精密硬车削代替磨削加工的试验研究

简要介绍了精密硬车削在轴承行业的应用,以7016AC/TAP4轴承套圈为试验对象,从试样的加工精度指标和表面完整性分析精密硬车削的特点,证明了在轴承零件加工中精密硬车削工艺代替磨削加工的可行性。     

轴承套圈磨削热损伤的形成与预防探讨

在轴承套圈磨削加工中，磨削热损伤是困扰人们的一个典型问题。通过对轴承套圈磨削过程中表面层金相组织的变化、内外圈滚道残余应力的产生与分布的分析，找出磨削热损伤的形成机理，探讨预防磨削热损伤的方法。     

轴承钢顺次磨削表面残余应力离散度试验研究

以轴承钢顺次磨削表面的残余应力离散度为研究对象,基于X射线衍射法顺次测试了轴承套圈淬硬热处理、粗磨、精磨和超精磨削后,轴承滚道表面环向和轴向残余应力.测试结果表明,淬硬热处理工件的残余应力标准差约为超精工序的3倍;淬硬热处理轴承套圈经超精磨削工序,其表面的环向和轴向残余应力离散度降至20 MPa.研究表明淬硬轴承钢热处理及同一道磨削工序工件表面残余应力存在较大离散性,"粗磨-精磨-超精"顺次磨削工艺叠加后,工件表面残余应力离散度呈现收敛性;淬硬热处理轴承套圈经过顺次磨削工序叠加加工后,表面残余压应力平均值获得大幅提高.这为进一步系统揭示磨削工艺对淬硬轴承钢套圈表面残余应力及其离散度影响规律提供了科学数据.     

无心夹具应用中的关键要素评述

20世纪60年代初期，我国轴承工业开始应用无心夹具，对轴承套圈的沟道、孔径等进行磨削加工。原来采用的弹簧夹具，由于受主轴旋转精度的限制，工件圆度要满足2～3μm是很困难的。采用无心夹具之后，轴承套圈的磨加工精度有了很大提高，这是由于主轴的径向圆跳动不再影响磨加工的圆度。     

垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器设计与砂轮修整

针对圆弧形超硬砂轮修整难度大、修整精度低的问题，对树脂结合剂圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整研究。设计制造了一种垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器，通过修整试验研究了不同粒度的圆弧形砂轮在修整前后表面粗糙度、弧形精度、圆度、表面形貌的变化情况。砂轮修整前后对氮化硅陶瓷轴承套圈沟道进行了磨削，并测量了磨削后的轴承套圈沟形精度。研究结果表明：相比修整前，修整后砂轮表面粗糙度平均值由1.731 8 μm减小至0.772 4 μm，减小了55.4%；弧形精度平均值由33.604 7 μm减小至8.527 6 μm，减小了74.6%，修整后4个砂轮的弧形精度更加稳定，且随着砂轮粒度的减小，弧形精度略有减小趋势；砂轮圆度平均值由43.721 μm减小至18.002 μm，减小了58.8%，修整使大量新的磨粒露出。所设计的垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧形修整器可对圆弧砂轮进行精密修整，可改善圆弧形砂轮的弧形精度及圆度，修整后砂轮磨削的轴承套圈沟形精度得到了大幅提高。     

无心夹具应用中的关键要素评述——怎样决定工件偏心的象限

20世纪60年代初期,我国轴承工业开始应用无心夹具,对轴承套圈的沟道、孔径等进行磨削加工。原来采用的弹簧夹具,由于受主轴旋转精度的限制,工件圆度要满足2～3μm是很困难的。采用无心夹具之后,轴承套圈的磨加工精度有了很大提高,这是由于主轴的径向圆跳动不再影响磨加工的圆度。现代工艺水平下的轴承旋转精度,因为普遍使用无心夹具,精度储备都很高,对于中小型轴承,要求加工表面圆度小于2～3μm已经是轻而易举的事。可见先进的无心夹具给轴承行业带来了精度和效益的提高。顺磨是无心磨削法的基础用两只顶尖顶住工件,是机械加工中常见的外圆…     

80年代国外轴承套圈磨床基本情况

轴承套圈磨床是指用于磨削轴承内圈沟(滚)道、内径和轴承外圈沟(滚)道的专用磨床;根据其磨削类型,又可分为轴承套圈外圆磨床和轴承套圈内圆磨床。轴承套圈的磨削加工经历了使用不同加工方式的几个历史阶段。40年代以前,采用普通内圆磨床磨削套圈内径,用摇摆式磨床磨削内、外套圈沟道,这种生产方式效率低,精度差。50年代,开始逐步发展了切入式的轴承专用内圆     

硬车削在滚动轴承套圈加工中的应用

分析硬车削的特点及加工条件,详细介绍了采用硬车削加工滚动轴承套圈时的机床设备、装卡夹具、刀具选择等参数的确定,采用正交试验法对试验中的切削速度、进给量和切削深度3参数的影响水平进行了分析,得出了以硬车削加工代替磨削加工的可行性。     

