钼合金钻削工艺参数正交试验研究

采用钻削加工方式,选择硬质合金刀具,应用正交试验方法分析了钼合金钻削过程中各个钻削参数对钻削力的影响程度,研究了钻削过程中钻削参数与钻削力、钻削力矩之间的变化关系。对钻削试验所得数据进行线性回归分析,通过回归计算得到钻削力与其因素参数之间的数学公式,并对校正R~2拟合判定系数、累积概率图和残差图进行分析检验回归模型。结果表明:回归分析所得的钻削力、钻削力矩回归方程较好地拟合了钻削试验获得的数据,钻削力与钻削参数的变化规律近似符合与各影响参数的指数关系。     

飞机起落架用难加工材料钻削性能试验研究

通过对300M、A-100两种超高强度钢以及TC18钛合金进行钻削试验,并在试验过程中测量了不同参数下的钻削力,对钻削力进行了分析研究。对相同铣削参数、不同材料下的钻削力进行了分析,又对相同的材料、不同的钻削参数进行了分析。试验结果表明,在试验参数范围内,不改变其余参数的情况下,减小轴向力可通过增大主轴转速、减小进给量或增大步进量来达到目的。钻削三种材料,钻削300M钢时的轴向力最小,钻削A-100钢时的轴向力最大。钻削A-100钢时的轴向力比钻削TC18钛合金时的轴向力约大80%,钻削300M钢时的轴向力比钻削TC18钛合金时的轴向力约小10%。     

高温合金振动钻削断屑实验研究及机理分析

对振动钻削理论进行了分析,建立了振动钻削时断屑的数学模型,利用自制的振动钻削实验装置,采用不同的振动钻削参数进行高温合金振动钻削试验,对轴向振动钻削的断屑效果以及轴向钻削力和扭矩进行了研究,分析了各加工参数对加工过程的影响,发现振动钻削力随钻削参数的变化比较平稳,在大进给量或高转速状态下,振动钻削的钻削力比普通钻削力小得多。通过比较振动钻削与普通钻削所得切屑可知:振动钻削有利于断屑,切屑体积小,排屑顺畅。     

不重磨式硬质合金钻头

采用负前角标准硬质合金刀片的Kendx/Metcut 新型钻头在Sheldon 数控车床上作了表演.这种钻头是Kennam-et al 公司和硬质合金刀具公司共同研究的成果.钻削整体金属时,此种刀具的刀片前角、主偏角和刀片的位置均配合得非常先进合理.工件在车床上以车削的速度钻削,勿需进行预钻或以工具钢的速度钻削,这在数控加工中显得较为优越,并提高了金属切削加工生产率。     

TC4钛合金低频振动钻削切屑形态和钻削力研究

为研究TC4钛合金低频振动钻削过程中切屑形态与钻削参数和振动参数对钻削力（轴向力和扭矩）的影响规律，基于一种自主研制的低频振动刀柄，分别采用单因素法和正交试验法对钛合金进行了低频振动钻削试验，分析了不同钻削条件下的切屑形态和钻削力，建立了轴向力和扭矩的经验公式，并对钻削力的影响因素进行直观分析与方差分析。结果表明：试验系统在低频振动钻削TC4钛合金时，振幅与进给量之比接近临界断屑值0.81时断屑可靠，排屑顺畅；低频振动瞬时钻削力呈现出规律的正弦波形，钻削力动态分量远大于普通钻削，轴向力和扭矩均值可比普通钻削分别降低10%~15%和15%~20%；进给量对钻削力影响最为显著，振幅次之，钻削速度影响最小；建立的振动钻削经验模型误差保持在10%以内，可以较为准确地对该试验系统所选参数范围内的钻削力进行预测。     

CFRP/Ti叠层材料的钻削力变化趋势及振动特性

为了研究钻削参数对CFRP/Ti叠层材料钻削力的影响及钻削过程中的振动特性,采用正交试验的方法对叠层材料进行了一体化钻削试验。采用测力仪对加工过程中的钻削力进行测量,并通过对钻削力的分析,研究了钻削过程中的振动特性。结果表明,扭矩和轴向力随主轴转速升高而减小,随进给速度的升高而增大,且进给速度对钻削力的影响强于主轴转速对其的影响。加工过程中取较高的主轴转速,较低的进给速度将保证孔的加工质量。在CFRP/Ti叠层材料加工过程中,加工至两材料接触面的位置时,存在剧烈的切削振动现象。     

