苦荞麦籽粒的物理学特性研究

为了解苦荞麦籽粒的物理学特性,检测了不同生产地5个苦荞麦品种的10个物理学特性。结果表明:籽含水率11.5%~13.9%,籽粒度2.6~3.0mm、3.0~3.4mm和3.4~3.8mm的分级比率之和为88%~94%,仁色泽L~*、a~*和b~*值分别为籽的1.2~2.8倍、1.4~2.5倍和1.8~10.9倍,籽千粒重17.0~21.8g,籽和仁体积质量分别为627~689kg/m~3和725~760kg/m~3,籽、壳和仁密度分别为1.10~1.18g/cm~3、0.66~0.71g/cm~3和1.24~1.33g/cm~3,壳和仁占籽质量比率分别为26.3%~30.6%和69.4%~73.7%,壳厚度0.09~0.13mm,壳仁间隙0.037~0.053mm,仁硬度0.92~1.06kg,这些物理学特性参数可用于苦荞麦脱壳加工设备与技术研发;这10个物理学特性在不同生产地苦荞麦品种间均有显著性差异,揭示了不同苦荞麦原料脱壳加工生产工艺调整的必要性。     

丝瓜籽及冷榨丝瓜籽油品质分析

对丝瓜籽进行剥壳和脱皮,采用低温压榨技术从丝瓜整籽、脱壳籽仁、脱皮纯仁中分别提取油脂并对三种油脂进行品质分析。结果表明,丝瓜籽含壳率43.64%,籽仁含种皮率1.68%,纯仁率54.68%;丝瓜籽的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量分别为21.15%和24.64%,经脱壳和脱皮后,籽仁和纯仁的粗脂肪含量分别提高至40.53%和36.49%,粗蛋白含量分别提高43.61%和42.52%;丝瓜籽、仁油的主要脂肪酸是亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量为72.62%~76.78%,其中亚油酸含量56.48%~58.69%;丝瓜籽油的甾醇含量1.09%~1.90%,维生素E含量20~25 mg/100g,维生素E的主要成分为γ–生育酚,还含有一定量的生育三稀酚。     

浓香油茶籽油加工工艺的研究

介绍了浓香油茶籽油的概念,研究了浓香油茶籽油加工工艺对其挥发性成分、微营养成分、出油率以及主要理化指标的影响。通过对压榨原料油茶籽仁含壳率、含水率、炒籽温度和炒籽时间的研究试验,得出浓香油茶籽油较适宜的加工工艺条件为:油茶籽仁含壳率20%~30%,含水率4.5%~6.0%,炒籽温度130~140℃,炒籽时间30~40 min;在此条件下浓香油茶籽油微营养成分总酚、维生素E、角鲨烯及β-谷甾醇含量最高,分别为93.63、18.70、15.55、36.56 mg/100 g,酸值(KOH)和过氧化值最低,分别为0.99 mg/g、0.06 mmol/kg,出油率最高可达38%,香味最好。感官评价表明,影响浓香油茶籽油加工的主要因素是炒籽温度,其次是炒籽时间、含水率和含壳率。     

荞麦碾搓脱壳砂盘技术参数优化

为提高荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)碾搓脱壳生产效益,以整半仁率为脱壳指标,对砂盘工作面宽度、转速和剥壳间隙等技术参数进行了正交优化试验,并用5个荞麦品种进行了优化技术参数的验证试验。结果表明,荞麦碾搓脱壳砂盘的工作面宽度、转速和剥壳间隙对整半仁率均有显著影响,其中以剥壳间隙影响最大,其次是工作面宽度;粒度3.8~4.2 mm、4.2~4.6 mm、4.6~5.0 mm荞麦碾搓脱壳的砂盘优化技术参数(工作面宽度-转速-剥壳间隙),分别为8cm-813r/min-3.6mm、8cm-813r/min-3.8mm、8cm-813r/min-4.2mm,对应的整半仁率在55%、59%、62%以上。该研究结果对荞麦脱壳技术研发及脱壳生产工艺调整等有指导意义。     

