2001—2017年我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属累积特征及膳食暴露风险

目的 探讨我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属的累积特征,并分析潜在膳食暴露风险。方法 搜索论文数据库,收集2001—2017年发表文献中蔬菜铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)及汞(Hg)含量的数据,分析我国根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中As和重金属的污染特性,并采用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型评估蔬菜中砷和重金属的膳食暴露风险。结果 3类蔬菜中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg均呈非正态分布,变异系数均<10%。根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中Cd、As、Hg的含量均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),叶菜类和茄果类蔬菜中Pb-Cr含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但3类蔬菜中Cu含量均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根茎类蔬菜中Pb、As和Hg的含量较高,叶菜类蔬菜中Cd含量较高。根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中Pb-Cd及根茎类蔬菜中Pb-Cr相关性均较强(P<0.01)。3类蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr和As污染指数均在安全范围内,而根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb和Hg均存在不同程度的污染,但基本属于轻度污染。根茎类和茄果类数值中As和重金属对成人和儿童的风险值均<1.0,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb对成人和儿童的风险值的第95百分位数分别是1.780和2.020,表明叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb存在潜在的人体非致癌风险。结论 中国蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr、As和Hg整体污染较轻,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb污染应引起重视。     

研究揭示饮食策略能降低大米中镉的生物有效性

重金属污染是最古老的环境问题之一,尤其是在一些发展中国家更面临着严重的污染问题,污染物给人体带来的健康问题日益凸显。镉是环境中常见的有毒重金属,经口摄入途径是民众暴露重金属镉的首要途径。减少饮食中镉的暴露是降低风险的有效可行策略。其中一个降低暴露风险的方法是尽量食用镉含量低的农产品;另一方面,降低Cd在体内循环中的生物利用度是减少Cd暴露的另一种策略,而膳食补充剂在减轻或预防镉中毒方面发挥着重要作用。     

北京市售干食用菌中重金属特征分析及健康风险评价

测定了北京市售8种干食用菌中镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）四种重金属含量,并利用内梅罗综合污染指数（p）评价法和计算目标危害系数（THQ）法对干食用菌质量等级及重金属膳食暴露风险进行了评价。结果表明,8种干食用菌中镉、铅、砷、汞四种重金属含量范围分别为ND~9.332 mg/kg、ND~2.060 mg/kg、ND~24.690 mg/kg、0.004~0.448 mg/kg,大部分重金属含量均低于国标中安全限量值,只有2.2%的镉和2.8%的砷超标。干食用菌重金属内梅罗综合污染指数表明,姬松茸的重金属污染最严重（p为1.41）,达到轻度污染级,茶树菇的重金属污染达到警戒级（p为0.95）,其他6种食用菌均属于质量安全等级。重金属膳食暴露风险结果表明,姬松茸中As的THQ＞1,姬松茸、榛蘑、竹荪中四种重金属的TTHQ＞1,表明姬松茸、榛蘑、竹荪三种干食用菌存在潜在的重金属膳食暴露风险,且姬松茸对镉、铅、汞三种重金属的贡献率均最大。本研究表明,北京市售8种干食用菌总体水平是安全的,重金属膳食暴露风险水平较低。     

2018—2020年北京市售蟹类镉含量调查及评价

目的 抽测2018—2020年北京市售蟹类中镉含量并进行评价,为蟹类的质量安全性评价提供基础数据。方法 采用随机采样的方法, 采集北京市售常见蟹类, 采用原子吸收光谱法对蟹中的镉含量进行检测;采用靶标危害系数法(Target hazard quotients, THQ)评估人体每日通过蟹类摄入重金属所带来的健康风险。结果 2018—2020年共采集蟹类样品83份, 重金属镉含量平均值为0.647 mg/kg。从蟹类的生长环境来看,淡水蟹重金属镉含量范围为0.043～0.620 mg/kg,平均值为0.183 mg/kg;海水蟹重金属镉含量范围为0.033～3.200 mg/kg,平均值为1.070 mg/kg;3年间蟹类中镉超标率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。儿童、成人摄入蟹类中重金属的THQ值和总THQ值依次递减。不同年龄人群膳食摄入蟹类中镉的THQ值均＜1。结论 通过连续3年的系统性调查,本次采集的2018—2020年北京市售蟹类中存在一定的镉残留,其中海水蟹中镉含量超标现象较多,需加强监测;由于蟹类的食用具有季节性,普通人群摄入量较少,膳食风险相对较低。     