抛物线槽型钻钻削力的试验研究

通过钻削试验装置,采用抛物线槽型钻和普通麻花钻在不同参数下对低碳钢和球墨铸铁进行钻削试验,针对钻削过程中轴向钻削力和扭矩及其变化规律进行研究。试验结果表明,抛物线槽型钻钻削过程的轴向力和扭矩比普通麻花钻小,且轴向力和扭矩的变化过程也比普通麻花钻稳定。得出了进给量、主轴转速、钻头几何参数(钻尖顶角、钻头直径)以及工件材料等因素对抛物线槽型钻轴向力、扭矩的影响规律,为钻削过程中抛物线槽型钻几何参数和切削参数的选择提供依据。     

浅孔钻钻削过程中的有限元动态仿真

基于Deform 3D有限元软件平台,采用数值仿真技术,建立了浅孔钻钻削加工45钢的有限元模型.动态模拟了浅孔钻钻削过程,获得了浅孔钻钻削加工过程中变形工件的等效应力和温度,分析预测了加工过程中硬质合金刀具所受的主切削力、径向力以及两刀片所受的扭矩及评估刀片的磨损情况.     

奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti的钻削试验研究

奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti属较难加工材料,特别是较小孔钻削。为了得到钻头直径与钻削参数对钻削力和钻削温度的影响规律,故用高速钢标准钻头对1Cr18Ni9Ti与45钢进行了钻削对比试验,并用多元线性回归模型建立了钻削力和钻削温度的经验公式。结果表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti的扭矩和轴向力比45钢大,钻削参数对钻削力影响规律与45钢相同,即钻头直径对钻削力的影响最大,进给量次之,钻削速度最小;1Cr18Ni9Ti的钻削温度比45钢约高1.4倍,钻削速度对钻削温度影响最大,进给量次之,钻头直径最小。     

钛合金TC4的钻削力试验研究

钛合金TCA属于较难加工材料,其小孔钻削尤为困难。为得到钻头直径、钻削参数（进给量、切削速度）和刀具材料对钻削力的影响规律,采用标准高速钢钻头对TCA与45钢进行了钻削对比试验,并用多元线性回归分析模型分别建立了扭矩和轴向力的经验公式。结果表明,TC4的钻削力比45钢大,钻削参数对钻削力的影响规律与45钢基本相同,即钻头直径对扭矩和轴向力影响最大,进给量次之,切削速度的影响最小。     

可转位浅孔钻几何角度分析

采用向量矩阵法建立了可转位浅孔钻静态几何角度的数学模型 ,使用该模型可计算出钻头切削刃各点的刃倾角、法前角、法后角及主偏角 ,为进一步研究可转位浅孔钻的钻削力、钻削温度、刀片磨损等提供必要的基础数据。     

Experimental analysis of boring process on automotive engine cylinders

In this article, mechanics of boring process on cast iron automotive engine cylinders is explored experimentally. In order to shorten the boring cycle time and to improve quality of the cylinder holes, effects of various cutting conditions as spindle speed, feedrate, inserts, and coatings are investigated. Real-time cutting forces are measured with dynamometer during the process. Surface roughness on the engine cylinders, flank, and crater tool wears are measured and compared in various cutting conditions. It is concluded that by selecting proper cutting conditions, cutting forces can be controlled below a threshold value, cycle time can be shortened, tool life and part quality can be increased; therefore, the cost of automotive engine boring process can be reduced significantly.     

Force prediction and stability analysis of plunge milling of systems with rigid and flexible workpiece

Time domain simulation model is developed to study the dynamics of plunge milling process for system with rigid and flexible workpiece. The model predicts the cutting forces, system vibration as a function of workpiece and tool dynamics, tool setting errors, and tool kinematics and geometry. A horizontal approach is used to compute the chip area to consider the contribution of the main and side edge in the cutting zone and to deal with any geometric shape of the insert. The dynamic chip area is evaluated based on the interaction of the insert main and side cutting edges with the workpiece geometry determined by the pilot hole and surface left by the previous insert. For the case of system with a flexible workpiece, the workpiece dynamics, as well as its variation in the axial direction with respect to hole location, is considered in the simulation. Cutting tests with single and double inserts were carried out to validate the simulation model and predicted stability lobe for both systems with rigid and flexible workpiece and to check the correctness of the cutting coefficient model. Good agreement was found between the measured and the predicted cutting forces and vibration signals and power spectra. This indicates the ability of the model to accurately predict cutting forces, system vibration, and process stability for process planning prior to machining. The results show dominance of workpiece dynamics in the axial direction for systems with flexible workpiece due to its flexibility as compared to the tool axial rigidity. On the other hand, chatter behavior was found to occur due to tool lateral modes for case of rigid workpiece.     

