抗食源性致病菌益生菌的筛选及其抑菌活性评价（英文）

采用交叉划线法、径向划线法、琼脂扩散法及液体共培养法评价各益生菌菌株及其代谢产物对4株具代表性食源性致病菌的抑菌作用,并从20株益生菌中筛选出同时对单核细胞性李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(革兰氏阳性致病菌)及大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌(革兰氏阴性致病菌)具有良好抑菌活性的益生菌菌株。将筛选出的益生菌添加到羟丙基纤维素、丙三醇及魔芋粉的高分子复合材料中制备生物活性抑菌膜,并对抑菌膜中益生菌的存活情况及抑菌膜的抗菌效果进行评价。交叉划线法及径向划线法实验结果一致:乳杆菌属和肠球菌属的菌株,特别是Lactobacillus paracasei CICC 20241菌株对4株目标致病菌均具有较高的抗菌活性;琼脂扩散法实验表明:L.paracaseiCICC20241菌株的培养液、上清液和菌悬液均具有较好的抑菌效果;液体共培养法实验表明:乳酸菌L. paracasei CICC 20241先于致病菌接种时表现出更高的生长活性和拮抗活性。此外,本实验制备的抑菌膜是L. paracasei CICC 20241菌株的良好载体,适宜该菌株的生长存活并对目标致病菌表现出持续的抗菌活性,对于开发鲜食食品的包装材料具有较大的应用潜力。     

筛选具有抑制引起腹泻致病菌黏附功能的益生菌

筛选能够抑制引起腹泻致病菌黏附的益生菌,并且对其适应肠道环境:耐酸、耐胆盐和黏附性能进行评价。从中国西部地区传统发酵食品以及人类粪便样品中分离的14株益生菌作为筛选菌株。对这14株益生菌进行抑制致病菌黏附的筛选,最终筛选出7株使致病菌黏附数量降低到1.5×104CFU/m L的益生菌进行耐受肠道环境能力评价。实验结果显示这7株益生菌在p H2的条件下处理90min后存活的益生菌依然能够达到107CFU/m L左右,在0.3%的胆盐环境中处理2h后菌数降低到原来的百分之一,单层细胞上黏附的益生菌数J5、G15和F0533能够达到106CFU/m L,显示出了较强的黏附能力。经过综合分析筛选出F0533、IN4125、G15、J5和M7益生菌,经16S r DNA基因技术鉴定分别为Lactobacillus rhamnosus、Lactobacillus rhamnosus、Lactobacillus paracasei、Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus paracasei。     

西藏地区发酵牛乳中产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

从西藏地区藏族传统发酵乳中分离乳酸菌,采用生理生化特性和16S基因序列同源性分析对其进行鉴定,通过双层琼脂平板扩散法筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株。结果表明,共分离37株乳酸菌,其中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)35株、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)2株;35株乳酸杆菌为Lactobacillus casei 16株、Lactobacillus paracasei 7株、Lactobacillus plantarum 4株、Lactobacillus fermentum 2株、L.delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus 2株、Lactobacillus helveti-cus 1株、Lactobacillus diolivorans 3株;7株L.casei和L.paracasei的发酵上清液对3株细菌指示菌表现出明显抑制作用,所有菌株对真菌无抑菌活性;在排除有机酸、H2O2等的干扰和经蛋白酶K处理后,初步确定7株乳酸菌发酵上清液中的抑菌物质为细菌素。     

抑菌型纳豆菌株的分离筛选及其微生态菌剂的制备

纳豆杆菌具有抗菌、溶血栓、产生各种胞外酶等优良特征,着重关注了其抗菌活性,期望能够为饲料添加抗菌型微生态制剂的研究提供理论依据。实验从市售不同品种豆豉和纳豆中,分离纯化纳豆菌株23株,并通过对纳豆菌个体特征显微观察、水解酪蛋白实验、VP实验、吲哚实验等生理生化实验进行鉴定。研究了不同纳豆菌株对4种致病菌,志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的抗性特征,选育出7株抗致病菌性能良好的纳豆菌。选育的菌株进行组合发酵,采用冷冻干燥技术制备复合纳豆菌微生态制剂。实验结果显示,选育的纳豆菌株抑菌效果明显,冷冻干燥的微生态制剂中活菌数为1.05×109cfu/g,益生菌的存活率为72.7%。     

