. Additionally, it provides guidance and reference for the manufacture and selection of the grinding wheel and for the selection of reasonable processing parameters.     

基于LSTM-RNN的滚动轴承故障多标签分类方法

为实时监测砂带磨损状态，采用基于磨削声信号与电流信号的监测方案。首先，利用时域分析方法与小波包分析方法提取砂带磨损信号特征，通过朴素贝叶斯方法融合两种信号，从而识别砂带磨损状态；其次，为提高砂带磨损状态识别准确率，针对朴素贝叶斯方法的分类特性，改进了一种基于Fisher判别率与互信息的信号特征选择方法。实验结果表明，利用基于Fisher判别率与互信息方法能够挑选出可分性好同时特征间相关性弱的信号特征，基于朴素贝叶斯的砂带磨损状态识别方法能够准确地识别砂带磨损状态。     

The effect of anisotropicity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) during two-body abrasion

The effect of anisotropicity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) during two-body abrasive wear was investigated by rubbing the wood with five different orientations while using constant surface pressure and a sanding belt with very fine abrasive grits. The anisotropic nature was found to affect the microstructure of the worn surface and the breakage mechanism of the surface. The properties of the particles that were released from the surface during abrasion were dependent on the grinding orientation and if the particle originated from early- or latewood. The wear process was influenced by the anisotropic nature of wood.     

螺杆转子砂带磨削装置开发及材料去除率预测

为实现螺杆转子表面磨削材料的均匀去除,开发了一种新型砂带磨削装置,该装置由接触轮式及自由式砂带磨削工具组成。针对磨削工具与工件的接触特点分别采用半解析法及几何近似法建立接触模型,获得接触区域内接触应力分布规律。提出了基于ThunderGBM算法的材料去除率预测模型,以接触应力及磨削工艺参数作为输入,对螺杆转子砂带磨削材料去除率进行了预测,然后针对五头螺杆转子设计并实施了磨削实验。实验数据与数值计算结果的对比表明提出的去除率预测模型具有较高的准确性与有效性。     

In-process endpoint detection of weld seam removal in robotic abrasive belt grinding process

This paper proposes a novel approach for in-process endpoint detection of weld seam removal during robotic abrasive belt grinding process using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and support vector machine (SVM). A virtual sensing system is developed consisting of a force sensor, accelerometer sensor and machine learning algorithm. This work also presents the trend of the sensor signature at each stage of weld seam evolution during its removal process. The wavelet decomposition coefficient is used to represent all possible types of transients in vibration and force signals generated during grinding over weld seam. “Daubechies-4” wavelet function was used to extract features from the sensors. An experimental investigation using three different weld profile conditions resulting from the weld seam removal process using abrasive belt grinding was identified. The SVM-based classifier was employed to predict the weld state. The results demonstrate that the developed diagnostic methodology can reliably predict endpoint at which weld seam is removed in real time during compliant abrasive belt grinding.     

超硬磨料砂轮修整及点轮修整技术

与普通磨料砂轮相比,采用金刚石车削法修整超硬磨料砂轮,修整力大、工具磨损快、修整时间长、效率低、精度低及质量差,致使超硬磨料砂轮的优异性能得不到充分发挥,砂轮修整已经成为制约超硬磨料砂轮工程应用的主要瓶颈.在超硬磨料砂轮修整研究方面,科研成果众多,技术各有特点,然而工程应用有限.点轮修整是集金刚石车削修整、金刚石滚轮磨...     

Sensor elements made of conductive silicone rubber for passively compliant gripper

Grinding is regarded as a special multiple edge cutting process, in which the abrasive grains remove the workpiece material at the microlevel. The grain–workpiece interaction, which resembles the microcutting process, directly modifies the workpiece surface and dominates all the output measures of grinding process. Recently, a virtual single-layer cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel model is developed by simulating each wheel fabrication step, which makes the estimation of the single grain material removal mode possible in grinding. Therefore, the study of the grain–workpiece interaction through microcutting behavior on the abrasive grains becomes necessary for the quantitative investigation of grinding processes. In this paper, the influence of the grain orientation on the microcutting performance of CBN grains is studied through finite element method (FEM) simulation based on response surface methodology (RSM). The FEM simulation helps in both qualitative and quantitative understanding of microcutting process. And the RSM analysis is proved to be an effective tool for factorial analysis in this paper. The results indicate that the single grain microcutting force is sensitive to the grain wear condition and orientation status, and there exists preferable orientation condition for microcutting with abrasive grains to achieve minimum cutting force.     

Grinding of aluminium silicon carbide metal matrix composite materials by electrolytic in-process dressing grinding

The grinding cost of metal matrix composite materials is more due to low removal rates and high rates of wear of super abrasive wheels. This electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) technique uses a metal-bonded grinding wheel that is electrolytically dressed during the grinding process for abrasives that protrude continuously from super abrasive wheels. This research carries out ELID grinding using various current duty ratios and conventional grinding of 10% SiC_p reinforced 2,124 aluminium composite materials. Normal forces and tangential forces are monitored. Surface roughness of the ground surface, Vickers hardness numbers and metal removal rate (MRR) are measured. The results show that the cutting forces in the ELID grinding are unstable throughout the grinding process due to the breakage of an insulating layer formed on the surface of grinding wheel and are less than conventional grinding forces. A smoother surface can be obtained at high current duty ratio in ELID grinding. The micro-hardness is reduced at high current duty ratio. In ELID, the MRR increases at high current duty ratio. The results of this investigation are presented in this paper.     

Force distribution for a flat belt drive with a concentrated contact load

An equation based on the classical Euler formula is derived to investigate the normal and tangential belt force distribution of a flat belt drive when a concentrated contact load is applied on the pulley. This loading condition occurs in an abrasive belt grinding. The belt force equation presented in this paper has a constant coefficient of friction. Analytical results show good agreement with the experimental results and the authors' previous work, which is based on a surface model of the belt friction face with a varying coefficient of friction. The equation developed from the Euler formula is suggested for practical design due to its sufficient accuracy and simplicity.