Turning titanium metal matrix composites (Ti-MMCs) with carbide and CBN inserts

Despite excellent mechanical and physical features of titanium metal matrix composite (Ti-MMC), hard and abrasive ceramic particles within the matrix structure, as well as high price, may lead to severe difficulties on machining and machinability of Ti-MMCs. Review of literature denotes that only limited studies are available on machining Ti-MMCs with commercial cutting tools under various cutting conditions and cutting tools/inserts. Furthermore, limited studies are available on machinability attributes of Ti-MMC under various cutting conditions used. Therefore, to remedy the lack of knowledge observed, this work intends to report turning Ti-MMCs with carbide, and cubic boron nitride (CBN) inserts under various cutting conditions. The mean values of surface roughness (R_a) and directional cutting forces, as well as flank wear (V_B) were studied as the machinability attributes. The microstructural evaluations were conducted to discover the wear modes. Furthermore, the statistical tools were used to present the factors governing machining attributes studied. Adhesion, abrasion, and oxidation were observed as the principle wear modes on the flank sides of the tested inserts. According to experimental results and statistical analysis, the R_a and V_B could be controlled by cutting parameters only when CBN inserts were used. Despite the inset used, factors governing both responses were not identical. Although average cutting forces were directly affected by cutting parameters used, however, the relatively low correlation of determination (R²) of directional cutting forces can be attributed to effects of cutting speed, elevated temperature in the cutting zone as well as rapid tool wear which are all correlated to others.     

Edge micro-creation of Ti(C,N) cermet inserts by micro-abrasive blasting process and its tool performance

Abstract

In this study, the cutting edge passivation by a micro-abrasive blasting method for cermet inserts and its machining performance were investigated. The micro-abrasive blasting parameters for cermet inserts were optimized and the micro-creation of cutting edge was determined with detail. A Back Propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was further established based on our micro-abrasive blasting experiment datum, which can directly evaluate the micro-abrasive blasting ability to generate the specific edge radius. The improvement of cutting performance of micro-abrasive blasted cermet inserts benefits from the strengthening of cutting edge that caused by the obvious elimination of a large number of micro-defects rooted around the edge, and the formation of circular cutting edge is the result of brittle removal and plastic removal. The micro-creation of inserts can acquire a circular cutting edge, and the optimal edge radius is 15?μm under the selected cutting conditions when the tool life was chosen as an optimization target and the surface roughness was simultaneously taken into account. It is found that the blasted cermet inserts can prolong the tool life by at least 86% and the machined-surface quality can be improved by up to 1.65?μm, compared to inserts without micro-abrasive blasting.     

An Improved Method for the Determination of 3D Cutting Force Coefficients and Runout Parameters in End Milling

A simple improved method is suggested for determining constant cutting force coefficients, irrespective of the cutting condition and cutter rotation angle. This can be achieved through the combination of experimentally deternimed cutting forces with those from simulation, performed by a mechanistic cutting force model and a geometric uncut chip thickness model. Additionally, this study presents an approach that estimates runout-related parameters, and the runout offset and its location angle, using only one measurement of cutting force. This method of estimating 3D end milling force coefficients was experimentally verified for a wide range of cutting conditions, and gave significantly better predictions of cutting forces than any other methods. The estimated value of the runout offset also agreed well with the measured value.     

