水下导向攻泥器钻进过程动力学建模及实验验证

水下导向攻泥器是沉船打捞过程中重要的攻千斤洞作业工具,钻孔轨迹和导向精度直接决定了攻打千斤洞的质量。分析了水下导向攻泥器的钻进导向过程,运用土力学原理建立钻头负载力学模型,并提出采用圆孔扩张理论推演土壤的钻进形变力矩;在静力学分析基础上,采用牛顿-欧拉法建立钻头动力学方程,并在MATLAB对钻进过程进行仿真;最后对所建立的钻进动力学模型进行了实验研究。实验与仿真结果对比验证了所提出的水下导向攻泥器钻头数学模型的准确性。     

硬地层单牙轮-PDC钻扩联合钻头破岩特性

提出了新型单牙轮-PDC钻扩联合钻头,先依靠单牙轮破岩钻孔,释放地应力,产生岩石损伤,再助推PDC钻头刮切破岩。运用有限元法,建立钻扩联合钻头、双级PDC和常规PDC钻头破岩的非线性动力学模型。通过对岩石本构关系进行D-P准则描述以及确定岩石破碎的判据,分析钻扩联合钻头钻进硬地层的破岩机理,开展了3种钻头动态破岩过程的对比研究。结果表明：钻扩联合钻头在钻进过程中井底井壁的岩石应力得到明显释放,大大提高了岩层可钻性;在硬地层中钻扩联合钻头钻进速度提高的主要原因是拉应力破岩;钻扩联合钻头在硬地层钻进过程中的扭转振动大大降低,破岩效率更高,钻头寿命更长;由于单牙轮领眼破碎岩石的作用,钻扩联合钻头对井底岩石的冲击破碎能力更强,在硬地层中钻进更快。研究结果为新型单牙轮-PDC钻扩联合钻头的研发提供了参考。     

Finite element and experimental investigation of temperature changes on a twist drill in sequential dry drilling

The drilling process is highly non-linear. Coupled with a thermo-mechanical machining, localized heating and temperature increases in the workpiece are caused by the rapid plastic deformation of the workpiece and by the friction along the drill-chip interface. The cutting temperature at the tool-chip interface is an important factor which directly affects workpiece surface integrity, tool wear, and hole diameter and cylindricity in the drilling process. In this study, the effects of sequential dry drilling operations on the drill bit temperature were investigated both experimentally and numerically. Drill temperatures were measured by inserting standard thermocouples into the coolant (oil) hole of TiN/TiAlN-coated carbide drills. Experimental studies were conducted using two different workpiece materials, AISI 1040 steel and Al 7075-T651. The drill bit temperature was predicted using a numerical computation with Third Wave AdvantEdge finite element method (FEM) software, which is based on Lagrangian explicit. The results obtained from the experimental study and finite element analyses (FEA) were compared. Reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated drill bit temperature results were found for sequential dry drilling.     

基于双信号融合的超声振动钻削钻头磨损状态监测研究

为了监测超声振动钻削过程中钻头的磨损状态,构建了超声振动钻削钻头的振动信号和AE信号的采集系统,通过采集不同磨损状态下钻头的振动信号和AE信号,对其进行小波分解,得到与钻头磨损相关的特征值,将二者融合后作为神经网络的输入,输入至构建的12-10-3的BP神经网络中,进行钻头磨损状态的识别。试验结果表明,所建BP神经网络通过振动和AE的融合信号对钻头的有效识别率为91.7%,可以有效对钻头的磨损状态进行识别。     

钻柱结构与井壁岩石互作用下系统耦合非线性动力学研究

在石油钻井过程中,钻柱的运动过程相当复杂,不仅存在纵向、横向和扭转振动,而且还与井壁发生随机接触碰撞.在考虑钻头与岩石互作用随机载荷以及钻柱与井壁接触碰撞随机载荷作用下,建立实态工作状态下钻柱与井壁互作用下钻柱系统纵向、横向、扭转耦合非线性动力学模型,研究高度耦合非线性动力学模型的数值计算方法,探讨钻柱在钻井过程中运动规律、力学性能,为实态工作工况下钻柱系统耦合非线性动力学奠定理论基础,具有重要的理论意义和学术价值.     

