储粮害虫在线监测及其结果的评价利用

介绍讨论了近期发展中的储粮害虫在线监测技术及研发状况,包括利用探管诱捕器在线诱捕监测、利用表面诱捕器在线诱捕、通过二氧碳浓度变化在线监测、利用摄像头在线监测等。提出了利用诱捕器在线监测储粮害虫时,监测结果以一定时间内诱捕到的害虫数量(头/7 d,或头/3 d)评价;利用摄像头远程监测时以间隔时间内设定面积内的害虫数量(头/格.7 d,或头/格.3 d)评价;在粮堆内二氧化碳浓度异常且高于邻近测点3倍以上,或某点二氧化碳浓度在1 000 m L/m3以上时进行粮堆害虫检查。对于诱捕器和摄像头的监测结果,以发生害虫数值最高点代表粮堆中的害虫发生情况。     

诱捕器在储粮害虫治理中的应用现状及展望

在储粮害虫防治中,由于长期、不合理地使用磷化氢和防护剂,导致害虫抗药性的产生。因此,需要开发绿色高效的防治替代方法。将信息素、食物引诱剂和灯光与诱捕器结合诱捕害虫,可实现害虫的大量诱杀和在线监测,在储粮害虫治理中具有很好的应用前景。进一步提高诱捕器的诱捕效率,以及建立诱捕器监测结果与害虫种群发生动态的联系是推广诱捕器应用的技术关键。通过分析诱捕器在储粮害虫治理中应用时存在的问题,提出解决途径,并指出未来研究的方向,以期为诱捕器的开发和应用推广提供参考。     

一种探管式储粮害虫诱捕在线监测装置的设计研究

为实现对粮仓粮堆内害虫发生的早期监测,本研究基于探管式诱捕器和红外光电传感器研发了一种经济有效、可实时在线监测害虫发生的装置;基于该装置建立了9种主要储粮害虫成虫红外光电序列数据集;通过方差分析和数据可视化方法验证了其数据分布特性与害虫进入诱捕段的位置无关;对红外光电序列建立了高斯核支持向量机模型,通过实验室的测试,对蛀蚀性和粉食性两大害虫类别的判别达到了加权平均分类准确率87.7%、召回率87.5%和F1值87.6%。     

基于图像处理的粮食虫害自动分级虚拟系统研究

针对粮食害虫检测自动化程度不高的问题,研究开发了基于图像处理的粮食虫害程度自动分级虚拟系统,该系统采用LabVIEW的机器视觉工具包,对采集到的粮食害虫图像进行处理,提出了利用像素比例的方法来实现粮虫计数和虫害自动分级报警。利用仿真图像对所设计的虚拟系统进行了试验研究,研究结果表明,粮虫计数误差小于5%,此系统可以用于某种特定粮食虫害的在线监测。     

信息素及其在储粮害虫检测中的应用

在粮食储藏过程中,准确检测粮堆内害虫种类和密度是害虫综合防治的重要依据,而传统检测方法存在工作量大、检测结果滞后等缺点,因此寻找新的检测手段具有重要意义。研究发现,昆虫信息素具有安全、绿色、微量、高效等特点,可用于储粮害虫的检测与控制。概述了昆虫信息素的结构鉴定、人工合成、采集方法,主要分析了信息素在储粮害虫监测诱捕检测法和信息素成分分析法中的应用研究,并讨论了信息素在上述两种检测方法的应用中所存在的难题,以期为储粮害虫检测技术的发展提供参考。     

玉米象诱捕数量与粮堆温度的相关性分析

2014 06—2014 09,采用诱捕陷阱对南宁沙井粮库里的害虫进行了诱捕试验,结合粮堆内温度的分布,分析了害虫诱捕数量与粮堆温度的相关性。结果表明：新收获的小麦中,玉米象为主要的仓储害虫,占诱捕害虫总数的95.26%;在22~29.6℃的温度下,玉米象每周的诱捕数量随着时间的变化符合线性增长的趋势。由初始诱捕到的害虫密度,结合粮温,利用陷阱诱捕器可以预测出仓内害虫的发生趋势和危害水平,指导仓储害虫的防治工作。     

高温高湿地区应用充氮气调储粮技术防治锈赤扁谷盗的分析报告

在高温高湿的储粮环境下,虫害极易发生并难于防治,通过应用充氮气调储粮技术,使锈赤扁谷盗杀虫率达到100%,有效解决高抗性害虫防治和虫害交叉感染问题,确保储粮安全。同时充氮气调储粮技术是绿色储粮发展方向,全面实施气调储粮,降低化学药剂使用量,提高粮食"免熏率",有助于减少环境污染,提高粮食食品安全。     

