利用正交位移测量系统进行六自由度并联机构参数标定

为了简化六自由度并联机构的参数标定过程,提高标定效率,降低标定成本,提出了基于正交位移测量系统的位姿测量装置及方法。首先,研究了该装置的位姿解算方法,利用空间解析几何的方法,求解其运动学正解与逆解。其次,利用微小位移合成法,建立了并联机构及正交位移测量系统组合体的误差模型。然后,基于误差模型,构建了组合体参数误差辨识的最优化问题数学模型,其中,传感器示值的平方和最小为目标函数,组合体的结构参数误差为设计变量。最后,利用正交位移测量系统对六自由度并联机构位姿进行测量,利用OASIS奥希思软件直接搜索出参数误差最优解,将其补偿到并联机构控制系统中,完成并联机构的参数标定。标定前后位姿误差对比表明:最大位置误差降低了58%~96%,最大姿态误差降低了92%~97%。利用正交位移测量系统进行并联机构参数标定,不仅可有效提升并联机构的定位精度,还可有效简化标定工作,提升标定效率,降低标定成本。     

并联机器人的标定建模

并联机器人标定时测量数据的参考系与其运动参考系不一致将导致系统误差的产生,通过改进标定建模方式将两个参考系统一,并用数值模拟一5自由度并联机器人的标定过程,对比其结果发现改进模型可以完全消除测量的系统误差对并联机器人标定精度的影响,进一步提高并联机器人的标定精度。这种标定建模方式具有很高的实用价值。     

基于并联机构的免标定式线性控制

针对新型二自由度球面并联换挡机械手,提出一种仅对关节空间进行插补运算的免标定式线性控制方法。首先介绍了二自由度球面并联换挡机械手的组成及其所完成的运动轨迹。然后建立了该并联机构的数学模型及正反解表达式,通过分析完成换挡动作时驱动分支杆长的变化规律,提出了只对关节空间进行直线插补的线性控制方法。最后分析了主要结构参数对机械手运动精度的影响,分析结果表明该并联机构安装位置误差对运动精度影响很小,具有免标定的特性。     

3-RPS并联机构运动学标定方法的研究

针对六轴混联机床中因3-RPS并联机构结构参数误差引起的精度问题,分析了影响3-RPS并联机构几何精度的误差因素,给出了并联机构的误差模型;基于影响并联机构定平台运动精度较大的几何误差参数;建立了运动学标定模型.采用阻尼最小二乘法,经多次优化迭代实现了利用一组测量数据完成非线性超越矛盾标定方程组的求解.利用激光干涉仪完成了标定用数据的测量,通过3-RPS并联机构运动学逆解和各铰链的几何标定参数,得到动平台的实际位姿.通过对标定前后的Z轴定位精度的检测及实际零件加工试验,验证了3-RPS并联机构运动学标定模型和方法的正确性和有效性.     

3-RRS球面并联机构的位置解及工作空间研究

利用螺旋理论对3-RRS球面并联机构进行了运动分析。利用牛顿迭代法求解了3-RRS球面并联机构的运动学正解,应用闭环矢量法建立了3-RRS球面并联机构的位置逆解模型并推导出了相应的位置逆解算式,得到了3-RRS球面并联机构的8组逆解。实例分析验证了3-RRS球面并联机构位置解的正确性。利用数值搜索法求解了机构的可达工作空间,利用MATLAB编程绘制了机构在不同结构参数下的可达工作空间图,分析了工作空间的变化规律,为3-RRS球面并联机构的应用奠定了基础。     

平面两自由度并联机构运动学标定研究

提出一种平面两自由度并联机构，由运动学分析得出机构的运动学解析解，针对该机构提出了一种运动学标定的新方法。与传统的并联机构运动学标定方法不同，该方法无需测量末端执行装置的全部位置和姿态，只需测量末端执行装置在工作空间内的一系列位移量；通过使用万能工具显微镜作为检测工具，从而无需额外安装位移传感器。建立了使得距离测量误差平方和最小的非线性规划数学模型，并通过MATLAB软件的优化工具箱进行求解。实验证明了该方法的有效性，并得出了机构运动学参数的最优值。实验结果表明，标定后机构精度明显提高，标定方法可靠。     

平面3-RPR并联机构运动学参数标定

针对一种钣金件翻边机构运动精度差的问题开展运动学参数标定,翻边机构以平面3-RPR并联机构为构型.基于此构型建立运动学标定模型,完成误差传递模型建模以及参数辨识流程分析.最后开展标定实验,实验结果表明通过此运动学标定模型能有效提高机构的绝对定位精度,位置精度可达0.15 mm,姿态角精度可达0.014°.此运动学标定模型物理意义明确,结构清晰,对其他并联机构的标定研究具备参考意义.     