全局力平衡PDC钻头布齿优化设计

针对聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头在钻井破岩过程中因受力不平衡，导致钻井倾斜、井径扩大、钻头产生横向振动和涡动，造成钻头早期失效的问题，基于已有PDC钻头切削力学知识，构建了PDC钻头弯曲力矩及全局力平衡布齿优化设计模型，并提出模型求解方法。布齿设计实例结果表明，采用全局力平衡布齿设计方法得到的布齿结构可使PDC钻头在不同进尺条件下均能保持全局力平衡状态，尤其低进尺（小于1 mm）时的力平衡状态得到极大改善，提高了PDC钻头的钻井稳定性，对于改善钻头受力、提升钻头使用寿命、提高钻井质量与效率具有重要意义。     

应用振动钻削加工缝合针带线孔

针对医用带线缝合针带线孔的加工难点,采用振动钻削,并研究设计了一种轴向振动钻削装置.试验结果表明,所设计的装置可以明显改善医用带线缝合针带线孔的加工质量,提高合格率.     

Analysis of temperature changes on the twist drill under different drilling conditions based on Taguchi method during dry drilling of Al 7075-T651

In this work, effects of drilling parameters (drilling depth, feed rate, and spindle speed) on the twist drill bit temperature and thrust force in the dry drilling of Al 7075-T651 material were experimentally investigated. During dry drilling experiments, drill bit temperature and thrust forces were measured. Drill temperatures were measured by inserting standard thermocouples through the coolant (oil) hole of TiN/TiAlN- coated carbide drills. The settings of drilling parameters were determined by using the Taguchi experimental design method. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to analyze the effect of drilling parameters. The objective was to establish a model using multiple regression analysis between spindle speed, drilling depth, feed rate, and drilling method with the drill bit temperature and thrust force in a Al 7075-T651 alloy material. The study shows that the Taguchi method is suitable to solve the problems with a minimum number of trials as compared with a full factorial design .     

可转位浅孔钻的实体建模及网格划分

可转位浅孔钻内外刀片的径向非对称分布,导致钻削时将会产生径向合力,从而影响被加工孔的质量。为最大限度的减小加工时的径向合力,有效研究浅孔钻钻削过程,需借助有限元软件对其进行三维斜角切削分析。由于浅孔钻结构复杂,为创建有限元分析所需要的几何模型,采用Solid-Works软件建立可转位浅孔钻三维模型,并详细介绍了其建模过程;同时在有限元分析软件ANSYS里对其进行网格划分,为后续浅孔钻的应力、应变等分析做好充分准备工作。     

定向喷嘴布置对PDC钻头井底流场影响研究

定向喷嘴布置的方式对PDC钻头的井底流场将有很大的影响,尤其是能改变PDC钻头的水力性能,因而研究定向喷嘴布置具有重要的意义.本文分析了喷嘴的不同布置方法,并通过数值方法模拟其对PDC钻头井底流场的影响.结果表明:在不完全对称布置方案的冲击区,在射流刚开始从喷嘴处流出去,但还未接触井底,各喷嘴射流处于衰减地带之内,这样的话将对钻头的清洗和携带岩屑离开井底非常有效果;在漩涡区,喷射角大、距钻头中心远的喷嘴射流则对清洗和携带井壁附近的岩屑起主要作用,喷射角小、距钻头中心近的喷嘴射流则对清洗和携带井底中心的岩屑起主要作用;在刀翼上的附面层由于周围喷嘴的影响,刀翼切削面低速区明显减少,剪应力增大,更好地预防、清除PDC钻头的泥包.最终达到提高机械钻速的效果.     

