哺乳期干预甘油三酯型和磷脂型DHA对仔鼠体组织DHA水平的影响

研究哺乳期母鼠干预甘油三酯型DHA(DHA-TG)和磷脂型DHA(DHA-PL)对仔鼠体组织脂肪酸组成及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)水平的影响。母鼠妊娠期给予n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFAs)缺乏饲料,产仔后分别给予n-3 PUFAs缺乏饲料(缺乏组)、含DHA-TG饲料(DHA-TG组)和含DHA-PL饲料(DHA-PL组),饲喂至仔鼠3周龄断乳。测定仔鼠脑皮质、肝脏、血清和红细胞总脂中脂肪酸组成和DHA含量。与缺乏组相比,哺乳期干预DHA-TG和DHA-PL后仔鼠各组织中DHA和n-3 PUFAs含量均显著升高,二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)、花生四烯酸(AA)、∑n-6 PUFAs与∑n-3 PUFAs比值均显著降低。其中DHA-PL组仔鼠脑皮质和红细胞总脂中DHA水平显著高于DHA-TG组,而肝脏和血清中DHA水平两组之间无显著性差异。总之,哺乳期母鼠补充DHA-TG和DHA-PL均可显著提高仔鼠各组织中DHA水平,其中DHA-PL对脑皮质和红细胞中DHA的补充效果更佳。     

DHA-磷脂对肥胖小鼠脂质代谢的影响

研究了二十二碳六烯酸-磷脂（DHA-磷脂）对实验性肥胖小鼠脂质代谢的调节作用及其机制。采用Folch法和硅胶柱层析法从鸢乌贼（文字Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）卵中分离制备得到富含DHA的磷脂。C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为3组：高脂模型组,1%大豆磷脂组,1%DHA-磷脂组。连续饲喂7周后,测定小鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量,肝脏TC、TG、磷脂（PL）含量以及肝脏脂肪合成酶（FAS）、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PDH）、苹果酸酶（ME）、磷脂酸磷酸酶（PAP）、肉毒碱棕榈酸转移酶（CPT）、过氧化物酶体β-氧化活力。结果显示,DHA-磷脂能极显著抑制小鼠体重（P＜0.01）和肾周脂肪（P＜0.01）及精周脂肪（P＜0.01）蓄积,降低血清TC（P＜0.01）和肝脏TG（P＜0.01）水平,抑制肝脏FAS（P＜0.01）、ME（P＜0.05）、PAP（P＜0.05）的活力,提高CPT（P＜0.01）和过氧化物酶体β-氧化（P＜0.05）的活力,且效果优于大豆磷脂。DHA-磷脂具有良好的减肥作用,能够通过抑制肝脏脂质合成,促进脂质分解,有效调节肥胖小鼠的脂质代谢。     

二十二碳六烯酸营养强化鸡蛋及蛋黄粉中 脂质分析

目的研究不同市售二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)营养强化鸡蛋及蛋黄粉的脂肪酸组成以及DHA等n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。方法脂质的提取采用Folch法,极性脂与中性脂的分离采用薄层色谱层析法,磷脂酶A2 (phospholipaseA2,PLA2)水解磷脂酰胆碱sn-2位脂肪酸,气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成。结果市售普通鸡蛋中DHA含量为总脂肪酸的0.49%(29.19 mg/100 g鸡蛋),而4种不同品牌市售DHA营养强化鸡蛋中DHA占脂肪酸百分比分别为1.16%(111.79 mg/100 g鸡蛋)、1.86%(151.17 mg/100 g鸡蛋)、2.03%(159.46 mg/100 g鸡蛋)、5.37%(313.59 mg/100 g鸡蛋)。不同品牌的营养强化鸡蛋中DHA含量差异显著(P0.05)。市售DHA蛋黄粉中DHA含量为3.35 g/100 g蛋黄粉,其磷脂中含有2.07 g/100 g蛋黄粉。PLA2水解产物表明,蛋黄粉磷脂酰胆碱中DHA连接在磷脂酰胆碱sn-2位上。结论市售营养强化鸡蛋中的DHA含量高于普通鸡蛋,不同品牌的营养强化鸡蛋之间DHA含量差别较大。蛋黄粉磷脂酰胆碱中的DHA位置连接在sn-2位上。     