一种基于手眼视觉的并联机器人标定方法

提出了一种基于手眼视觉的并联机器人标定方法。基于环路增量法，建立了平面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人运动学误差与标定模型；设计了一种标定实验靶板，利用相机采集靶板图像并对其进行分割、识别、旋转补偿的处理，获取机构末端目标位置和实际位置的像素误差值；针对机构自身结构的限制，利用边界曲线识别特征角点，提出了一种基于特征角点确定检测点旋转角度的方法，在补偿相机旋转角度的基础上，再利用简化后的相机针孔模型，将像素误差值通过转换得到机构末端执行器的真实位置误差值；最后利用标定模型和通过视觉系统获取的误差值进行运动学标定。经过4次迭代，机构误差减小为原来的1/3，验证了该方法的可行性。同时该方法具有标定过程用时短、数据量小、实验成本低等优点。     

3PSS-S型并联机构的奇异轨迹研究

针对一种3PSS-S球面并联机构,建立了该并联机构的位置反解数学模型,推导了并联机构速度方程和雅可比矩阵的解析表达式。基于机构的雅可比矩阵,应用等高线方法绘制了并联机构的奇异轨迹曲线,并讨论了固定平台结构参数对并联机构奇异轨迹的影响。     

平动并联机构标定中一种简单测量方案的设计方法

针对平动并联机构标定中的测量,提出一种基于参数辨识性分析的简单测量方案的设计方法.该方法根据误差模型输出和机构自由度,给出工程实际中常用的基本测量方式,然后逐一进行辨识性分析.在兼顾测量成本、辨识完整性和参数辨识性能的条件下,比较、整合各测量方式,从而确定出一种简单测量方案.利用上述方法,对一台2自由度平动并联机构标定进行简单测量方案的设计,标定仿真结果验证了该方法的实用性和有效性.由该方法得到的测量方案简单易行,实施效率高,其思路适用于工程环境下各种平动并联机构的标定.     

Design of a Two-Step Calibration Method of Kinematic Parameters for Serial Robots

Serial robots are used to handle workpieces with large dimensions, and calibrating kinematic parameters is one of the most efficient ways to upgrade their accuracy. Many models are set up to investigate how many kinematic parameters can be identified to meet the minimal principle,but the base frame and the kinematic parameter are indistinctly calibrated in a one-step way. A two-step method of calibrating kinematic parameters is proposed to improve the accuracy of the robot's base frame and kinematic parameters.The forward kinematics described with respect to the measuring coordinate frame are established based on the productof-exponential(POE) formula. In the first step the robot's base coordinate frame is calibrated by the unit quaternion form. The errors of both the robot's reference configuration and the base coordinate frame's pose are equivalently transformed to the zero-position errors of the robot's joints. The simplified model of the robot's positioning error is established in second-power explicit expressions. Then the identification model is finished by the least square method, requiring measuring position coordinates only. The complete subtasks of calibrating the robot's 39 kinematic parameters are finished in the second step. It's proved by a group of calibration experiments that by the proposed two-step calibration method the average absolute accuracy of industrial robots is updated to 0.23 mm. This paper presents that the robot's base frame should be calibrated before its kinematic parameters in order to upgrade its absolute positioning accuracy.     

Full-pose calibration of a robot manipulator using a coordinate-measuring machine

The work reported in this article addresses the kinematic calibration of a robot manipulator using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) which is able to obtain the full pose of the end-effector. A kinematic model is developed for the manipulator, its relationship to the world coordinate frame and the tool. The derivation of the tool pose from experimental measurements is discussed, as is the identification methodology. A complete simulation of the experiment is performed, allowing the observation strategy to be defined. The experimental work is described together with the parameter identification and accuracy verification. The principal conclusion is that the method is able to calibrate the robot successfully, with a resulting accuracy approaching that of its repeatability.     

基于改进遗传算法实现柔性三坐标测量机参数标定

针对柔性三坐标测量机测量精度低的弊端,提出了误差修正和参数标定的方法.应用Denavit-Hartenberg( DH)法建立了柔性三坐标测量系统的运动学模型和误差模型,考虑系统结构参数标定问题,提出了一种基于优化最小二乘法的改进遗传算法.首先,在最小二乘法中引入变化因子来衡量收敛速度;其次,当该因子趋于稳定时,将产生...     

非接触式测量机器人的自标定研究

介绍了一种新型的测量机器人.该系统以串联机械手作为主体,激光位移传感器为测量探针,对球壳类、回转类部件的几何尺寸、表面缺陷进行非接触、高精度测量.针对该测量系统的特点,提出了一种新的自标定方法来识别机器人的运动学参数,并设计了专用的实物基准.该方法将机器人相对于基坐标系的关节位移分成两部分:相对于参考位形的关节位移和参考位形相对于基坐标系的关节位移,将后者和其它常值参数引入到误差模型.使用该方法不需要测量机器人相对于基坐标系的关节变量的值,不需要外部的测量系统,简便易行.仿真和实验均证明该方法是可行的.     