基于虚拟仪器的微孔钻削在线监测自动控制系统

为防止微孔钻削过程中钻头折断,开发了基于虚拟仪器的微孔钻削在线监测系统.该系统能够完成主轴电动机电流信号的采集、数据处理、存储显示以及报警退刀等操作.具有硬件结构简单、监测精度高、抗干扰能力强等优点.实验结果表明,应用该系统进行微孔钻削在线监测,可以有效避免微钻头的折断,提高钻头的利用率.     

Robotic-assisted internal fixation of hip fractures: a fluoroscopy-based intraoperative registration technique

The internal fixation of proximal femoral (hip) fractures is the most frequently performed orthopaedic surgery procedure. When using a sliding compression hip screw, a commonly used fixation device, accurate positioning of the device within the femoral neck-head is achieved by initially drilling a pilot hole. A cannulated component of the hip screw is then inserted over the guide wire (surgical drill bit), which is used to drill the pilot hole. However, in practice, this fluoroscopically controlled drilling process is severely complicated by a depth perception problem and, as such, a surgeon can require several attempts to achieve a satisfactory guide wire placement. A prototype robotic-assisted orthopaedic surgery system has therefore been developed, with a view to achieving accurate right-first-time guide wire insertions. This paper describes the non-invasive digital X-ray photogrammetry-based registration technique which supports the proposed robotic-assisted drilling scenario. Results from preliminary laboratory (in vitro) trials employing this registration technique indicate that the cumulative error associated with the entire X-ray guided robotic system is within acceptable limits for the guide wire insertion process.     

超声波强化技术在难以加工材料中的应用

在难加工材料上利用超声波振动钻孔是一种十分有效的加工方法。应用超声波振动在非金属材料上钻削深孔,生产率可提高5～10倍,精度可提高2～3级,大大改善了加工表面质量;在耐腐蚀钢、耐热钢和钛合金以及其它难加工材料零件上钻孔、扩孔、铰孔、用丝锥切制螺纹及用滚子滚螺纹应用超声波振动是十分有效的加工方法;在深孔钻削铝合金时,应用超声波振动,高速钢钻头的耐用度可提高4～45倍。     

Effects of weight on bit on torsional stick-slip vibration of oilwell drill string

The stick-slip phenomenon is a type of dysfunction detrimental to the drilling operation. Field application shows that stick-slip phenomenon is inclined to appear when using a large Weight on bit (WOB). In this paper, effects of the WOB on the stick-slip vibration are investigated. Based on a lumped torsional pendulum model of the drilling system, equation of motion of the drill bit is obtained. By using parameters commonly used in field applications, the bit dynamics are analyzed and the stick-slip vibrations are discussed. During the stick-slip motions, the negative damping effect occurs in the transition from the stick phase to the slip phase. With the increasing WOB, the bit behavior may change from the stable motion to the stick-slip vibration once the WOB reaches the critical value. In case of stick-slip vibration, the phase trajectory ultimately converges to a limit cycle which represents periodical bit motion. With increases in the WOB, the limit cycle enlarges. For cases without stick-slip vibrations, the drill bit vibrates damply and finally converges to a state of uniform motion. The results presented in this paper can be applied to interpret some of the field phenomena related to WOB.     

导向套对孔直线度影响的试验研究

在枪钻加工深孔过程中,技术人员往往把提高钻削质量的焦点集中在改变钻头几何参数和调整切削用量等问题上而忽略了导向套的作用。导向套在外排屑加工中顶紧工件既起导向作用又有防止高压冷却液泄漏的功能。尤其在钻削长径比较大的深孔时,导向套的制造材料和内径公差对孔的直线度影响极大。国内某工厂正在使用的枪钻钻削冷却孔,加工过程中主要存在着直线度不能达到要求的问题,严重影响了生产进度。本文通过对现场加工状况的详细分析对导向套的部分参数进行改进,使钻孔直线度偏差大幅下降。     

