基于共同补给期的直运型供应链库存协调模型及仿真

研究了二级直运供应链通过共同补给期协调库存的策略问题。在该供应链中,单一的供应商向面临随机需求的多个零售商提供单一产品。在提出的库存协调策略下,当零售商接受供应商提供的共同补给期时,供应商则提供给零售商一定的价格折扣。最后,通过数值仿真分析,验证了该策略可以降低供应商的成本,而零售商成本的增加则可以通过价格折扣来补偿,从而显著地降低了供应链的总成本。     

弹性需求下带有分摊运费的供应链协调策略

研究了弹性需求条件下,由单一零售商和单一供应商组成的两级供应链的协调订货问题.该协调运用了共同补给期和分担运输费用的双重策略,分别从订货周期及年需求量的角度协调供应链订货.在Stackelberg博弈的框架下,首先从实际出发,引入了零售商最优转让折扣率,再从供应商的角度建立了协调模型,然后讨论了求解算法,并利用数值试验方法,通过仿真研究说明了该协调策略的有效性和可行性.     

Supply coordination based on bonus policy in assembly under uncertain delivery time

The existing research of supply coordination under uncertain delivery time mainly focuses on the collaboration between the supplier and the manufacturer, which aim at minimizing the total cost of each side and finding comparative optimal solutions under decentralized decision. In the supply coordination, the collaboration between suppliers in assembly system is usually not considered. As a result, the manufacturer’s production is often delayed due to mismatching delivery of components between suppliers. Therefore, to ensure supply coordination in assembly system, collaboration between suppliers should be taken into consideration. In this paper, an assembly system with two suppliers and one manufacturer under uncertain delivery time is considered. The model is established and optimal solution is given under decentralized decision. Furthermore, the cost functions of two suppliers are both convex, and a unique Nash equilibrium exists between two suppliers. Then the optimal decision under supply coordination is analyzed, which is regarded as a benchmark for supply coordination. Additionally, the total cost of the assembly system is jointly convex in agreed delivery time. To achieve supply coordination a bonus policy is explored in the assembly system under uncertain delivery time, and the total cost under bonus policy must be lower than under decentralized decision. Finally the numerical and sensitivity analysis shows the cost of assembly system under bonus policy equals that under supply coordination, and the cost of each side in assembly system under bonus policy is lower compared to that under decentralized decision. The proposed research minimizes the total cost of each side with bonus policy in assembly system, ensures the supply coordination between suppliers and the manufacturer, and improves the competiveness of the whole supply chain.     

不对称信息下两层供应链的激励机制研究

研究了在不对称成本信息条件下,当零售商处于领导者地位时制造商的谎报行为以及两层供应链的协调问题。研究结果表明,当零售商订货量对制造商批发价格具有敏感性时,制造商会谎报其成本,导致供应链的效率降低。通过线性转移支付,零售商能激励制造商提供真实成本信息,且能实现供应链的完美协调。数值分析说明了线性转移支付激励对制造商谎报行为的影响。     

Application of multidivisional bi-level programming to coordinate pricing and inventory decisions in a multiproduct competitive supply chain

This study concerns the coordination of pricing and inventory decisions in a multiproduct two-stage supply chain that consists of one manufacturer and multiple retailers within a competitive environment. The retailers order some substitutable products from a common manufacturer. It is assumed that channel members have different market power. The purpose of this paper is to coordinate pricing and inventory decisions such that utility of all involved levels (manufacturer and retailers) is met. Hence, a nonlinear multidivisional bi-level programming model is developed. This model considers both retailers and manufacturer when deciding about the pricing and production volume (for manufacturer) or amount of purchase (for retailers). A hybrid of genetic algorithm (GA) and local search method is proposed to solve the nonlinear bi-level model. This model is reduced to a nonlinear programming by replacing the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of followers to the lower level of the model. Then, the obtained single-level model is relaxed to a linear model to achieve an upper bound (UB). Finally, a numerical example is presented to analyze which parameters have more effect on the price, lot size and, consequently, on the profit. Results show that increasing the market scale parameter of the manufacturer increases the profit of the manufacturer, but the market scale parameter of retailers has no effect on the manufacturer’s profit, although it increases the retailers’ profit.     

Adaptive inventory control models for supply chain management

Uncertainties inherent in customer demands make it difficult for supply chains to achieve just-in-time inventory replenishment, resulting in loosing sales opportunities or keeping excessive chain-wide inventories. In this paper, we propose two adaptive inventory-control models for a supply chain consisting of one supplier and multiple retailers. The one is a centralized model and the other is a decentralized model. The objective of the two models is to satisfy a target service level predefined for each retailer. The inventory-control parameters of the supplier and retailers are safety lead time and safety stocks, respectively. Unlike most extant inventory-control approaches, modelling the uncertainty of customer demand as a statistical distribution is not a prerequisite in the two models. Instead, using a reinforcement learning technique called action-value method, the control parameters are designed to adaptively change as customer-demand patterns changes. A simulation-based experiment was performed to compare the performance of the two inventory-control models.     