车削中三维复杂断屑槽刀具断屑仿真研究

为有效缩短现有断屑槽刀具的设计周期、降低设计成本,采用有限元方法模拟了切削过程中切屑折断过程。利用Solid Works软件建立了三种刀具的三维模型,并在Deform 3D软件中对车削45钢工件过程进行了三维切削仿真。其中,工件材料采用了Johnson-Cook模型和Cockroft-Latham韧性断裂准则,仿真模型采用了有效参数设置以保证数值计算精度与效率。通过仿真研究了不同切削参数下的切屑形态、断屑过程及主切削力等。研究结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好,该仿真模型及方法能有效应用于断屑槽刀具断屑性能研究,是三维复杂断屑槽刀具设计和切削参数优化的一种新方法。     

Experimental investigations on machinability aspects in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer coated carbide inserts

The present work deals with some machinability studies on flank wear, surface roughness, chip morphology and cutting forces in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts at higher cutting speed range. The process has also been justified economically for its effective application in hard turning. Experimental results revealed that multilayer TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN coated insert performed better than uncoated and TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/ZrCN coated carbide insert being steady growth of flank wear and surface roughness. The tool life for TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts was found to be approximately 19 min and 8 min at the extreme cutting conditions tested. Uncoated carbide insert used to cut hardened steel fractured prematurely. Abrasion, chipping and catastrophic failure are the principal wear mechanisms observed during machining. The turning forces (cutting force, thrust force and feed force) are observed to be lower using multilayer coated carbide insert in hard turning compared to uncoated carbide insert. From 1st and 2nd order regression model, 2nd order model explains about 98.3% and 86.3% of the variability of responses (flank wear and surface roughness) in predicting new observations compared to 1st order model and indicates the better fitting of the model with the data for multilayer TiN coated carbide insert. For ZrCN coated carbide insert, 2nd order flank wear model fits well compared to surface roughness model as observed from ANOVA study. The savings in machining costs using multilayer TiN coated insert is 93.4% compared to uncoated carbide and 40% to ZrCN coated carbide inserts respectively in hard machining taking flank wear criteria of 0.3 mm. This shows the economical feasibility of utilizing multilayer TiN coated carbide insert in finish hard turning.     

Reproducing wear mechanisms in gear hobbing—Evaluation of a single insert milling test

Gear hobbing is a widely used method in industrial gear manufacturing. The most common type of hob is made of homogenous HSS and protected by a PVD coating. In order to increase the reliability and tool life of these milling tools, further developments of the tool surfaces and cutting edges are necessary.A single tooth milling test, using a HSS insert in a conventional milling machine, has been developed with the aim to reproduce the wear mechanisms seen on real HSS gear hobbing teeth. The benefits of such a test, compared to actual gear hobbing tests, are primarily accessibility and reduced costs for both design and production of test specimens (inserts).The main goal of this study was to verify that the wear mechanisms in the developed test correspond with the wear mechanisms obtained in real gear hobbing. Once this was verified, the influence of surfaces roughness on the performance of TiAlN coated HSS inserts was evaluated by using the tool as delivered or after polishing the tool surfaces. Parameters considered were tool wear, cutting forces and the quality of machined surfaces. The polished inserts, yielded less adhered work material and reduced flank wear but no significant difference in cutting forces as compared to the unpolished inserts.     

Effects of Coating Materials on the Machinability of a Nickel Base,C-263, Alloy

PVD coated (TiN/TiCN/TiN, TiAIN and TiZrN) and uncoated carbide tools were used to machine a nickel base, C-263, alloy at high-speed conditions. The test results show that the multiple TiN/TiCN/TiN coated inserts gave the best overall performance in terms of tool life when machining at cutting speeds up to 68 m min and at depths of cut of 0.635 mm, 1.25 mm and 2.54 mm. All the tool grades tested gave fairly uniform surface roughness (Ra) values, below the rejection criterion, at lower speed conditions. The TiZrN coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at lower cutting speed conditions while the TiA/N coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at a higher speed of 68 m min^?1 and depth of cut of 1.25 mm. This tool performance can generally be attributed to the difference in their ability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thermal conductivity of the coating materials as well as the cutting conditions employed. The uncoated carbide tools generally encountered more severe crater wear, chipping/fracture of the cutting edges as well as pronounced notching during machining. This is due to their inability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thus impeding the gliding motion of the chips along the rake and flank faces respectively, thus accelerating flank wear. Analysis of the worn tool edges revealed adhesion of a compact “fin-shaped” structure of hardened burrs with saw-tooth like edges. This generally alters the initial geometry of the cutting edge, consequently resulting to poor surface finish with prolonged machining.