8Cr4Mo4V钢制轴承套圈磨削表面烧伤检测方法

采用调整8Cr4Mo4V钢制角接触轴承套圈沟道磨削工艺参数的方法制备磨削试样,利用X射线衍射应力仪、冷酸洗及Barkhausen噪声等检测手段分析了套圈沟道磨削表面性能。结果表明:当磨削表面没有烧伤时,X射线衍射应力检测表面有10μm左右的残余压应力层,冷酸洗无烧伤,Barkhausen噪声Max/Min值大部分满足标样值(≤1.2)的要求;Barkhausen噪声检测结果不仅能够反映磨削烧伤,还能够起到表征套圈磨削表面性能不均匀性的效果。     

金刚石刀具几何参数对已加工表面残余应力的影响

针对微米级切削深度的超精密车削中金刚石刀具几何参数对已加工表面残余应力的影响,采用有限元的方法,建立超精密车削的有限元仿真模型,对硬铝合金的超精密车削过程进行模拟。对车削过程的切削力和切削温度进行分析。采用不同的刀具几何参数进行有限元仿真,得到刀具前角、后角和钝圆半径对已加工表面残余应力的影响和分布规律,为超精密车削中残余应力的控制提供仿真依据。     

轴承圈加热切削加工表面质量研究

针对轴承圈易出现疲劳破坏的问题,提出采用预加热硬态切削加工轴承圈外表面的方法。普通硬态切削和预加热硬态切削试验结果表明,将工件内圈预先加热到160℃进行硬态切削加工,有助于减小加工表面的粗糙度,由于内圈加热减小了轴承圈内外表面的温度差,故加工后的表面残余应力显著减小,其值可达-50MPa,加工得到的表面纹理清晰,形貌光滑、规整,刀具进给运动轨迹清晰;加热切削得到的是均匀的锯齿形切屑,并且切屑形态呈螺旋状,与普通硬态切削相比,加热切削过程较为平稳,说明加热切削可获得良好的表面完整性,且不会引来额外的加工硬化。     

Surface Integrity and Machineability in Intermittent Hard Turning

Despite the large amount of research on hard turning, there are few results on intermittent hard turning. In this paper, the feasibility of internal intermittent hard turning has been investigated. First, the cutting tools with different cubic boron nitride (CBN) contents were evaluated, based on machineability: tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting forces. In the case of intermittent turning, low CBN content tools had better machineability than high CBN content tools. The depth of the machining damaged layer and the magnitude and distribution of residual stress were evaluated. The experimental results showed that intermittent hard turning can produce surface integrity which is good enough for replacing the grinding process.     

强化研磨喷射角度对轴承套圈加工质量的影响

强化研磨是一种新型轴承强化加工方法,集合了强化塑性、研磨微切削以及摩擦化学加工技术。在额定转速时对喷射角度进行单一变量试验,检测轴承套圈内圈沟道表面粗糙度与硬度的变化,分析喷射角度对加工质量的影响及作用机制,并探讨粗糙度与硬度的分布均匀性,以提高加工质量。     

Tool wear, chip formation and workpiece surface issues in CBN hard turning: A review

Steel parts that carry critical loads in everything from automotive drive trains and jet engines to industrial bearings and metal-forming machinery are normally produced by a series of processes, including time-consuming and costly grinding and polishing operations. Due to the advent of super-hard materials such as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools and improved machine tool designs, hard turning has become an attractive alternative to grinding for steel parts. The potential of hard turning to eliminate the costs associated with additional finishing processes in conventional machining is appealing to industry. The objective of this paper, is to survey the recent research progress in hard turning with CBN tools in regard of tool wear, surface issues and chip formation. A significant pool of CBN turning studies has been surveyed in an attempt to achieve better understanding of tool wear, chip formation, surface finish, white layer formation, micro-hardness variation and residual stress on the basis of varying CBN content, binder, tool edge geometry, cooling methods and cutting parameters. Further important modeling techniques based on finite element, soft computing and other mathematical approaches used in CBN turning are reviewed. In conclusion, a summary of the CBN turning and modeling techniques is outlined and the scope of future work is presented.     

Influence of the tool corner radius on the tool wear and process forces during hard turning

Hard turning has become an alternative machining process for grinding processes of hardened steels. One challenge during hard turning is the increasing wear during the operation time of the tool and the hereby influenced workpiece surface and subsurface properties. This causes unfavorable changes of the microstructure and residual stress state or rather damages of the subsurface. Important factors are the contact conditions between the tool and the workpiece. The width of flank wear land influences the size of the passive force significantly. This has a direct impact on the subsurface properties of the workpiece. One solution is to modify the contact conditions and thereby the specific mechanical and thermal loads that are applied to the tool as well as to the workpiece. This article presents an experimental approach of modified corner radius geometry of cutting tools for hard turning processes. Hereby, the size and direction of the contact length of the cutting edge are adjusted as well as the load impact during machining. The aim is to reduce the tool wear performance. The results show the potential of the load-specific tool design concerning the tool wear and the workpiece subsurface properties. Furthermore, a new approach for predicting the process forces during hard turning is presented.     