副干酪乳杆菌Q-1-4的筛选鉴定及抗菌物质特性分析

为获得应用潜力较高的抗菌菌株,对内蒙古地区传统乳制品中分离的8株乳酸杆菌进行抗菌菌株筛选,获得了一株具有广谱抗菌活性的菌株(编号为Q-1-4)。经常规生理生化及分子生物学实验,鉴定该菌为副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)。通过实验排除有机酸和过氧化氢干扰后,L.paracasei Q-1-4发酵离心后的无细胞发酵上清液(cell-free fermentation supernatant,CFS)对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhimurium CMCC50115仍具有抑制作用,且经蛋白酶处理后抗菌活性下降,说明L.paracasei Q-1-4所产抗菌物质中含有蛋白类物质。其在pH 2.0~5.5范围内对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌有抑制作用,且在此pH值范围内该抗菌物质对热稳定,对紫外线不敏感;与十二烷基硫酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸共同作用效果好于单一作用,而其他的表面活性剂、有机溶剂、金属离子对其无明显影响;该抗菌物质具有一定的贮藏稳定性且抑菌谱较广。     

干酪乳杆菌的筛选及其在活性乳酸菌饮料中的应用

目的:为了筛选应用于活性乳酸菌饮料生产的优质益生菌。方法:以云南省各地区发酵样品中分离出的120株干酪乳杆菌为研究对象,筛选具有人工胃液、人工肠液、胆盐耐受性及对肠道致病菌有抑制作用的菌株,同时将筛选出的菌株用于褐色活性乳酸菌饮料的生产发酵实验。结果:筛选出四株干酪乳杆菌L.casei1、L.casei2、L.casei3、L.casei5,有较强的耐酸、耐胆盐及耐受人工消化液的能力;能抑制肠道致病菌:大肠杆菌、福氏志贺氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌以及革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌,所以具有调节人体肠道菌群平衡的益生潜力。在进行200 L发酵罐的生产摸拟实验中干酪乳杆菌L.casei1、L.casei2、L.casei3、L.casei5四株菌的褐色活性乳酸菌饮料成品在口感、稳定性及均能满足生产应用要求,具有很好的研究及应用价值。     

仿刺参相关微生物对致病灿烂弧菌的拮抗及机理研究

从健康的仿刺参体表以及肠道中分离得到37株细菌,以仿刺参"腐皮综合症"致病菌灿烂弧菌(Vibriosplendidus)为指示菌,采用十字交叉划线法和纸片法进行体外拮抗试验,两种方法筛选出对灿烂弧菌(Vibriosplendidus)有拮抗作用的菌株分别为20种和8种。选择对灿烂弧菌有较强拮抗作用的7种菌株进行拮抗机理研究。研究表明:7株菌均是通过营养物质和生存空间竞争及产生有抑菌活性的胞外产物两种方式协同抑菌。其中,编号为CG-6-1的Pseudoalteromonas sp.主要分泌蛋白类等和比较大的极性分子,其胞外产物经过硫酸铵沉淀,在80%饱和度时抑菌活性最高,因此推断其产生的抑菌物质是蛋白类物质。     

Lactobacillus菌株的益生功能评价

本研究评价了分离自传统发酵乳制品中4株L．paracasei supsp．paracasei菌株在模拟胃、肠液中的存活性,在HT-29细胞上的粘附性,对致病菌的抑制能力,以及刺激外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）增殖的能力。其中菌株Lactobacillus paracasei supsp．paracasei M5AL、J23AL在模拟胃液存活率较高,而菌株Lactobacillus paracasei supsp．paracaseiGl5AL、T3AL在胃液中暴露3h即失去活性;4株菌在模拟肠液中存活率较高。菌株L．paracasei supsp．paracasei M5AL和G15AL在HT．29细胞上有较强粘附能力f〉40bacteria cells per 100HT-29cells）,并抑制病原微生物Ecoli ATCC25922、styphimurium ATCC14028、S.sonnei ATCC25931生长。4株菌活菌体刺激PBMCs增殖,具有潜在免疫调节功能。     