伊拉兔肌内磷脂n-3多不饱和脂肪酸体外抗肿瘤功效及作用机理

根据之前的研究成果体外模拟伊拉兔肌内磷脂n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs） 的组成,并研究其功能特性。结果表明：采用噻唑蓝法对复合n-3 PUFAs作用的敏感细胞进行筛选,证实伊拉兔 肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs在30～180 μmol/L剂量范围对HepG2、MV3和A375肿瘤细胞的生长均有抑制作用,且HepG2细 胞对复合肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs的敏感度最高;HepG2的细胞形态及数量变化与复合n-3 PUFAs呈现明显的时效和量 效关系;采用膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素和碘化丙啶双染法对肿瘤细胞进行凋亡检测,证实伊拉兔肌内复合磷脂 n-3 PUFAs的凋亡作用;进一步研究发现,复合n-3 PUFAs及其单体（α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和 二十二碳六烯酸）均能够引起HepG2细胞内氧化应激的改变,它们通过显著上调细胞内丙二醛的累积量以及活性氧 的相对荧光强度水平,同时下调超氧化物歧化酶的活力实现对HepG2细胞的诱导凋亡作用,其中二十二碳六烯酸在 非酶促氧化反应中发挥主要作用,这是肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对大鼠大脑细胞膜脂肪酸组成的影响

研究多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)对发育期大鼠大脑细胞膜脂肪酸类别与含量的变化。将56只初断乳雄性SD大鼠随机分为阴性组、必需脂肪酸(EFA)缺乏组、鱼油组[300mg/(kg·d)]、紫苏组[2.45mL/(kg·d)]、α-亚油酸组[1.32g/(kg·d)]、核桃组[2.45mL/(kg·d)]与红花组[1.65g/(kg·d)]。连续饲养8周,提取大脑组织总细胞膜,并使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测其脂肪酸的种类与含量。结果表明,各组大鼠脂肪酸组成无差别;与阴性组比较,各组均能显著提高n-3PUFAs的含量;紫苏组、核桃组和红花组能显著降低n-6PUFAs的含量,增加饱和脂肪酸的含量;紫苏组、核桃组、红花组和鱼油组能显著降低单不饱和脂肪酸的含量。说明PUFAs能改变大鼠大脑细胞膜的含量,但对其类别影响不大;短期缺乏EFA对细胞膜脂肪酸的类别与含量无影响。     

共轭亚油酸对小鼠肥胖的抑制作用

采用小鼠营养性肥胖模型法,以昆明小鼠为实验动物,设置基础饲料对照组、肥胖模型对照组、共轭亚油酸（conjugated linoleic acid,CLA）高、中、低剂量组,分别连续灌胃6 周,考察小鼠体质量、体内脂肪质量、血脂水平、肝脏脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase,FAS）含量及脏器的变化,研究CLA对小鼠肥胖的抑制作用。结果表明：CLA各剂量组小鼠的Lee’s指数、脂肪系数和血清甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（totalcholesterol,TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）水平均显著或极显著低于肥胖模型对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平均极显著高于肥胖模型对照组（P＜0.01）,各剂量的CLA对小鼠除肝脏以外的其他脏器无显著影响（P＞0.05）,高剂量（0.15 mL/10 g）CLA可使喂食营养饲料小鼠的各项肥胖指标均处于喂食基础饲料小鼠的水平,表明CLA能有效抑制小鼠肥胖,同时对小鼠生长无毒副作用;CLA可极显著降低小鼠肝脏FAS含量（P＜0.01）,降低脂肪酸的合成,从而抑制小鼠肥胖。     

鲤、鲫卵的脂质和脂肪酸特性

鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)卵总脂分别为干基的16.90%和10.19%。两者脂质和脂肪酸组成总体比较接近。总脂中含较高的甘油三酯和极性脂,并含一定量的固醇及其酯。极性脂约占总脂的30%,主要为PC和PE,并含一定的心磷脂。两种鱼卵主要含C14～C22的19种脂肪酸,16:0和18:1含量最高,DHA等n-3族多烯酸和20:4n-6也较高,而EPA较低,P/S>>0.5。总脂中饱和、单不饱和、多不饱和脂肪酸的比例接近1:1:1,中性脂中C18、C20酸较多,极性脂中C22酸(DHA)较多。鲫卵18:2n-6较高,使得多烯酸含量稍高,胆固醇、磷脂含量及PC/PE和n-3/n-6稍低于鲤卵。研究表明:两种淡水鱼卵与其鱼肉相比,磷脂和胆固醇明显高,磷脂以PC为主,其次为PE;多烯酸稍高,其中DHA高而EPA低,并含20:4n-6。鲫卵PL的乳化稳定性低于相同浓度大豆磷脂的。其独特的脂质具有较大的研究利用价值。     

