食品添加剂中重金属元素前处理与检测方法研究进展

本文主要对食品添加剂中重金属检测的前处理方法以及检测方法进行综述。目前,重金属前处理方法主要包括干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解、液液萃取等,其中干法消解、湿法消解作为常用的前处理方法,耗时较长且容易造成损失,而微波消解具有方便、快速、干扰小等特点,逐渐得到认同与推广。重金属检测方法主要包括:快速显色法、原子吸收分光光度法、原子荧光分光光度法、电感耦合等离子体检测法等,后者以其较好的准确度与精密度,受到越来越多学者的追捧。     

微波消解—电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定胶基糖果中重金属铬的含量

研究微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定胶基糖果中重金属铬含量的仪器参数条件。采用压力消解罐消解对样品进行预处理,然后用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对样品中铬含量进行测定。在所选择的最佳仪器条件下,方法的线性良好,在线性范围0～0.500mg/L内,相关系数达0.999959,测试样品的准确度和精密度也符合要求。用微波消解进行糖果产品的预处理,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定操作简便快捷,结果准确可靠,是适合检验检测行业的一种新型、快速的检测手段。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测番薯中的金属铝残留量

目的:实验研究开发一种微波消解消化番薯样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测铝元素残留的分析方法。方法:采用微波消解消化番薯样品,浓硝酸为消解酸,消解液定容至50mL,上电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,内标法定量测定。结果:铝在0.2～20.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好;铝元素的检测限为0.054μg/L;方法加标回收率在87.5～101.5%之间;仪器精密度和方法重复性良好。结论:方法具有简便可行、灵敏度高、检测结果准确等特点,可以用于番薯样品中铝元素的检测。     

食品塑料包装材料中有机锡化合物分析方法研究进展

有机锡化合物具有脂溶性,易通过食品包装材料进入食物中产生富集,对人体具有一定毒性,其有机锡种类繁多、分析过程复杂,毒性问题日益受到人们广泛关注。对食品包装材料中有机锡化合物分析方法的研究进展进行了概述,对样品前处理方法进行了介绍:主要有超声波萃取、微波萃取、固相萃取和固相微萃取等。分析方法主要包括气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法及液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法等。最后,展望了食品包装材料中有机锡化合物分析方法的发展趋向。     

烟草中微量元素和重金属检测进展

按分析过程,即样品的前处理和检测方法综述了烟草中微量元素和重金属的检测,前处理方法包括灰化法、消化法、微波消解、超声波提取、固相萃取及悬浮液直接进样法等,检测方法包括分光光度法、原子光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和中子活化法等。认为建立统一的快速准确的烟草微量元素和重金属检测方法,将是烟草行业亟待解决的重要研究课题之一。     

贝类中重金属的研究进展

介绍当前贝类中重金属的污染现状,归纳近几年国内外学者对贝类中重金属的检测以及脱除方法的研究进展。其检测方法主要包括原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)、阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)等,脱除方法主要是采取超临界萃取、超声波辅助萃取等新技术,以及降解重金属毒性等方法。     

比较微波消解-原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定饲料中总砷

目的对比微波消解-原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定饲料中总砷含量。方法采用微波消解作为样品前处理手段,原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法作为检测方法,采用标准物质对两种方法进行验证。结果微波消解-原子荧光法检出限为0.006 mg/kg,线性相关系数为0.9998,相对标准偏差为6.3%和3.2%;微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检出限为0.003 mg/kg,线性相关系数为0.9999,相对标准偏差为2.4%和2.6%。2种方法对标准物质的测定结果均在标准值允许范围内。结论2种方法均操作简便快速,具有较低的检出限、较高的准确度和精密度,其中原子荧光法适合批量样品分析,电感耦合等离子体质谱法适用于总砷含量较高的样品。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定童鞋中重金属铬的含量

研究微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定童鞋中铬含量的仪器参数条件。采用压力消解罐消解对样品进行预处理,然后用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对样品中铬含量进行测定。在所选择的最佳仪器条件下,方法的线性良好,在线性范围0~0.500mg/L内,相关系数达0.9999,测试样品的准确度和精密度也符合要求。用微波消解进行皮革产品的预处理,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定操作简便快捷,结果准确可靠,是适合检验检测行业的一种新型、快速的检测手段。     

ICP-MS测定白酒中36种金属元素的预处理方法研究

研究了采用微波消解和水浴两种预处理方法处理白酒样品,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对白酒中36种金属元素进行分析。结果表明,微波消解-ICP-MS可以测定白酒中36种金属元素。水浴-ICP-MS可以测定白酒中35种金属元素,检测结果略低于微波消解-ICP-MS法。水浴预处理法不能用于白酒中Hg的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定米豆腐中镉元素的不确定度评价

目的对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定米豆腐中镉元素的不确定度进行评价。方法样品经微波消解,超纯水定容,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镉含量。分析标准溶液的配制、曲线拟合、样品称量、消解过程、定容体积、仪器测量重复性等影响不确定度的因素,按照JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的方法进行合成,计算扩展不确定度。结果扩展不确定度为0.020 mg/kg,不确定度的影响因素从大到小依次为样品消解、样品重复测定、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、样品定容、样品称量。结论本研究为电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量米豆腐中重金属元素的不确定度评价和质量控制提供参考。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).