Performance studies of multilayer hard surface coatings (TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) of indexable carbide inserts in hard machining: Part-I (An experimental approach)

In recent years, hard machining using CBN and ceramic inserts became an emerging technology than traditional grinding and widely used manufacturing processes. However the relatively high cost factors associated with such tools has left a space to look for relatively low cost cutting tool materials to perform in an acceptable range. Multilayer coated carbide insert is the proposed alternative in the present study due to its low cost. Thus, an attempt has been made to have an extensive study on the machinability aspects such as flank wear, chip morphology, surface roughness in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (HRC 47 ± 1) using multilayer coated carbide (TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN) insert under dry environment. Parametric influences on turning forces are also analyzed. From the machinability study, abrasion and chipping are found to be the dominant wear mechanism in hard turning. Multilayer TiN coated carbide inserts produced better surface quality and within recommendable range of 1.6 μm i.e. comparable with cylindrical grinding. At extreme parametric conditions, the growth of tool wear was observed to be rapid thus surface quality affected adversely. The chip morphology study reveals a more favorable machining environment in dry machining using TiN coated carbide inserts. The cutting speed and feed are found to have the significant effect on the tool wear and surface roughness from ANOVA study. It is evident that, thrust force (Fy) is the largest component followed by tangential force (Fz) and the feed force (Fx) in finish hard turning. The observations yield the machining ability of multilayer TiN coated carbide inserts in hard turning of AISI 4340 steel even at higher cutting speeds.     

Flank wear prediction of ceramic tools in hard turning

Due to technical and economical factors, hard turning is competing successfully with the grinding process in the industries. Many practical applications require components to be hardened in order to improve their wear behavior. Higher productivity and good surface quality are the requirements of the modern industries. However, tool wear is the major problem in hard turning. The tool wear models, used to assess the performance of hard turning process, play an important role in predicting the surface quality. So, in the present work, an attempt has been made to develop an analytical tool wear model for the mixed ceramic inserts during the hard turning of bearing steel incorporating abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion wear mechanisms. The new model developed can reliably be used to assess the wear of the mixed ceramic tools within the domain of the parameters. It has been observed that tool wear is increasing with the increase in cutting speed, feed, and effective rake angle. However, it has been found to be slightly decreasing with the increase in nose radius. The proposed model was validated by conducting experiments. It could be seen that the model was capable of predicting the flank wear using the cutting parameters and tool geometry.     

Tool-wear mechanisms in hard turning with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools

Hard turning is a turning operation performed on high strength alloy steels (45R_a0.1 μm). Extensive research being conducted on hard turning has so far addressed several fundamental questions concerning chip formation mechanisms, tool-wear, surface integrity and geometric accuracy of the machined components. The major consideration for the user of this relatively newer technology is the quality of the parts produced. A notable observation from this research is that flank wear of the cutting tool has a large impact on the quality of the machined parts (surface finish, geometric accuracy and surface integrity). For components with surface, dimensional and geometric requirements (e.g. bearing surfaces), hard turning technology is often not economical compared with grinding because tool-life is limited by the tolerances required (i.e. high flank wear rate).

The aim of this paper is to present the various modes of wear and damage of the polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides (PCBN) cutting tool under different loading conditions, in order to establish a reliable wear modeling. Flank wear has a large impact on the quality of the parts produced and the wear mechanisms have to be understood to improve the performance of the tool material, namely by reducing the flank wear rate. The wear mechanisms depend not only on the chemical composition of the PCBN, and the nature of the binder phase, but also on the hardness value and above all on the microstructure (percentage of martensite, type, size, composition of the hard phases, etc.) of the machining work material. The proposed modeling is in a generalized form of the extended Taylor’s law allowing to prediction of the tool-life as a function of the cutting parameters and of the workpiece hardness. The effects of these factors on tool-wear, tool-life and cutting forces are discussed in the paper.     

Analysis of tool wear and surface finish in hard turning

Hard turning is a profitable alternative to finish grinding. The ultimate aim of hard turning is to remove work piece material in a single cut rather than a lengthy grinding operation in order to reduce processing time, production cost, surface roughness, and setup time, and to remain competitive. In recent years, interrupted hard turning, which is the process of turning hardened parts with areas of interrupted surfaces, has also been encouraged. The process of hard turning offers many potential benefits compared to the conventional grinding operation. Additionally, tool wear, tool life, quality of surface turned, and amount of material removed are also predicted. In this analysis, 18 different machining conditions, with three different grades of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), cutting tool are considered. This paper describes the various characteristics in terms of component quality, tool life, tool wear, effects of individual parameters on tool life and material removal, and economics of operation. The newer solution, a hard turning operation, is performed on a lathe. In this study, the PCBN tool inserts are used with a WIDAX PT GNR 2525 M16 tool holder. The hardened material selected for hard turning is commercially available engine crank pin material.