抗副溶血弧菌海洋微生物的筛选、鉴定及抑菌谱研究

该研究采用平板涂布法和平板划线法从印度洋沉积物中分离纯化海洋微生物,以副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahemolyticus）为指示菌,采用平板划线法对拮抗菌株进行初筛,琼脂扩散法进行复筛,并通过形态观察、生理生化试验和分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并研究其抑菌谱。结果表明,从印度洋沉积物中共分离纯化出115株微生物,经过初筛,得到10株有抑制效果的拮抗菌,经过复筛得到1株对副溶血弧菌有较好抑制效果的菌株,编号为NO.5.10.1-1,抑菌圈直径为（18.50±0.28） mm,该菌被鉴定为中村芽孢杆菌（Bacillus nakamurai）。除金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）外,该菌对7株致病菌均有抑制作用,具有较广的抑菌谱。     

新疆圆柏叶内生菌的分离及其抑菌特性研究

对新疆圆柏叶内生菌进行分离,确定分离条件,分离纯化得到7 株菌株,采用打孔法对这7 株菌的发酵液进行抑菌实验。结果表明：其中两株菌的发酵液对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌呈现较强的抑菌活性。通过形态学观察和革兰氏染色,确定1 号菌株为革兰氏阳性球菌,2 号菌株为革兰氏阴性球菌,均无荚膜,无芽孢,不产酸,不产气,淀粉水解为阴性。     

Antimicrobial effects of probiotic bacteria against selected species of yeasts and moulds in cheese-based dips

The antimicrobial properties of selected probiotic bacteria against Aspergillus niger , Penicillium roqueforti , Fusarium spp., Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Well diffusion and spot and streak methods showed strong inhibition effect of probiotic bacteria and their metabolites against moulds and minimal effect against yeasts. Among the moulds species tested, the inhibitory effect was strongest against Fusarium spp., moderate against Penicillium roqueforti and minimal against A. niger . All strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei showed maximum inhibitory effect. When probiotic bacteria and yeasts and moulds were co-cultured in broth media, strains of L. rhamnosus showed maximum inhibitory effect, whereas L. paracasei subsp. paracasei , L. acidophilus , Bifidobacterium animalis and Propionibacterium showed moderate inhibitory effect against C. albicans . Saccharomyces cerevisiae was minimally controlled by probiotic bacteria. Pre-grown probiotic bacterial culture metabolites controlled yeasts and moulds more effectively than their freeze-dried or frozen forms. Adding metabolites of probiotic bacteria (5% w/w) showed an effective control against A. niger , Fusarium spp. and C. albicans during the shelf life of 10 weeks at 4 °C and no colonies of yeasts and moulds were formed on the surface of the dip.     

Antimicrobial properties of milkfat globule membrane fractions

Milkfat globule membranes (MFGMs) were prepared from bovine cream according to standard procedures. These membranes and peptide hydrolysates, which were generated by proteolysis with immobilized digestive enzymes, were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus gasseri. Assays were first performed on beef heart infusion (BHI) plates spotted with test protein-peptide fractions and then seeded with lawns of indicator cells to monitor the zone of growth inhibition. Under these experimental conditions, MFGMs were most active against Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens. However, antibacterial activity was not seen after plating on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. We determined that the antimicrobial effects observed on BHI plates were due to the generation of H2O2 by xanthine oxidase, a major protein constituent of the MFGMs, as a result of purine catalysis. This substrate is present in BHI but lacking in LB medium. Evaluation of purified xanthine oxidase alone resulted in analogous data trends. The growth of probiotic Lactobacillus strains were affected only marginally when grown on lactobacilli deMan Rogosa Sharpe plates, suggesting the decreased sensitivity of these bacteria to H2O2. In this study, several MFGM hydrolysates exhibited variable antibacterial activity against test food pathogens on agar plates prepared with M9 minimal media, and this variation was not attributable to xanthine oxidase enzymatic activity. The probiotic microorganisms were mostly resilient to these antibacterial fractions. Bovine MFGM fractions may represent an excellent resource material from which to generate native, naturally occurring biodefensive proteins and/or peptides.     