乌鲁木齐市售面粉铅、镉含量分析及居民复合暴露风险评估

明确乌鲁木齐市市售主要品牌面粉的重金属铅、镉含量,评估居民膳食铅、镉复合暴露风险。以乌鲁木齐市市售的天山、金西域、帅奇、仓麦园四种品牌小麦面粉为研究对象,2013年共采集70份面粉样品,用微波消解-原子吸收法测定铅、镉元素含量;用目标危害系数(THQ)法评估其食用安全性,以及居民铅、镉复合暴露健康风险。四种品牌面粉铅、镉含量均未超过《食品安全国家标准-食品中污染物限量》规定的限量标准;由THQ法计算得到成人和儿童经小麦面粉摄入铅、镉复合暴露风险均小于1(THQ_成人=0.182,THQ_儿童=0.231)。从食用安全性来说,乌鲁木齐市市售面粉是安全的。乌鲁木齐市儿童铅、镉复合暴露风险略高于成人,成人和儿童经小麦面粉摄入铅、镉复合暴露风险均在可接受的水平。     

蔬菜水果重金属膳食暴露评估中风险权重的确定方法

以天津塘沽地区居民日常食用的蔬菜和水果为研究对象,使用微波消解对样品进行消化,用电感耦合等离 子体质谱对样品中Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 5 种重金属含量进行检测,结果表明蔬菜和水果部分样品存在重金属含量 超标情况,其中蔬菜Pb和水果Pb超标率均高于10%。为精确评估各种重金属对于膳食风险的贡献率,引入层次分析 法确定各元素的风险权重。应用暴露评估法和目标风险系数（target hazard quotient,THQ）将风险量化,结合THQ 值和各元素超标情况使用层次分析法计算各重金属元素风险权重。结果表明,平均暴露水平下5 种元素的风险权重 为Cr 0.141 1、As 0.157 0、Cd 0.341 1、Hg 0.040 4、Pb 0.320 4,风险等级Cd、Pb＞As、Cr＞Hg,确定了不同重金 属基于摄入量和超标情况的膳食风险贡献率,为食品中多元危害物风险评价提供了一种方法。     

厦门市售蔬菜、茶叶重金属含量及健康风险评价

为研究厦门市售蔬菜和茶叶中重金属含量特征并评价其对人体的健康风险,分析测定了厦门市主要农贸市场的10种蔬菜和主要商场的10种茶叶中重金属含量,运用内梅罗综合污染指数对重金属污染水平进行评价,运用靶标危害系数法(THQ)对重金属人体健康风险进行评估。结果表明:厦门市售蔬菜和茶叶不同品种中Zn、Cu、As、Cd和Pb含量差异较大,其中As、Cd和Pb含量均低于植物样品(蔬菜和茶叶)中各重金属元素食品卫生标准限值;蔬菜和茶叶中重金属As、Cd和Pb均处于安全等级(P_综≤0.7),其中,蔬菜中Cd的单项污染指数最高,茶叶中Pb的单项污染指数最高,两种元素均有较大危害,应重点关注;蔬菜和茶叶中重金属Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb对儿童的靶标危害系数基本高于成人,各重金属的单一靶标危害系数(THQ)及综合危害系数(TTHQ)均小于1,说明不存在明显的健康风险。     

世界蒸馏酒中八种重金属元素健康风险暴露评估

利用电感耦合等离子体-质谱（ICP-MS）法测定市售71份国内外蒸馏酒和文献收集617份国内外蒸馏酒中重金属锌、铁、铜、铅、砷、镉、锰和铬含量数据，分析其重金属污染特性，并利用健康风险评估模型评估世界六大蒸馏酒中重金属的膳食暴露风险。结果表明，国内外蒸馏酒中重金属元素含量均呈非正态分布，变异系数（CV）<5%，除Cr外，其余元素在中国白酒与国外蒸馏酒间含量差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单因子污染指数法结果表明，国外蒸馏酒中重金属元素污染程度高于中国白酒。国内外蒸馏酒中Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Mn、Zn和Fe元素健康风险评估值远小于1，不会对人体健康构成危害。该研究可为蒸馏酒安全生产提供一定的数据参考。     