Calibration of an articulated CMM using stochastic approximations

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is meant to digitise the spatial locations of points and feed the resulting measurements to a CAD system for storing and processing. For reliable utilisation of a CMM, a calibration procedure is often undertaken to eliminate the inaccuracies which result from manufacturing, assembly and installation errors. In this paper, an Immersion digitizer coordinate measuring machine has been calibrated using an accurately manufactured master cuboid fixture. This CMM has been designed as an articulated manipulator to enhance its dexterity and versatility. As such, the calibration problem is tackled with the aid of a kinematic model similar to those employed for the analysis of serial robots. In addition, a stochastic-based optimisation technique is used to identify the parameters of the kinematic model in order for the accurate performance to be achieved. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, whereby the measuring accuracy has been improved considerably.     

A systematic approach to identify the error motion of anN-degree of freedom manipulator

A generalised calibration technique for identifying the joint geometric parameters of an N-degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) robot manipulator model is presented. The technique is analogous to the synthesising calibration method applied in the calibration of coordinate measuring, machines. It describes the state of each joint by six d.o.f. and assumes rigid-body motion. The initial step in the calibration involves locating the axis of motion of each joint; the axes are then used to extract the kinematic parameters, introduced by Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H). In order to derive the generalised manipulator kinematic equation, the robot model is modified to include the six error motion components associated with each axis. The paper also addresses the problem of identifying the error motion components of each joint, on the basis of a set of measurement of three noncollinear points at the robot end-effector at various joint configurations. Because the technique is based on axis-by-axis calibration, other non-geometric errors such as joint backlash and gear transmission error may also be revealed.     

基于D-H矩阵的球面5R并联机构误差建模及灵敏度分析

以D-H变换矩阵为建模工具,采用环路增量法,建立了包含杆件D-H参数的球面5R并联机构的误差模型,该模型不仅考虑了机构的结构参数误差,还考虑了由于加工和装配等原因出现的各转动副轴线和球心之间的偏差,使得误差模型更接近于工程实际;根据误差模型进一步计算得到了各从动件运动参数误差以及轴向间隙量的显式函数关系;最后对该机构进行灵敏度分析,研究了各几何误差源对该机构末端执行器位姿误差的影响程度。研究结果为该机构样机的标定、运动学补偿及应用提供了理论基础。      

Motion capability analysis of a quadruped robot as a parallel manipulator

This paper presents the forward and inverse displacement analysis of a quadruped robot MANA as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase, which is used to obtain the workspace and control the motion of the body. The robot MANA designed on the basis of the structure of quadruped mammal is able to not only walk and turn in the uneven terrain, but also accomplish various manipulating tasks as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase. The latter will be the focus of this paper, however. For this purpose, the leg kinematics is primarily analyzed, which lays the foundation on the gait planning in terms of locomotion and body kinematics analysis as a parallel manipulator. When all four feet of the robot contact on the ground, by assuming there is no slipping at the feet, each contacting point is treated as a passive spherical joint and the kinematic model of parallel manipulator is established. The method for choosing six non-redundant actuated joints for the parallel manipulator from all twelve optional joints is elaborated. The inverse and forward displacement analysis of the parallel manipulator is carried out using the method of coordinate transformation. Finally, based on the inverse and forward kinematic model, two issues on obtaining the reachable workspace of parallel manipulator and planning the motion of the body are implemented and verified by ADAMS simulation.     

基于MATLAB五自由度机械手运动学仿真分析

五自由度工业机械手可应用于搬运、码垛作业时对目标物体的抓取。以该五自由度工业机械手为研究对象,用常规的D—H法建立运动学数学模型,进行正、逆向运动学分析,然后,利用代数法依次求解出正、逆运动学方程,分别得出了操作臂末端在基坐标系下的位置关系式和各关节的参数变量,最后,用MATLAB软件对正运动学分析结果进行了仿真。     

一种基于工具坐标系的机器人运动学参数标定方法

机器人末端执行器位姿误差在基础坐标系中表示时,误差模型中包含姿态误差与位置矢量的乘积项,影响了参数标定识别精度。以工具坐标系为参考系,给出一种基于指数积公式包含关节约束条件的机器人位姿误差标定模型,避免了姿态误差与位置矢量的乘积项对参数标定识别精度的影响。以UR5机器人为标定对象,采用LeciaAT960-MR激光跟踪仪为测量设备,进行参数标定试验。试验结果表明,经参数标定后UR5机器人位置误差模和姿态误差模的平均值分别减小了91.07%和89.16%。