Characterization of certain bacterial strains for potential use as starter or probiotic cultures in dairy products

The present work was aimed at characterizing 12 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to obtain improved potential starter or probiotic cultures that could be used for making dairy products from ewe's milk and cow's milk. Eight strains with antimicrobial properties, isolated from ewe's milk and from cheese made from ewe's and/or cow's milk, were studied. They were identified as Enterococcus faecalis (five strains), Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (one strain of each species). Additionally, four strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection: Lactobacillus casei 393 (isolated from cheese), L. lactis subsp. lactis 11454 (origin nonspecified and a producer of nisin), and two strains isolated from human feces (L. paracasei subsp. paracasei 27092 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 53103, antibacterial agent producer). All E. faecalis strains showed at least one virulence factor (either hemolysin or gelatinase), which emphasizes the importance of these studies in this species. Both L. lactis strains and most Lactobacillus spp. were good acidifiers in ewe's milk and cow's milk at 30°C. High β-galactosidase activity, as well as aminopeptidase activities that favor the development of desirable flavors in cheese, were detected in all Lactobacillus spp. strains. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 showed α-fucosidase activity (thought to help colonization of the intestine) and lack of α-glucosidase activity (a trait considered positive for diabetic and obese humans). This last enzymatic activity was also lacking in L. lactis ATCC 11454. L. mesenteroides was the only strain D(2)-lactic acid producer. The selection of any particular strain for probiotic or dairy cultures should be performed according to the technological and/or functional abilities needed.     

Antimicrobial efficacies of essential oils/nanoparticles incorporated polylactide films against L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium on contaminated cheese

Polylactide based films were formulated by incorporating polyethylene glycol, selected nanopowders (zinc oxide, silver-copper), and essential oils (cinnamon, garlic, and clove) by solvent casting method. Films were tested against three foodborne pathogens (one gram-positive and two gram-negative) for their antibacterial activity. The effectiveness of selected cinnamon oil-based film was ascertained by performing a challenge test with cheese as a food model. In vitro antibacterial efficacies of nanopowders and essential oils were also determined by the decimal reduction concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations for those foodborne pathogens. It was observed that nanopowders exhibited considerably poorer decimal reduction concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentration values in comparison to the essential oils. Silver-copper alloy nanopowders exhibited lower decimal reduction concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations values than ZnO against tested pathogens whereas essential oils showed distinct antimicrobial effectiveness against all those pathogens with in vitro decimal reduction concentration values of 87–157 and 77–220 µg/mL for cinnamon and clove oils, respectively. Among the various formulations, it was observed that only essential oils (especially cinnamon and clove) incorporated films exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against the selected microorganisms. These results indicate that the poor antibacterial activity of the nanopowders and the hydrophobicity of polylactide could be responsible for the ineffectiveness of nanopowders in polylactide based films. Furthermore, the challenge test indicated the polylactide/polyethylene glycol/cinnamon oil film was appropriate to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium on cheese up to 11 days at refrigerated storage.     

一株强抑菌活性植物乳杆菌的分离及益生性能研究

以健康黔北黑猪肠道黏膜内容物为原料,采用厌氧罐培养法分离出肠道细菌,结合抑菌试验筛选出其中具有强抑菌活性菌种进行分子生物学鉴定,并对其耐受性及抑菌物质的稳定性进行研究。结果表明,该菌株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538、大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ATCC14028等指示菌具有强抑制作用,其发酵上清液对3种指示菌的最大抑菌圈直径分别约为44.7 mm、23.1 mm和31.8 mm;菌株发酵上清液抑菌物质耐高温,120 ℃处理30 min抑菌活性无显著变化（P＞0.05）;胰蛋白酶处理后,上清液的抑菌圈直径显著减小（P＜0.05）,而过氧化氢酶和胃蛋白酶处理后抑菌圈直径无显著变化（P＞0.05）,表明主要抑菌物质为有机酸和活性肽;菌株经pH 2、0.3%猪胆盐或人工胃肠液处理6 h后存活率分别为0.06%、0.61%、40.80%和25.65%,显示出良好的益生性能。     