籽用南瓜采后籽粒的成熟特性及品质评价研究

以甘肃省庆阳地区栽培的籽用南瓜(C.Mixia.Pang)主栽品种为试材,分两个年度对籽用南瓜贮藏期间籽粒的成熟特性及品质进行研究。结果:提出了瓜籽特征指标的概念,确定最佳掏籽时间为采后30d;瓜籽的成熟变化表现为:籽肉重量比维持在0.04%~0.06%,瓜籽的纵径14.3~21.3mm、横径6.9~11.3mm、厚度2.1~3.6mm,纵横径比在1.8~2.2间波动,厚度不断增大,千粒重为240~340g;蛋白质含量贮藏期间差异显著,呈现总体下降的趋势;粗脂肪由47.8%逐渐下降到37%;水分变化趋势与蛋白质、粗脂肪相似,由36.6%降到30.3%。     

新型碾搓式葵花籽脱壳机

针对市面现有葵花籽剥壳机的不足,设计一种新型葵花籽剥壳机.该机由3层筛片除杂分级装置、两级间隙可调齿辊齿板式脱壳装置和葵花籽壳、葵花籽仁分离装置等组成.设计和验证试验表明,在齿辊转速600 r/min时,该机生产效率为950 kg/h;针对不同的原料,调整合适的齿辊齿板工作间隙,可使机器的一次性脱壳率达到87%,籽仁破损率低于2.1%.     

不同品种红树莓果籽营养成分分析

以东北地区的哈瑞太兹、菲尔杜德、秋福、宝石红、欧洲红5种红树莓果籽为原料,用国标法对不同品种红树莓果籽的外观、质量等理化指标进行测定,并测定比较这5种红树莓果籽中的营养成分及活性物质含量。结果表明:不同品种的红树莓果籽的理化指标、营养成分及活性物质含量具有一定差异。红树莓果籽属小籽粒种子,千粒质量1.06~1.60 g,含水分3.23%~8.78%、粗脂肪12.69%~16.65%、粗蛋白4.64%~8.54%、总糖2.00%~4.26%、还原糖0.97%~2.40%、粗灰分0.84%~1.57%、总酚15.21~18.53 mg/g、黄酮8.19~11.50 mg/g、原花青素19.43~31.10 mg/g。不同品种红树莓果籽中VE含量为33.80~52.59μg/g,VA、VD、VK未检出。红树莓果籽中含有丰富的Ca、Co、Fe、K、P等矿物质元素,其中秋福果籽中矿物质元素含量最高为3 520.51μg/g。     

兰州拉面对小麦籽粒质量性状的要求分析

为明确兰州拉面对小麦籽粒质量性状的要求,依据黄淮冬麦区70个冬小麦品种制作兰州拉面的"制作过程评价总分"和"产品感官评价总分",采用聚类分析方法对小麦品种分类,比较不同类型小麦品种主要籽粒质量性状的差异和特点。结果表明,不同类型小麦品种的主要籽粒质量性状间存在显著差异。优质兰州拉面对小麦品种籽粒质量性状要求为:容重≥790 g/L,籽粒色泽b*值21~22,籽粒蛋白质质量分数13.0%~14.0%,湿面筋质量分数28%~30%,小麦粉破损淀粉含量18.0~22.0 UCDc,峰值黏度≥490 BU,衰减值≤80 BU。研究结果可以为小麦育种家培育兰州拉面专用小麦品种,拉面专用粉生产原粮选择,餐饮业拉面面粉选择,拉面专用粉的标准制定等提供参考。     