不同杂交肉牛背最长肌脂肪酸含量分析

分析研究不同杂交肉牛背最长肌肉脂肪酸含量.选择年龄、体质量和体况接近的安格斯、利木赞、西门塔尔牛与本地黄牛的杂交公牛18头;按不同杂交牛种分为1组(AG×L)、2组(LM×L)、3组(SM×L),每组为6头,各组随机选择3头屠宰,取其背最长肌为材料.结果表明:不同杂交肉牛SFA含量为3组优于1组和2组,皆以棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量为主,且硬脂酸含量3组和1组显著高于2组(P＜0.01; P＜0.05); MUFA含量为2组优于1组和3组;PUFA含量为3组优于1组和2组,且皆以亚油酸和花生四烯酸含量为优势;总脂肪酸、二十碳五烯酸、n-6 PUFAs和n-3PUFAs含量及PUFA/SFA(P/S)比例为1组优于3组和2组,其n-6/n-3 PUFAs比值为3组优于2组和1组.     

发育期补充DHA对大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

研究发育期补充DHA对大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响.将144只初断乳雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法随机分为6组:阴性对照(正常饲料)组、阴性对照(EFA缺乏饲料)组、阳性对照(脑复康400 mg/( kg· d))组、DHA小、中、大剂量(150、300、600 mg/( kg·d))组,每组24只.分别在喂养4周、8周、12周时,Morris水迷宫进行行为学测试,并同步测定大鼠脑组织总蛋白含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及血液血常规检查.水迷宫结果显示:喂养8周时,与阴性对照组相比,阳性对照组和DHA中剂量组逃避潜伏期均明显缩短(P＜0.05)、有效时间比和穿越平台次数均明显增加(P＜0.05);喂养12周时,与阴性对照组相比,DHA大剂量组潜伏期明显延长(P＜0.01),脑组织MDA含量明显增加(P＜0.05),SOD活性明显降低(P＜0.05);其余各组AChE、SOD活性、MDA含量差异均不显著.研究可以得出:DHA增强大鼠空间学习记忆具有明显的量效和时效关系;发育期长时间大剂量的补充DHA,会造成学习记忆能力下降,可能有一定的毒副作用.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食对小鼠肥胖及相关细胞因子的影响

目的：研究n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fat acids,PUFAs)饮食对小鼠肥胖程度及相关细胞因子血清水平的影响,探讨其作用机理。 方法：将健康小鼠分为高饱和脂肪酸饮食组、n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸饮食组和对照组,记录每周小鼠进食量和体质量,实验结束时用ELISA 法检测小鼠血清增食因子A(orexin-A)、抵抗素(resistin)、脂联素(adiponectin)水平。 结果：n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸饮食组小鼠与高饱和脂肪酸饮食组小鼠相比,肥胖程度明显降低 (P ＜ 0.05),血清的增食因子A 水平明显降低(P ＜ 0.05),血清的抵抗素水平明显升高(P ＜ 0.05),血清的脂联素水平升高但无统计学差异;n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸饮食组小鼠的各项指标和对照组相比均无统计学差异。结论：n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸饮食与饱和脂肪酸饮食相比,可抑制肥胖的发生和发展。     

Physiological Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)—A Review

Marine lipids have long been documented to be the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). Both EPA and DHA have been documented to have significant influence on biochemical and physiological changes in the body. Although these long chain PUFA exert positive influences on human nutrition and health, there are also some controversies pertaining to the functioning of these n-3 PUFAs including the extent of their requirement by the body. As marine lipids have been thoroughly reviewed often, the present review mainly focuses on works related to physiological effects of EPA and DHA.     

Physiological Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)—A Review

Marine lipids have long been documented to be the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). Both EPA and DHA have been documented to have significant influence on biochemical and physiological changes in the body. Although these long chain PUFA exert positive influences on human nutrition and health, there are also some controversies pertaining to the functioning of these n-3 PUFAs including the extent of their requirement by the body. As marine lipids have been thoroughly reviewed often, the present review mainly focuses on works related to physiological effects of EPA and DHA.     