食物引诱剂对储粮害虫最佳引诱条件的研究

食物引诱剂具有诱虫谱广,原料来源丰富、价格低等优点,它们不仅能吸引各种储粮害虫两性成虫,而且能吸引其幼虫.研究食物引诱剂对储粮害虫的最佳引诱条件不仅可以为食物引诱剂的开发利用提供理论基础,而且还将食物引诱剂和害虫信息素联合使用,增强信息素引诱害虫的效果.本研究在实验室内比较了碎麦、麦胚、燕麦片、碎花生、花生油、葵花子油、玉米油对赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的引诱活性.结果表明碎麦、麦胚对5种害虫都有显著的引诱作用,燕麦片对锈赤扁谷盗和谷蠹有明显的引诱活性,而精练葵花籽油对多数害虫呈负趋性.碎麦诱捕器在不同虫口密度下诱捕效果明显不同.诱捕器的4个摆放位置对诱捕赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的影响差异显著,并呈一致变化,诱捕顺序为：西南＞东南＞西北＞东北,多重比较显示其中东南方位与西北方位差别不显著,其它方位差异显著.     

巧克力工厂的虫害控制管理

针对巧克力工厂的虫害分析,安装适当的诱捕器进行定期监测,配合虫害控制地图管理,同时制订工厂各区域的虫害限值,当虫害数量超过限值必须进行相应的整改,最终将虫害降到可控范围内。     

基于深度学习的粘虫板储粮害虫图像检测算法的研究

本文提出了一种基于深度学习的粘虫板储粮害虫图像检测算法,实现了放置在粮仓表面粘虫板诱捕的六大类害虫（米象/玉米象、谷蠹、扁谷盗、锯谷盗、拟谷盗、烟草甲）的定位和识别。考虑粘虫板图像的背景复杂、害虫体积较小、姿态多样的特点,改进了SSD的目标框回归策略、损失函数和特征提取网络结构,测试结果表明本文提出的算法可有效检测粘虫板上的害虫,检测平均正确率(mAP)可以达到81.36%。改进后的SSD算法部署在储粮害虫监测系统中,目前已在全国十一个粮库进行实验测试。     

Spinosad: A new natural product for stored grain protection

Spinosad is a reduced-risk insecticide derived by fermentation from the soil actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz & Yao. Spinosad is currently registered in several countries as a grain protectant at a maximum labeled use rate of 1 ppm (1 mg a.i./kg of grain) and with the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) or tolerance on grains set at 1 or 1.5 ppm. Global launch of spinosad as a grain protectant is expected in the near future, pending final acceptance of international residue tolerances for spinosad by major grain importing and exporting countries. Spinosad effectively controls economically important beetle and moth pests associated with stored grain and is also effective against certain psocid species. Spinosad provides grain protection through control of adult and/or immature life stages of pest insects. The pest spectrum of spinosad under commercial grain storage conditions is still being defined, but it is clear from available laboratory and field evaluations on various grains that the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn); rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens); flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr); red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val; Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner); rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton); Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier); almond moth, Cadra cautella Walker; and the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein and Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) are susceptible to spinosad and complete control is to be expected. Other pest species such as the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motchulsky; rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); and sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) are susceptible to spinosad to varying degrees, but their overall level of control remains to be verified under commercial grain storage conditions. Spinosad residues are highly stable on grains stored in bins, with a length of protection ranging from 6 months to 2 years. Numerous factors have been shown to impact the overall performance of spinosad, including insect pest species, pest life stage, grain type, grain variety, and formulation type. Spinosad possesses a unique mode of action in insects and controls insect strains resistant to other grain protectants. When launched globally, spinosad will represent a valuable new addition to the limited arsenal of grain protectants and can positively impact global food security. Its combination of high efficacy, broad insect pest spectrum, low mammalian toxicity, and sound environmental profile is unique among existing products currently used for stored-grain protection.     

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed for reproduction of stored-product insects

Hemp, or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), is a high value alternative crop that has seen increases in production in Canada since commercial production was legalized in 1998. Insect infestation of stored hemp seed may result in loss of quality and value. There are few published studies on the ability of insects to survive and reproduce on hemp seed. Reproduction of eleven stored-product insects on hemp seed at different moisture contents with, or without dockage, was studied. Insects were introduced into 15 g of hemp seed at two initial moisture contents (dry, 9% m.c. or damp, 15% m.c.), two dockage levels (dockage-free or dockage, 15%), and held at 30°C and 60–70% r.h. Five replicates of each treatment for each species were used. For beetles, twenty unsexed adults were used, for Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), twenty eggs were used. For the beetles, live and dead adults were counted after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, for the moth, adults were counted after 12.5 weeks. After counting, only live adults were returned to the hemp seed. The following beetle populations increased over the 9 weeks; Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle) and Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle). The following species did not increase their populations; Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), Cryptolestes turcicus (flour mill beetle), Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle), and Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle). For the beetles, higher dockage generally led to higher populations. The effect of moisture content was variable. Ephestia kuehniella produced adults on all treatments, with the dry treatment containing dockage performing the best.     