麻疯树籽仁/壳乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性北大核心CSCD

为了提高麻疯树种子的开发利用价值,采用体外抗氧化实验对麻疯树籽仁/壳乙醇提取物抗氧化活性进行了研究。分别以麻疯树种子中的籽仁和籽壳为原料,经75%乙醇提取,在对提取物主要成分进行分析的基础上,以V为阳性对照,测定两种提取物对自由基(DPPH自由基、ABTS~+自由基、羟自由基和超氧自由基)的清除能力、还原能力以及抑制亚油酸自氧化能力。结果表明:麻疯树籽仁/壳乙醇提取物中多糖类物质总含量分别为47.67%和52.21%,酮类物质总含量分别为0.774%和4.22%,麻疯树籽壳乙醇提取物中还含有0.30%的多酚类物质;麻疯树籽仁/壳乙醇提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中籽壳乙醇提取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS~+自由基、羟自由基、超氧自由基的清除效果较好;麻疯树籽仁/壳乙醇提取物的还原能力和对亚油酸自氧化的抑制能力相对较弱。麻疯树籽壳乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性优于籽仁乙醇提取物,可能与籽壳乙醇提取物中含有较多的黄酮类和多酚类物质有关。     

大蓟籽及其油的特性研究

对大蓟籽主要理化指标和营养成分进行测定。采用超声波辅助提取法对大蓟籽油进行提取,甲酯化后,以GS-MS联用法测定大蓟籽油的组分。结果表明:大蓟籽千粒重287 g,出仁率500~510 g/kg,容重661 g/L;其主要成分为粗纤维16.81%,蛋白质25.48%,灰分4.36%,脂肪29.99%等。大蓟籽蛋白中必需氨基酸占27.3%。其灰分含量中常量元素占98.52%,微量元素占1.48%。脂肪酸主要组成是棕榈酸9.5%、硬脂酸7.02%、油酸28.66%、亚油酸46.09%、花生酸4.11%、11-花生一烯酸1.76%和山芋酸2.86%,其中不饱和脂肪酸约占75%。大蓟籽中含有丰富的营养成分,有较好的开发利用价值。     

Chemical composition,protein fractionation,essential amino acid potential and antimetabolic constituents of an unconventional legume,Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) seed kernel

Physical characteristics of pods and seeds, proximate composition, different protein fractionation, SDS‐PAGE analysis of proteins, amino acid composition, starch content, fatty acid profiles and various antimetabolic substances of Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) were studied. The pod length and the number of seeds per pod ranged from 55 to 90 cm and from 5 to 11 respectively. The kernel comprised 66.1% of the seed weight (18.41 ± 1.14 g). The seed kernels contained 256.7 g kg^?1 crude protein, 108.1 g kg^?1 lipid, 27.3 g kg^?1 ash and a high content of carbohydrate (585.7 g kg^?1). The levels of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron were similar to those in conventional pulses. Among the different protein fractions of seed kernels, albumins constituted the major storage proteins (69.7%). The kernel proteins were rich in essential amino acids, particularly sulphur‐containing amino acids, and their values appeared to be higher than the FAO/WHO (1990) reference protein for a 2–5‐year‐old growing child and soybean, and comparable to hen egg. Seed kernel lipids contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 83% of the total fatty acid recovered. The kernel exhibited high trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities (96.65 mg TI g^?1 and 30.02 CIU mg^?1 sample respectively) in addition to containing phenolics, phytic acid, lectins and oligosaccharides. Another major toxic constituent was identified as a group of triterpenoid saponins (3.21%), which had high haemolytic activity (HeU) against cattle erythrocytes and caused high mortality in fish. The in vitro digestibility of the kernel protein was low (67%). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of aflatoxin risk components for in-shell Brazil nuts

A study was conducted on the risk from aflatoxins associated with the kernels and shells of Brazil nuts. Samples were collected from processing plants in Amazonia, Brazil. A total of 54 test samples (40?kg) were taken from 13 in-shell Brazil nut lots ready for market. Each in-shell sample was shelled and the kernels and shells were sorted in five fractions: good kernels, rotten kernels, good shells with kernel residue, good shells without kernel residue, and rotten shells, and analysed for aflatoxins. The kernel?:?shell ratio mass (w/w) was 50.2/49.8%. The Brazil nut shell was found to be contaminated with aflatoxin. Rotten nuts were found to be a high-risk fraction for aflatoxin in in-shell Brazil nut lots. Rotten nuts contributed only 4.2% of the sample mass (kg), but contributed 76.6% of the total aflatoxin mass (µg) in the in-shell test sample. The highest correlations were found between the aflatoxin concentration in in-shell Brazil nuts samples and the aflatoxin concentration in all defective fractions (R ^2?=?0.97). The aflatoxin mass of all defective fractions (R ^2?=?0.90) as well as that of the rotten nut (R ^2?=?0.88) were also strongly correlated with the aflatoxin concentration of the in-shell test samples. Process factors of 0.17, 0.16 and 0.24 were respectively calculated to estimate the aflatoxin concentration in the good kernels (edible) and good nuts by measuring the aflatoxin concentration in the in-shell test sample and in all kernels, respectively.     

Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Dry Sweet Corn Kernels

Physical properties of sweet corn kernels have been evaluated as a function of kernel moisture content, varying from 9.12 to 17.06% (db). In the moisture range, kernel length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 9.87 to11.09 mm, 7.41 to 9.25 mm, 3.25 to 4.37 mm, and 6.18 to 7.62 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 9.12–17.06%. The sphericity index, kernel volume, kernel surface area, and thousand seed weight increased linearly from 62.6 to 68.8, 93.8 to 194.3 mm³, 120.1 to 182.9 mm², and 220 to 268 gr, respectively. Apparent density and bulk density decreased linearly from 1.315 to 1.232 g/cm³ and 0.765 to 0.698 g/cm³, respectively, while bulk porosity increased from 41.8 to 43.3%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.680 to 0.891, 0.605 to 0.741, and 0.530 to 0.644 for plywood, galvanized iron, and aluminum surfaces, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 30.2 to 35.2° with the increase of moisture content.     

Quality changes in macadamia kernel between harvest and farm-gate

BACKGROUND: Macadamia integrifolia, Macadamia tetraphylla and their hybrids are cultivated for their edible kernels. After harvest, nuts‐in‐shell are partially dried on‐farm and sorted to eliminate poor‐quality kernels before consignment to a processor. During these operations, kernel quality may be lost. In this study, macadamia nuts‐in‐shell were sampled at five points of an on‐farm postharvest handling chain from dehusking to the final storage silo to assess quality loss prior to consignment. Shoulder damage, weight of pieces and unsound kernel were assessed for raw kernels, and colour, mottled colour and surface damage for roasted kernels. RESULTS: Shoulder damage, weight of pieces and unsound kernel for raw kernels increased significantly between the dehusker and the final silo. Roasted kernels displayed a significant increase in dark colour, mottled colour and surface damage during on‐farm handling. CONCLUSION: Significant loss of macadamia kernel quality occurred on a commercial farm during sorting and storage of nuts‐in‐shell before nuts were consigned to a processor. Nuts‐in‐shell should be dried as quickly as possible and on‐farm handling minimised to maintain optimum kernel quality. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative evaluation of non-toxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition,digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors

Four varieties of Jatropha curcas which originated from Nicaragua (Cape Verde and Nicaragua toxic varieties cultivated in Managua), Nigeria (a wild variety from Ife; toxicity unknown) and Mexico (a wild non-toxic variety collected from Papantla) were studied. The average seed weight was 0.69, 0.86, 0.53 and 0.65 g for Cape Verde, Nicaragua, Ife-Nigeria and non-toxic Mexico varieties, respectively. The kernel to shell ratio in seeds was relatively similar (62.7:37.3 for both Cape Verde and Nicaraguan, 60:40 for Ife-Nigerian and 63.5:36.5 for non-toxic Mexican). The shell of the seeds composed mainly of fiber (>83% neutral detergent fiber) and very little crude protein (CP < 6%). The kernels were rich in CP (22.2–27.7%) and lipid (53.9–58.5%). The meal (defatted kernels) had a CP content of 57.3, 61.9, 56.1 and 64.4% for Cape Verde, Nicaragua, Ife-Nigeria and non-toxic Mexico varieties, respectively, and about 90% of this CP was true protein. The pepsin insoluble nitrogen was from 5.5 to 7%. The amino acid composition of meals from Cape Verde, Nicaragua and non-toxic Mexico varieties was similar. The levels of essential amino acids except lysine were higher than that for the FAO reference protein. The meal from the toxic variety (Cape Verde) did not have any anti-fermentative activity on rumen microbes. The estimated digestible organic matter (DOM) and metabolizable energy (ME) for the shells were low (26.2–27.1% and 2.4–2.8 MJ kg⁻¹), whereas these values for Jatropha meals were 77.3–78.4% and 10.7–10.9MJ kg⁻¹. For commercially available (heat-treated) soyabean meal, DOM and ME were 87.9% and 13.3MJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The in-vitro rumen degradable nitrogen (% of total nitrogen) for meals from Cape Verde, Nicaragua, Ife-Nigeria and non-toxic Mexico varieties was 43.3, 37.7, 38.7 and 28.9, respectively, and for the soyabean meal it was 80.9%. Tannins, cyanogens, glucosinolates and amylase inhibitors were not detected in meals of any of the four varieties. A small amount of tannins were present in shells (2.0–2.9% as tannic acid equivalent). High levels of trypsin inhibitor activity (18.4–26.5 mg trypsin inhibited g⁻¹), lectin (51–102; inverse of the minimum amount in mg ml⁻¹ of the assay which produced haemagglutination in presence of 10 mM Mn²⁺) and phytate (7.2–10.1%) were observed in the meals. The concentrations of phorbol esters in kernels of Cape Verde, Nicaragua and Ife-Nigeria varieties were 2.70, 2.17 and 2.30mg g⁻¹, whereas kernels of non-toxic Mexican had a very low level (O.11 mg g⁻¹) of phorbol esters.     

Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant capacity of different pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars

Six pecan cultivars were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity (AC), total phenolics (TP), condensed tannin (CT), HPLC phenolic profile, tocopherol and fatty acid composition. Kernels which included the outer brown testa or pellicle, and shells which is the hard cover that surrounds the kernel, were evaluated for each cultivar. Strong correlations were found in kernels between AC and TP for both DPPH (r² = 0.98) and AC_ORAC (r² = 0.75) antioxidant assays. AC_ORAC values ranged from 372 to 817 μmol trolox equivalents/g defatted kernel, corresponding to Desirable and Kanza cultivars, respectively. CT ranged from 23 to 47 mg catechin equivalents/g defatted kernel and TP from 62 to 106 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalents/g defatted kernel. After a consecutive basic-acid hydrolysis, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin and epicatechin were identified by HPLC. The TP, AC and CT were 6, 4.5 and 18 times higher, respectively, for shells compared to kernels. The presence of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity in kernels and shells indicates pecans can be considered an important dietary source of antioxidants.     

Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in sunflower-treated seeds (hull and kernel) by LC-MS/MS

A validated analytical method to determine seven neonicotinoids (dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) in sunflower seeds (hull and kernel) using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is presented. Sample clean-up based on a solid–liquid extraction, and the removal of lipid fraction, in the case of kernels, is proposed and optimised. Low limits of detection and quantification were obtained, ranging from 0.3 × 10^–3 to 1.2 × 10^–3 µg g^–1 and from 1.0 × 10^–3 to 4.0 × 10^–3 µg g^–1, with good precision, and recovery values ranged from 90% to 104% for hulls and kernels. The method was applied for the analysis of five thiamethoxam-dressed sunflower seeds and four non-treated seeds, where, besides thiamethoxam, residues of the other neonicotinoid, clothianidin, were also detected and confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Finally, the presence of residues of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in collected sunflower seeds (hulls) coming from coated seeds confirmed the translocation of these neonicotinoids through the plant up to these seeds.     