2020年北京市售食用菌中重金属含量及健康风险分析

目的 检测北京市售食用菌中重金属含量并进行健康风险评测。方法 采用随机采样的方法,选取北京市售常见新鲜食用菌,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱对食用菌中重金属砷、镉、铅、汞含量进行检测;采用靶标危害系数法 (target hazard quotients, THQ),评估人体每日通过食用菌摄入重金属所带来的健康风险。结果 共采集食用菌样品5类42份,重金属砷、镉、铅、汞含量均未超过国标限量要求,其中香菇中各种重金属的含量相对较高,各种重金属在不同种类食用菌中含量差异变化较大;儿童、成人摄入食用菌中重金属的THQ值和总THQ值依次递减。不同年龄人群膳食摄入食用菌中砷、镉、铅、汞的THQ值均＜1。结论 本次采集的北京市售食用菌中砷、镉、铅、汞的含量均未超标,通过膳食途径摄入食用菌中重金属的健康风险较低。     

顺义区四种蔬菜重金属残留健康风险分析

参照重金属检测国家标准,采用原子吸收光谱法分别对4种茄果类蔬菜120个蔬菜样品Pb,Cd,Cu和Zn的重金属元素的含量进行了测定,并利用单因素法和内梅罗指数法评价蔬菜重金属污染情况,健康风险评价模型对当地居民摄食蔬菜导致的健康风险进行了评价和分析。结果表明,4种检测样品中均有重金属Pb含量超标,Cd只在茄子中超标,综合污染指数都小于1,处于警戒级。通过蔬菜途径导致的Pb,Cd,Cu和Zn的THQ值分别为1.59×10-7,2.85×10-5,7.49×10-7和9.29×10-9 mg/(kg·d),联合THQ值为2.89×10-5,低于美国环保局与国际放射防护委员会分别推荐的标准,即当地居民经茄果类蔬菜途径摄入重金属引起的人体健康风险较低。     

Enhanced bioaccessibility of β‐carotene from yellow‐orange vegetables and green leafy vegetables by domestic heat processing

Effect of heat treatment involved in domestic cooking on the bioaccessibility of β‐carotene from yellow‐orange as well as green leafy vegetables was evaluated. Heat treatment of these vegetables by pressure‐cooking, stir‐frying and open‐pan boiling had a beneficial influence on the bioaccessibility of β‐carotene. The extent of increase in the per cent bioaccessibility of β‐carotene as a result of pressure‐cooking was 21–84%. Stir‐frying in presence of a small quantity of oil brought about an enormous increase in the bioaccessibility of β‐carotene from these vegetables, the extent of increase being 67–191%. Open‐pan boiling of vegetables increased the bioaccessibility of β‐carotene in the range 23–36%. Thus, among the three domestic heat processing methods, stir‐frying results in maximum bioaccessibility of this provitamin. The use of suitably heat‐processed vegetable sources of β‐carotene could form a dietary strategy to derive this micronutrient maximally by the population dependent on plant foods.     

漂烫和干制复水处理对海带(Laminaria ochroleuca)中四种元素生物利用度的影响

运用体外模拟消化模型研究漂烫和干制复水处理对海带中Pb、Cd、Se、Zn四种元素浓度和生物利用度的影响。采用ICP-MS进行分析。结果表明,海带中的Zn和Cd经过两种热处理后,其浓度均显著高于原料(p<0.05);而Pb正好相反,两种加工处理均降低其浓度。加工前后海带中Pb、Cd、Se、Zn的生物利用度分别为39.28%~105.88%、34.88%~55.32%、86.24%~97.67%和59.35%~98.76%,其中Pb和Cd的生物利用度经过两种加工处理后均降低,而Zn的生物利用度经过加工后升高。两种加工方式相比,干制复水处理后四种元素的生物利用度基本高于漂烫处理。除了Cd和Zn的生物利用度,四种元素浓度、生物利用度以及浓度和生物利用度之间都存在显著相关性(p<0.05)。因此海带中四种元素的吸收利用与加工方式密切相关。     

Effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant activity of some vegetables from Pakistan

The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, frying and microwave cooking) on the antioxidant activity of some selected vegetables (peas, carrot, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, yellow turnip and white turnip) were assessed by measuring the total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power and percentage inhibition in linoleic acid system. TPC (gallic acid equivalents g/100 g of dry weight) and reducing power of the methanolic extracts of raw‐, microwaved‐, boiled‐ and fried vegetables ranged 0.333–2.97, 0.52–2.68, 0.48–2.08, 1.00–2.02 and 0.391–2.24, 0.822–1.10, 0.547–1.16, 0.910–4.07, respectively. The level of inhibition of peroxidation ranged 71.4–89.0, 66.4–87.3, 73.2–89.2 and 77.4–91.3%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the vegetables examined was appreciably affected because of varying cooking treatments. TPC of vegetables, generally, decreased by boiling, frying and microwave cooking. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in reducing power as a result of frying. However, boiling and microwave cooking did not affect reducing power. Inhibition of peroxidation increased by boiling and frying, whereas, in contrast it was decreased by microwave cooking. The results of the present investigation showed that all the cooking methods affected the antioxidant properties of the vegetables; however, microwave treatment exhibited more deleterious effects when compared with those of other treatments. Thus an appropriate method might be sought for the processing of such vegetables to retain their antioxidant components at maximum level.     

Influence of Cooking Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables

ABSTRACT:  The influence of home cooking methods (boiling, microwaving, pressure-cooking, griddling, frying, and baking) on the antioxidant activity of vegetables has been evaluated in 20 vegetables, using different antioxidant activity assays (lipoperoxyl and hydroxyl radicals scavenging and TEAC). Artichoke was the only vegetable that kept its very high scavenging-lipoperoxyl radical capacity in all the cooking methods. The highest losses of LOO· scavenging capacity were observed in cauliflower after boiling and microwaving, pea after boiling, and zucchini after boiling and frying. Beetroot, green bean, and garlic kept their antioxidant activity after most cooking treatments. Swiss chard and pepper lost OH· scavenging capacity in all the processes. Celery increased its antioxidant capacity in all the cooking methods, except boiling when it lost 14%. Analysis of the ABTS radical scavenging capacity of the different vegetables showed that the highest losses occurred in garlic with all the methods, except microwaving. Among the vegetables that increased their TEAC values were green bean, celery, and carrot after all cooking methods (except green bean after boiling). These 3 types of vegetables showed a low ABTS radical scavenging capacity. ccording to the method of analysis chosen, griddling, microwave cooking, and baking alternately produce the lowest losses, while pressure-cooking and boiling lead to the greatest losses; frying occupies an intermediate position. In short, water is not the cook's best friend when it comes to preparing vegetables.     

Breadfruit consumption,cooking methods and cultivar preference among consumers in Trinidad,West Indies

This study investigated consumer attitudes, consumption characteristics, the most common cooking methods and cultivar preference for breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg) in Trinidad, West Indies. Between August and September, 2002, surveys were conducted among 196 breadfruit purchasers, 94 vendors and 32 food service operators. Most purchasers (93.4%) ate breadfruit and liked it 87.4%. The quantity consumed/meal increased significantly (P<0.01) with the frequency of consumption. Most consumers ate breadfruit at lunch (P<0.001) and with fish (P<0.001) as a complement. The main cooking methods were “oil down”, steaming and boiling. Of the two local cultivars, `Yellow' and `White', consumers (83.1%) preferred the taste of `Yellow'. `Yellow' was preferred (P<0.001) for the most common cooking methods and `White' was preferred (P<0.05) for frying. Consumers (83.2%) preferred to eat breadfruit at the mature stage. The vendors and food service operators were aware of these preferences for cultivar, cooking methods and stage of fruit maturity.     