印刷电路板超细微孔钻削加工及其关键技术

基于PCB板业的发展现状,全面阐述了PCB板孔加工的基本情况,分析了国内外在PCB微机械加工的加工过程、钻削力与加工质量、钻头设计、钻头磨损与折断、机械钻孔孔位精度与机床动态性能等方面的研究现状。指出超微细孔其钻削加工尺寸属于介观尺度,多层PCB基材材料性能呈非线性且各向异性明显,钻刃磨损规律及刀具失效形式较为复杂,加工质量评价体系特殊等加工特点。提出目前亟待研究的关键理论问题包括PCB钻削去除机理、钻头失效机理、表面创成过程建模与质量控制、钻削系统工艺优化、钻头的优化设计与制造等方面。     

Effects of different cooling conditions on twist drill temperature

In the past, many researchers have studied wear developed on drilling tools mainly due to the high temperatures generated which accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms and thereby reducing tool life. This paper deals with an experimental investigation on the effect of an internal coolant approach (for different air pressure) on drill bit temperature, comparing it with an external coolant approach and dry cutting. Drill temperatures were measured by inserting standard thermocouples through the coolant (oil) hole of TiN/TiAlN-coated carbide drills. Experimental studies have been conducted using Al 2014 alloy materials. In the drilling tests, cutting conditions had different spindle speeds, coolant approaches and feed rate values. The settings of drilling parameters were determined by using the Taguchi experimental design method. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyse the effect of coolant approaches and drilling parameters. The objective was to establish a model using multiple regression analysis between spindle speed, coolant (air) pressure and feed rate with the drill bit temperature. Mathematical models for drill bit temperature are proposed that agree well with the experiments.     

Development of artificial neural network models to study the effect of process parameters on burr size in drilling

Burr size at the exit of the holes in drilling is a quality index and hence it becomes essential to predict the size of the burr formed in order to cater to the demand of product quality and functionability. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN)-based models have been developed to study the effect of process parameters such as cutting speed, feed, drill diameter, point angle, and lip clearance angle on burr height and burr thickness during drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel. A multilayer feed-forward ANN; trained using error back-propagation training algorithm (EBPTA) has been employed for this purpose. The input-output patterns required for training are obtained from drilling experimentation planned through Box-Behnken design. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of ANN models to analyze the effects of drilling process parameters on burr size.     

Towards an understanding of the drilling process for fossil fuel energy: A continuum-discrete approach

During the drilling process, drill operators constantly adjust drilling parameters depending on a number of geo-tribological factors. The optimization of these parameters is typically based on trial-and-error field data from previous wells. As a step toward elucidating some of the underlying physics which affect the drilling process, the current work introduces a continuum-discrete approach which has the potential to predict rock wear rates. This model predicts how changes in rock strength, drilling fluid viscosity, drill bit angular velocity, and weight-on-bit affect the rate-of-penetration. Predictions from the model show qualitative agreement with experimental findings and field data.     

A sustainability comparison between drilling and milling for hole-enlargement in machining of hardened steels

Abstract

Hole-making is one of the most important processes of metal shaping domain. Although, drilling is a commonly used approach to cut holes in metallic parts, the process cannot be completed with the cutting action of one drill bit if the work material is hard and diameter of the hole is large. Usually, a drill having diameter equal to the required diameter of the hole is utilized to enlarge a predrilled hole of a smaller diameter. In this work, we have investigated sustainability of using another method of enlarging a pre-drilled hole, namely side and end milling and compared it with the drilling-based approach. The work material used in the study is a high carbon steel, which is heat-treated to two distinct levels of surface hardness. Besides process type and work material hardness, the other two parameters tested in the investigation are cutting speed and depth of hole. A total of 16 experiments were performed to generate data regarding the sustainability measures, namely hole surface roughness, specific cutting energy and tool wear. Process choice (drilling or milling) for hole-enlargement was found to possess a significant effect on all the measured responses. Analyses carried out on the experimental data revealed that although the drilling-based option led to an immensely better surface finish, the milling-based option performed better with respect to the other measures of economic and environmental sustainability.