The role of marine omega-3 in human neurodevelopment,including Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – a review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two increasingly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. This rise may be associated with a higher dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and lower of n-3 PUFAs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key nutritional n-3 PUFA, is crucial for an optimal offspring’s neurodevelopment through the last trimester of pregnancy. Recently, lower DHA levels have been reported in children with ASD and ADHD. The present review summarizes the main research achievements concerning the effect of DHA in children neurodevelopment, in order to elicit its role in the prevention and mitigation of ASD and ADHD. As main finding, a low DHA supply seems to negatively affect childhood neurodevelopment in specific conditions and increase the risk and the severity of ASD or ADHD. Higher DHA status at birth was associated with better childhood neurodevelopmental, but controversial results found in prenatal supplementation raised the hypothesis that the benefits of DHA may be influenced by other factors as socio-economic background and life-style. In conclusion, an optimal DHA provision through maternal diet or breastfeed may promote some neuronal protection in specific offspring’s populations, suggesting that DHA may act as a modifiable risk factor for ASD and ADHD.     

Canned cod liver as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a reference to contamination

Lipid composition (HPLC), fatty acid composition (GC/MS), lipid oxidation (peroxide value, anisidine value), UV-VIS and fluorescence spectra (Ex 365 nm), and susceptibility of lipids to oxidation (photooxidation test) as well as heavy metal, PCB, and DDT contents were determined in canned, raw, and thermally treated cod liver (separately in the released oil and in the solids). Canned products of three manufacturers were examined. Mean contents of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in the oil and solids were 31.91 +/- 1.83 and 16.59 +/- 7.48 g/100 g, respectively, the respective contents of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being 17.88 +/- 1.69 and 8.79 +/- 3.67 g/100 g. Lipid resistance to oxidation was found to decrease after thermal treatment of livers. However, the lipid oxidation level in canned liver stored for 3-8 months was not high and averaged, for the entire can content, 0.47 +/- 0.4 Meq O, the oil being more susceptible to oxidation that the solids. It is concluded that canned cod liver is a very good source of n-3 PUFA, particularly with respect to DHA. Heavy metal, DDT, and PCB contamination and the presence of lipid oxidation products in the canned products tested remain at a level producing no perceivable health hazard and could in no way interfere with consumption of recommended amounts of n-3 PUFAs.     

GC/MS分析俄罗斯鲟鱼不同部位脂肪酸组成

通过Folch法提取俄罗斯鲟鱼不同部位总脂,采用GC/MS法对其脂肪酸组成进行分析。通过质谱数据库检索和标准品对照鉴定脂肪酸组成。研究表明,鱼肉、鱼卵、鱼皮、鱼腹中脂肪酸种类及含量类似,多不饱和脂肪酸含量均大于40%,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸(30%左右)和饱和脂肪酸(17%左右),多不饱和脂肪酸以9,12-十八碳二烯酸和DHA为主。鱼肉中总脂含量12.83%,其中,多不饱和脂肪酸为42.37%,EPA+DHA为17.25%;鱼卵总脂含量为14.46%,其中n-3脂肪酸为22.10%;鱼皮含有较高含量的n-6脂肪酸(19.43%);鱼腹总脂含量14.45%,含有较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸(42.66%)和单不饱和脂肪酸(34.07%),EPA+DHA为17.38%;鱼鳔中未检测到n-3和n-6脂肪酸;鱼肝总脂含量为55.92%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量尤为突出,高达55.81%,以9-十八碳烯酸(49.82%)为主,饱和脂肪酸含量仅为17.24%;椎骨中总脂仅为0.09%。     

Vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid rich Garden cress oil modulate lipid metabolism in experimental rats

Vegetable oil blends with modified fatty acid profile are being developed to improve n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) ratio in edible oils. The objective of this study is to develop vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid (ALA) rich Garden cress oil (GCO) and assess their modulatory effect on lipid metabolism. Sunflower oil (SFO), Rice bran oil (RBO), Sesame oil (SESO) were blended with GCO at different ratios to obtain n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 2.3–2.6. Native and GCO blended oils were fed to Wistar rats at 10% level in the diet for 60 days. Serum and liver lipids showed significant decrease in Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), LDL-C levels in GCO and GCO blended oil fed rats compared to native oil fed rats. ALA, EPA, DHA contents were significantly increased while linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) levels decreased in different tissues of GCO and GCO blended oils fed rats. In conclusion, blending of vegetable oils with GCO increases ALA, decreases n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio and beneficially modulates lipid profile.     