Temporal changes in stored-product insect populations associated with boot,pit, and load-out areas of grain elevators and feed mills

Commercial grain elevator and feed mill facilities can quickly become infested with stored-product insect pests, compromising the protection of the stored raw and processed cereal products. Elevators and feed mills were sampled monthly for adult stored-product insects in grain residues from the boot-pit areas and in bulk load-out samples from 2009 to 2010. The grain samples collected from the boot, pit, and load-out areas consisted of corn, soybeans, or a mixture of the two grains. Low insect densities were found in the boot-pit area during the cool winter months. Insect numbers increased in the spring and peaked during the warm summer months, prior to declining in the fall following a pattern of higher insect densities during higher ambient temperatures. The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), was the most prevalent species collected in all of the sampled grain residues, representing 69.2 and 35.8% of total insects collected in feed mills and elevators, respectively, during 2009 and was also commonly collected in 2010. Other commonly collected insect species included, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens); and sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus). Our results showed that failing to clean out boot residual grain and a lack of sanitation of the pit area resulted in high numbers of insects that were transferred through the elevator leg to other locations within a facility. We conclude that the lack of sanitation at elevator and feed mill facilities allowed high numbers of insects to develop.     

The I-SPy Insect Indicator: an effective trap for the detection of insect pests in empty stores and on flat surfaces in the cereal and food trades

A new trap, the CSL I-SPy Insect Indicator^®, has been assessed for monitoring adults of the principal crawling beetle pests of stored products in empty premises and on flat surfaces in grain stores and flour mills in the UK.The new trap was compared with the Igrox Insect Monitoring Peanut-free Bait Bag, the Storgard^® Flit-Trak M² trap and the Pantry Patrol™ trap in laboratory arenas using six beetle species of important pest status or which might be difficult to trap. The Pantry Patrol trap performed least well. The I-SPy Insect Indicator containing a carob lure was as good as, or better than, the Flit-Trak M² trap containing both food oil and pheromone lures in catching Oryzaephilus mercator (81.0% and 51.1%, respectively), Typhaea stercorea (87.4% and 31.1%), Tribolium confusum (44.6% and 37.5%) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (45.1 and 53.8%). For the Bait Bag the catches for these species were 67.2%, 59.5%, 55.7% and 81.9% respectively. The I-SPy Insect Indicator containing a carob lure and the Flit-Trak food oil was as good as the Flit-Trak M² trap in catching Sitophilus granarius (92.9% and 99.2%, respectively) and Rhyzopertha dominica (50.6% and 51.5%).In limited trials in premises with unknown levels of infestation, the I-SPy Insect Indicator containing the carob lure and the Flit-Trak food oil was at least as good as the Flit-Trak M² trap in a grain store. In a flour mill, the I-SPy Insect Indicator with this combination caught more species, higher numbers of insects and was better at demonstrating the presence of infestation. The I-SPy Insect Indicator is also sturdy, reusable, easy to assemble and leaves the catch easy to identify. Importantly, it contains no food which might act as a source of re-infestation.     

Potential of varietal resistance and Piper guineense seed oil to control infestation of stored millet seeds and processed products by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Three grain forms (whole grains, broken grains and wholemeal flour) of three improved varieties (ICMV-N89305, GB8735 and Sosat) developed at ICRISAT (Patancheru, India), one cultivar which originated in Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean dwarf) and two local cultivars (Ex-borno and Gwagwa), of pearl millet were compared for their susceptibility to the rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) under tropical storage conditions. The biological effects of Piper guineense seed oil were also investigated on T. castaneum confined on similar forms of millet (Ex-borno) contained in ventilated or unventilated devices. Mortality of adult flour beetles was significantly higher on whole grains of GB8735 (99.7%), Gwagwa (92.3%) and Ex-borno (77.7%) stored in unventilated glass jars than on whole grains of Zimbabwean dwarf (52.7%) stored in a similar device. The number of adult progeny was significantly higher in wholemeal flour than in broken grains; the number in broken grains was significantly higher than that in whole grains. Development of the beetle was significantly longer in GB8735 than in Zimbabwean dwarf and the overall susceptibility of Zimbabwean dwarf was significantly higher than that of ICMV-N89305. Susceptibility of the cultivars increased with decreasing grain particle size; susceptibility indices for the whole grains, broken grains and wholemeal flour were 2.52, 12.14 and 14.16, respectively. Significantly fewer beetles developed in grains/products treated with P. guineense seed oil than in untreated grains/products. The unventilated glass jar retained the biological efficacy of the two lower dosages (20 and 40 mg/10 g) of P. guineense seed oil significantly more than the ventilated clay pot or polypropylene sack.     