Effects of different cooking methods on the mineral contents of wild and farmed sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effects of different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, oven cooking, grilling, frying in olive oil, frying in soybean oil, frying in corn oil and frying in sunflower oil) on mineral contents (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) of wild and farmed sea bream (Sparus aurata) were determined. The moisture rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after boiling, grilling, oven cooking and frying but remains stable after steaming. The fat content increased with different frying treatments. The Ca, Mg, Na, K and Zn contents of wild and farmed sea bream cooked by almost all methods significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The Cu content in grilled wild and farmed sea bream increased significantly (P < 0.05). Losses of mineral content in fried sea bream were higher than those of fish cooked by other methods. On comparing the raw and cooked fish, the results indicated that cooking had considerable effect on the mineral contents.     

鄂西北稀土矿区粮食与蔬菜中重金属污染风险评价

目的 调查鄂西北稀土矿区粮食作物与蔬菜中重金属污染情况及其健康风险。方法 对当地居民日常食用、本地种植的6种粮食及20种蔬菜进行采样,用微波消解ICP—MS对样本中具有代表性的重金属 Cr、Pb、Hg、Cd及类金属As的含量进行测定,选用靶标危害系数法、内梅罗污染指数法、单因子污染指数法综合评价了不同作物的重金属污染风险。结果 研究区粮食中大米、小麦、花生以及蔬菜中菠菜、苋菜、红薯叶等叶菜类蔬菜及茄子、小葱均受到了不同程度的重金属污染。其中粮食作物的重金属污染多为单一铬污染,蔬菜的污染类型多为复合型重金属污染。结论 健康风险评价表明食用该地区种植的大米、苋菜、红薯叶对健康产生影响的可能性极大;食用该地区种植的小麦、油麦菜、菠菜产生重金属危害的可能性较大;过量食用当地种植的花生、茄子、小葱、萝卜叶,也存在一定的风险。     

Influence of Various Cooking Methods on the Concentrations of Volatile N‐Nitrosamines and Biogenic Amines in Dry‐Cured Sausages

Abstract: N‐nitrosamines, biogenic amines, and residual nitrites are harmful substances and are often present in cured meats. The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, pan‐frying, deep‐frying, and microwave) were investigated on their contents in dry‐cured sausage. The various N‐nitrosamines were isolated by a steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The biogenic amines were determined after extraction with perchloric acid as dansyl derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that initial dry‐cured raw sausage contained 5.31 μg/kg of total N‐nitrosamines. Cooking by deep‐frying or pan‐frying resulted in products having the highest (P < 0.05) contents, compared with boiling or microwave treatments, which were not different from the raw. Although frying increased the content of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), it decreased the contents of histamine and cadaverine. Boiling and microwave treatments decreased the total biogenic amines significantly (P < 0.05). Residual nitrite was significantly reduced by cooking treatments. The results suggest that boiling and microwave treatments were more suitable methods for cured meat. Practical Application: N‐nitrosamines and biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to humans and often present in dry‐cured sausage. Different cooking methods may effect the content of these harmful substances. However, little information exists on the different cooking methods on dry‐cured meats.     

Retinol and beta carotene content of indigenous raw and home-prepared foods in Northeast Thailand

Retinol and β-carotene contents of raw and home-prepared indigenous foods in Northeast Thailand were studied. The criteria used to select the vitamin A-rich foods were high retinol or β-carotene contents of the individual food items, the amount and frequency of consumption, preference of consumption and food availability. Items selected were chicken liver, chicken egg, ivy gourd, amaranth, swamp cabbage (Chinese), Chinese cabbage, pumpkin, yellow sweet potato and two traditional menu items, kang-nho-mai and om-kruang-nai-kai. Raw food items were purchased from the local market; the traditional cooking procedures of the community were duplicated in the laboratory. Retinol and β-carotene contents were determined prior to and following cooking using HPLC methodology. The results indicated that boiling intact chicken liver resulted in 5% loss of retinol; boiling with cutting into small pieces and grilling resulted in losses of 8 and 16%, respectively. Greater losses (43%) were observed for egg omelet compared to hard-boiled egg (11%). For vegetables, blanching resulted in 7–11% loss of β-carotene, while steaming, frying and boiling showed losses of 15, 18 and 43%, respectively. Traditional foods such as bambooshoot soup (Kang-nho-mai) and chicken organ soup (Om-kruang-nai-kai) exhibited β-carotene losses ranging from 6–21%.