模糊需求环境下供应链成员间的协调机制分析

为保证供应链成员获得利润,在模糊需求环境下,研究由单一供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统的协调机制问题。将市场需求视为模糊变量,建立不确定理论下基于可信性分布的分散决策、集中决策,以及收益共享契约和回购契约模型,并以三角模糊变量为例对模型进行优化,给出各种模型下的最优策略。最后,通过数值算例对模型中的参数进行求解,并对分析结论进行验证。研究结果表明,在模糊需求环境下,供应链系统中依然存在双重边际化效应,通过在协调机制中改变契约系数可以使供应链各成员的期望利润相比分散决策时有明显提高,并且当谈判双方达成纳什谈判解时,成员在收益共享契约下的期望利润等于其在回购契约下的期望利润。     

Modeling and solving a one-supplier multi-vehicle production-inventory-distribution problem with clustered retailers

This paper considers a supply chain management problem which integrates production, inventory, and distribution decisions. The supply chain is composed of one supplier production facility and several retailers located in a given geographic region. The supplier is responsible for the production and the replenishment of the inventory of retailers, in a vendor managed inventory (VMI) context. The distance between retailers is negligible compared to the distance between the supplier and the retailers’ region. Thus, for each vehicle, there is a major fixed cost for traveling to the cluster of retailers and a minor fixed cost for visiting each individual retailer. The problem consists of determining quantities to be produced, quantities to be delivered to retailers, vehicles to be used, and retailers to be serviced by each vehicle. This problem is an extension of the one warehouse multi-retailer problem with the consideration of production planning and storage and vehicle capacity limitations in addition to fixed vehicle utilization costs and retailer servicing costs. The objective is to minimize a total cost composed of production, transportation, and inventory holding costs at the supplier and at the retailers. Two mixed integer linear programming formulations are proposed and six families of valid inequalities are added to strengthen these formulations. Two of these families are new and the others are adapted from the literature. The numerical results show that the valid inequalities considerably improve the quality of the formulations. Moreover, the parameters that influence the most computational times are analyzed.     

季节性商品两级供应链契约设计与协调模型研究综述

在季节性商品销售环境下,讨论了单节点成员两级供应链契约设计与协调模型研究状况。在此基础上,讨论了多供应商对单零售商、单供应商对多零售商、多供应商对多零售商等不同供应链结构下的契约设计与协调模型研究现状。综述了复杂决策环境对契约设计与供应链协调的影响。总结了目前的研究现状,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

供应链运作过程管理及框架模型研究

分析了供应链网络结构及其运作过程，指出供应链之间不仅存在竞争，也存在协作与协调，而这一协调的主要执行者是处于不同供应链中的相同供应商／制造商。将工作流技术应用到供应链运作过程管理和控制中，建立基于代理的供应链运作框架模型。     

竞争的零售商创新投入的供应链协作研究

建立了由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的两级供应链,在市场价格竞争下,下游零售商创新投入降低运作成本的供应链博弈模型.研究发现,分散决策下,制造商的利润随着零售商创新能力和竞争强度的提高而增大,其最优批发价与零售商的创新能力无关,创新投入的外溢效应反映在增加了制造商的需求.创新使零售商的利润提高,但由于竞争性,当创新能力达到一定程度后,创新反而使零售商的利润降低.为此,提出了使供应链协作的基于数量折扣的混合契约,最后利用具体算例分析验证了结论.     

大规模定制环境下供应链实施延迟生产的成本优化模型

为成功实施延迟生产以实现供应链成本的优化,大规模定制环境下供应链各节点企业需要紧密协作.针对一条包括制造商和供应商两个节点企业的供应链.建立了大规模定制环境下供应链实施延迟生产的成本优化模型.以最小化供应链生产成本为目标,研究了供应商对客户订单分离点决策的影响,以及大规模定制环境下供应链实施延迟生产时客户订单分离点的最佳位置,指出决策客户订单分离点时应考虑供应商成本.最后,对该生产成本优化模型进行了仿真.     

面向供需链协同的信息共享价值分配机制

为实现供需链协同,合理设计信息共享价值分配机制,针对由一个制造商、多个同质分销商、多个同质零售商所组成的三级供需链系统,从库存持有水平的角度定量分析各成员的信息共享价值.在此基础上,应用多人合作博弈理论,建立了供需链库存效益分配模型,并采用τ值法求解该模型,给出了满意、协调、协同等多种分配方案.数值实验结果表明,基于τ值法的协同分配方案能够促使供需链协同的实现.     