Physical,physicochemical and anti-nutritional properties of Horse Chestnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aesculus indica</Emphasis>) seed

The aim of the study was to investigate the physical, physicochemical and anti-nutritional properties of Horse Chestnut (HCN) seed. The average length, width and thickness of the seeds were 4.70, 4.00 and 3.20 cm, respectively. Geometric and arithmetic mean diameter were 3.92 and 3.97 cm. Average sphericity and aspect ratio of the seeds were 83.40 and 85.11 %, respectively. The true density, bulk density, density ratio and porosity values of the seeds were 1072, 518 g/cm³, 48.32 and 51.68 %, respectively. The angle of repose for the seeds obtained on plywood, mild steel, stainless steel and galvanized sheet was 22.30°, 20.30°, 18.30° and 22.79° respectively. The coefficient of static friction of the seeds obtained on plywood, mild steel, stainless steel and galvanized sheet was 0.54, 0.52, 0.51 and 0.52, respectively. The average force required to break the seed was 328 N. The L ^* , a ^* , and b ^* color values of seed flour were found to be 92.07, 3.47 and 13.70 respectively. Proximate composition of the seed flour revealed 10.71 % moisture, 3.16 % ash, 6.34 % crude fibre, 3.27 % fat, 6.78 % protein, 69.74 % carbohydrate, 10.15 % sugar and 59.59 % starch and energy value of 327.51 cal/100 g. Anti-nutritional factors of the seed flour were determined in terms of oxalate, phytate, tannin and saponin. Pre-treatments including soaking and microwave heating showed significant reduction of anti-nutritional factors of the seed flour. Microwave heating at 2450 MHz for 2.5 min showed higher reduction of 95.45, 91.66, 68.15 and 87.20 % in oxalate, phytate, tannin and saponin content respectively. Knowledge of physical properties of HCN seeds can be useful in designing equipment for postharvest handling and processing operations. Pre-treatments for reduction of anti-nutritional components of the seeds can be helpful for utilization of HCN seed in different food formulations.     

Compositional,Mass-Volume-Area Related and Mechanical Properties of Sponge Gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca) Seeds

Some physical, mechanical and compositional properties of sponge gourd seeds were determined according to standard methods. The length, width, thickness and equivalent diameter were 9.6, 6.17, 1.59 and 4.53 mm for whole seeds and 6.99, 4.31, 0.79 and 2.84 mm for the dehulled seeds respectively. Sphericity, surface area, seed mass, bulk density, apparent density and porosity were 0.47, 0.57 cm², 0.079 g, 0.43, 0.50 g/cm³ and 0.14 for whole seeds and 0.41, 0.33 cm², 0.044 g, 0.57, 0.93 g/cm³ and 0.39 for dehulled seeds, respectively. Coefficient of friction against wood, aluminum, galvanized steel and mild steel surfaces were 0.50, 0.59, 0.64 and 0.70 for the whole seeds and 0.55, 0.66, 0.67, and 0.76 for the dehulled seeds, respectively. Sponge gourd seeds contain 33.38 and 39.11 g of protein and fat per 100 g of sample, respectively, the fat being largely made up of 50.1% linoleic and 31.03 % stearic acids.     

Physical,functional and pasting properties of different maize (Zea mays) cultivars as modified by an increase in γ‐irradiation doses

Physical, functional and pasting properties of six maize (Zea mays) cultivars as modified by an increase in γ‐irradiation doses were investigated. From the L*, a* and b* measured, deltachroma, colour intensity and hue angle were calculated. Functional and physicochemical properties of maize flours were determined using standard methods and Rapid Visco Analyser, respectively. Often, the effect of γ‐irradiation on L*, a* and b* values within each cultivar was almost never significant but pronounced between the yellow and white cultivars. Generally, deltachroma, colour intensity and hue angle decreased with increased γ‐irradiation dose. Mean seed bulk density and 100 kernel weight varied from 0.73–0.77 g cm^?3 and 23.13–35.42 g, respectively. Loose and packed bulk densities, and water (WAC) and oil absorption capacities of the maize flours were not significantly affected by γ‐irradiation. WAC of nonirradiated and γ‐irradiated maize flours ranged from 1.54–1.62 and 1.09–1.70 g g^?1, respectively. Peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased γ‐irradiation dose.