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN TISSUES OF MICE FED DIETS CONTAINING CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACID AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID

The influence of 1% alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA, cis9,trans11,trans 13-18:3) and 1% punicic acid (PA, cis9,trans11,cis13-18:3) on fatty acid composition in mouse tissues was compared with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, mixture of primarily cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-18:2) in the present study. The content (% total fatty acids) of 18:2n-6 was significantly reduced in the heart and adipose tissues, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFA were significantly reduced in adipose tissue by α-ESA, PA and CLA feeding. The content of 22:6n-3 and total n-3 PUFA were significantly increased in the liver, kidney and heart by PA feeding, but not by α-ESA. In contrast to PA, supplementation with CLA significantly decreased 22:6n-3 in the liver, kidney and heart. The content of 20:4n-6 was significantly decreased in the liver and kidney by CLA feeding, but not by α-ESA and PA. The present results indicate that α-ESA, PA and CLA have differential effects on 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 content in mouse tissues.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), a group of octadecatrienoic acid isomers with a conjugated triene system, has been reported to exhibit favorable physiological effects, including anticancer properties and regulation of lipid metabolism. Punicic acid and alpha-eleostearic acid, two isomers of CLnA, have been shown to convert into cis 9, trans 11-18:2 in vivo . The effect of CLnA on fatty acid composition in mouse tissues was investigated in comparison with CLA mixtures in the present study. The data obtained here could provide information for the potential application of CLnA-containing seeds as functional food ingredients, a natural source of endogenously formed cis 9, trans 11-18:2 and a dietary feeding strategy to beneficially modify the fatty acid composition of animal tissues.     

不同蛋白能量水平饲粮对黄渠桥羊羔背最长肌脂肪酸组成及含量的影响

为研究不同蛋白能量水平组合补饲日粮对宁夏地理标志农产品黄渠桥羊羔肉脂肪酸组成及含量的影响,采用随机区组设计,选择出生15 d、体质量10 kg左右的滩寒杂一代羔羊48 只,随机分为4 组,分别饲喂不同蛋白能量水平组合的全价颗粒饲料,羔羊生长体质量达20 kg屠宰后采集分析其背最长肌脂肪酸组成及含量变化。结果表明：实验3组（粗蛋白含量28.17%,代谢能11.79 MJ/kg）羔羊背最长肌多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）与饱和脂肪酸（saturation fatty acid,SFA）比值（P/S）、必需脂肪酸、n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量较其他组差异显著（P＜0.05）,实验1组（粗蛋白含量18.5%,代谢能11.34 MJ/kg）n-6 PUFA与n-3 PUFA比值（n-6/n-3）、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸含量较其他组差异显著（P＜0.05）;综合提示,实验3组和实验1组补饲羔羊背最长肌脂肪酸含量较其他组差异显著。     

梭鱼脂肪及脂肪酸成分分析和评价

为了解梭鱼的应用价值,对江苏沿海滩涂池塘养殖梭鱼（均质量（445.8±26.9）g）6 种组织（鱼头、鱼皮、背肌、腹肌、肝脏、腹脂）的脂肪分布、性质、脂肪酸组成进行分析和评价。索氏提取法测定组织中脂肪含量,滴定法测定脂肪的碘值和酸价,气相色谱-质谱法分析脂肪酸的组成。结果表明：梭鱼体内各组织脂肪分布差异显著（P＜0.05）,其中背肌和腹肌中脂肪含量分别为3.66%、10.16%;各组织脂肪的不饱和程度较高,碘值为90～106 g/100 g;各组织脂肪酸价较高,介于4～9 mg KOH/g之间;梭鱼脂肪中C22∶6n 3和C20∶5n 3含量丰富,品质好;鱼头、背肌、腹肌中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸构成比例约为1∶1.5∶（0.7～0.8）,n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸比值在0.7～0.8之间,组成合理;肝脏和腹脂中脂肪含量丰富,其中含有大量的n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸,因此梭鱼的内脏也具有较好的可利用前景。