基于交货期窗口约束的多级供应链批量调度问题研究

为解决三级供应网络中供应商和制造商的加工任务顺序优化和合理性问题,建立了交货期窗口约束下供应商与制造商协同决策的批量调度模型.以最小化供应链的物流和交付总成本为目标,综合考虑了供应商与制造商的库存成本、运输成本和未按期交付的惩罚成本.提出了采用两级遗传算法和两级编码的模型求解算法.通过一个仿真算例,验证了调度模型和求解策略的可行性.     

Agent-Oriented Supply-Chain Management

The supply chain is a worldwide network of suppliers, factories, warehouses, distribution centers, and retailers through which raw materials are acquired, transformed, and delivered to customers. In recent years, a new software architecture for managing the supply chain at the tactical and operational levels has emerged. It views the supply chain as composed of a set of intelligent software agents, each responsible for one or more activities in the supply chain and each interacting with other agents in the planning and execution of their responsibilities. This paper investigates issues and presents solutions for the construction of such an agent-oriented software architecture. The approach relies on the use of an agent building shell, providing generic, reusable, and guaranteed components and services for communicative-act-based communication, conversational coordination, role-based organization modeling, and others. Using these components, we show two nontrivial agent-based supply-chain architectures able to support complex cooperative work and the management of perturbation caused by stochastic events in the supply chain.     

无缺陷退货问题的建模与供应链协作

针对供应链中无质量缺陷的退货问题,建立了单个制造商和零售商构成的分散决策模型,模型中考虑了零售商宣传咨询对于顾客需求和退货率的影响.给出了该模型中零售商的最优订货策略和最优宣传咨询努力水平的上界.分析了零售商缺乏宣传咨询投入的原因,为实现无质量缺陷退货的供应链协作优化,提出了一种制造商承担部分宣传咨询投入成本的分担策略.数值仿真结果表明,恰当的分担比例可以同时提高制造商和零售商的收益,提高供应链绩效.     

供应链协同契约研究

为了使供应链达到协同,提出了利润共享与买回契约组合而成的新型混合契约,并用该契约对单供应商一单零售商,以及单供应商一多零售商组成的两级供应链模型进行了协同分析,整个分析过程采用了Stackel-berg博弈理论,其中供应商作为领导者,零售商作为跟随者.分析结果和数值实例说明,混合契约可以使供应商与零售商协同,并使供应链渠道总利润最大化.     

基于改进AHP的多供应商选择问题研究

针对供应链管理环境下的多供应商选择的多目标问题，考虑了采购量折扣和供应商能力约束。在应用粗糙集理论的基础上，对传统AHP进行了改进，量化了定性因素，建立了以价格、质量和服务为目标函数，以供应能力、及时运送等为约束条件的多目标混合整数规划模型，采用最大权值，最优化方法得到问题的最优解，仿真实例验证了该模型与求解方法是现实可行的。     

A two-stage data envelopment analysis model for measuring performance in three-level supply chains

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been widely used to evaluate supply chain performances. In conventional DEA, supply chains are represented as black boxes where only the initial inputs and final outputs are considered to measure their efficiency. However, an integrated model measuring both the efficiency of the entire supply chain and that of all its components at all levels is essential for a comprehensive evaluation. This study presents a two-stage DEA method to evaluate the performance of a three-level supply chain including suppliers, manufacturers and distributors. The proposed model can be used both under the constant returns to scale and the variable returns to scale assumptions and can be easily implemented for comprehensive analysis of multi-level supply chains. We present a numerical example to demonstrate applicability of the proposed model and exhibit the efficacy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and procedures. In particular, the numerical results demonstrate that the entire supply chain is “comprehensively” efficient only if efficient supplier–manufacturer and manufacturer–distributor relationships are established.     

一对多供应链在传统、信息共享和供应商管理库存模式下的绩效比较

比较分析了一对多两阶段供应链在传统、信息共享和供应商管理库存三种供应链管理模式下的供应链绩效,其中绩效指标选取为平均成本.针对三种模式分别构建了供应商、零售商以及供应链整体的运作模型,给出了其成本的解析表达式,最后通过数值实验的方法,比较了三种模式下的供应链绩效.结果表明,对于零售商和整个供应链而言,信息共享模式优于传统模式,并且供应商管理库存模式优于信息共享模式;而对于供应商而言,信息共享和供应商管理库存模式均优于传统模式,但供应商管理库存模式与信息共享模式相比,在一定条件下,有可能带来供应商成本的增加.