Antimicrobial activity of lauric arginate-coated polylactic acid films against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium on cooked sliced ham

A novel type of environmentally friendly packaging with antibacterial activity was developed from lauric arginate (LAE)-coating of polylactic acid (PLA) films after surface activation using a corona discharge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based analysis of the LAE/PLA films confirmed the successful coating of LAE on the PLA surface. The mechanical properties of the LAE/PLA films with different levels of LAE-coating (0% to 2.6%[w/w]) were essentially the same as those of the neat PLA film. The antibacterial activity of the LAE/PLA films against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was confirmed by a qualitative modified agar diffusion assay and quantitative JIS Z 2801:2000 method. Using the LAE/PLA film as a food-contact antimicrobial packaging for cooked cured ham, as a model system, suggested a potential application to inhibit L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium on ham with a 0.07% (w/w) LAE coating on the PLA when high transparency is required, as evidenced from the 2 to 3 log CFU/tested film lower pathogen growth after 7 d storage but even greater antibacterial activity is obtained with a LAE coating level of 2.6% (w/w) but at the cost of a reduced transparency of the finished product. This article shows how we can simply develop functional green packaging of PLA for food with effective and efficient antimicrobial activity by use of LAE coating on the surface via corona discharge. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The effectiveness of an innovative antimicrobial LAE-coated PLA film against foodborne pathogens was demonstrated. Importantly, the application of the LAE to form the LAE-coated PLA film can be customized within current film manufacturing lines.     

Antimicrobial activities of ZnO powder-coated PVC film to inactivate food pathogens

In this work, the effects of two different amounts of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the antimicrobial activities of poly (vinyl chloride)-based films to inactivate food pathogens were investigated. Results showed that the ZnO-coated film exhibited a good inhibition effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and its ability was attributed to the ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO-coated films exhibited more effective antibacterial activity for S. aureus . However, antifungal activity of the ZnO-coated films (20 mm × 25 mm) against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum was not observed. It is likely due to the complexity of the fungal cell wall and the ZnO nanoparticles without UV light irradiated or the insufficient amount of nanoparticles. Our findings reveal that ZnO nanoparticles have a good potential to be coated on a plastic film to make antimicrobial packaging against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus .     

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from a Greek dry-fermented sausage in respect of their technological and probiotic properties

A total of 147 lactic acid bacteria was isolated from two types of naturally fermented dry sausages at four different stages of the ripening process studied in order to select the most suitable strains according to their technological characteristics including probiotic properties and antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Identification of the isolates revealed that 90% were lactobacilli, 4% enterococci, 3% Pediococcus sp. and sporadic isolates of Weissella viridescens, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, and Leuconostoc sp. The isolated strains of Lactobacillus sakei (49 isolates), Lactobacillus curvatus (24 isolates) and Lactobacillus plantarum (7 isolates) were further characterized. All strains could grow at 15?°C, whereas the majority of the strains was able to grow in the presence of 6.5% NaCl and on acetate agar. The enzymatic potential of the strains was evaluated using the API ZYM system. During in vitro investigations all strains exhibited high leucine and valine aminopeptidase activities and moderate acid phosphatase and phosphohydrolase activities. Some strains showed very weak lipolytic activity. The enzyme profiling is an important factor for selection of strains as starter cultures. A large majority of the strains tolerated 0.1% bile salts whereas 58% of Lactobacillus curvatus strains and all Lactobacillus plantarum strains were resistant to 0.3% bile salts. All Lactobacillus sakei strains and the majority of Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus plantarum strains exhibited an anti-listerial activity against three Listeria monocytogenes strains. A percentage of 75, 50 and 29% of Lactobacillus sakei, L. curvatus and L. plantarum strains, respectively, could inhibit two Staphylococcus aureus strains. The contribution of the selected strains to a possible inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and S. aureus in situ on fermented meats would be of considerable interest to enhance the hygienic quality of these products.