A comparison between the impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations on stored-product insect populations in UK flour mills

The impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations upon populations of flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) and of Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), was evaluated in UK flour mills. Two mills were selected for fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride and two mills for fumigation with methyl bromide. Traps baited with aggregation pheromone lure and an oil-based food attractant were used to monitor populations of rust red flour beetle and confused flour beetle. For the monitoring of Mediterranean flour moth, sticky traps baited with a pheromone lure were used. Traps were placed inside the mill buildings within the areas selected for fumigation. Infestation levels of the insects were monitored for 1–2 weeks prior to fumigation and for a total of 12 weeks post-fumigation. From the calculated percentage reduction in insects trapped per day during the post-fumigation monitoring period it was clear that sulfuryl fluoride fumigations had good efficacy against infestations of Tribolium confusum and E. kuehniella, and compared very favourably with the efficacy of methyl bromide. The absence of T. castaneum in traps pre-fumigation meant that the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against this species could not be assessed in this investigation. Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was also detected in some mills but only post-fumigation.     

赤拟谷盗对小麦粉品质的影响

赤拟谷盗是小麦粉加工及储存过程中的重要害虫之一。选用普通小麦粉180g,向其中投入赤拟谷盗成虫,研究小麦粉在感染头数分别为0、10、30、60、100、200,感染时间为0、15、25、35、45d时的品质变化。实验表明:随着虫口密度的增大和感染时间的延长,小麦粉的水分稍有上升,灰分变化不大;粗淀粉含量降低,粗蛋白质含量升高,湿面筋含量和面筋指数则呈现不规律的波动;清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白含量下降,醇溶蛋白的含量上升;降落数值下降明显。在较低虫口密度下时,小麦粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、黏度破损值和最终黏度有升高趋势,但随着虫口密度的增大又逐步降低。     

Characterizing spatial distribution of trap captures of beetles in retail pet stores using SADIE software

The weevils, Sitophilus spp., drug store beetle, Stegobium paniceum (L.), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in two retail pet stores in Kansas, USA, were sampled with pitfall traps on five separate occasions before and four separate occasions after a thorough sanitation in areas with high trap captures. Trap captures of Sitophilus spp. and S. paniceum in store 1 and those of T. castaneum and Sitophilus spp. in store 2, were analyzed using the Spatial Analysis of Distance IndicEs (SADIE^®) software. Captures of Sitophilus spp. in store 1 and T. castaneum in store 2 increased immediately after sanitation, but subsequently were similar to levels before sanitation, whereas captures of S. paniceum in store 1 and Sitophilus spp. in store 2 were unaffected by sanitation. In store 1, S. paniceum trap captures were randomly distributed on all sampling occasions, while Sitophilus spp. captures were spatially aggregated immediately before and after sanitation. During the 6 months of trapping, the Sitophilus spp. trap capture centroids gradually moved northwards, and those of S. paniceum moved southwards. In store 2, trap captures of T. castaneum and Sitophilus spp. were uniformly distributed before sanitation and were predominantly spatially aggregated after sanitation. During the 6 months of trapping, trap capture centroids of both T. castaneum and Sitophilus spp. gradually moved northwards. The impact of a thorough sanitation performed once on the spatial distribution patterns of insects in the two retail stores was not consistent. Sanitation was also ineffective in reducing captures of the insect species.     

Effectiveness of hermetic containers in controlling paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) storage insect pests

Naturally infested paddy rice was used to compare the effectiveness of polypropylene bags and hermetic storage containers over 12 months of storage in a warehouse. Insect pest identification as well as the infestation level, percentage of damaged grain, weight loss, and moisture content were evaluated. Five insect species associated with stored rice were identified during the storage period, namely lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), rice/maize weevil (Sitophilus spp.), angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus). The lesser grain borer was the most predominant species with an average incidence above 70% after twelve months of storage, followed by the rice/maize weevil with an incidence of 17%. When compared to hermetic storage containers, polypropylene bag showed the highest mean infestation level with 233.3 individuals/kg after six months of storage, representing about 8-fold of the number of insects recorded in hermetic containers after six months of storage. In polypropylene container, the percentage of damaged grain and weight loss increased significantly achieving a maximum of 6.98% and 5.56% respectively, whereas using hermetic containers the highest percentage of damaged grain reached was 3.24% in polyethylene drum and the weight loss was 1.62% in GrainSafe bag. The results from the study show that the use of hermetic storage containers is a green alternative for safe storage of paddy rice, for 12 months without application of pesticides, bringing multiple advantages for smallholder farmers, lever food security and income generation for smallholder farmers and rice milling companies.