几种槭属植物的油脂营养成分分析

以元宝枫、五角枫、三角枫、鸡爪槭、复叶槭5种槭属植物种子为材料,以无水乙醚为提取溶剂,采用索氏提取与GC-MS分析等方法研究了5种槭属植物的种实特性及其种子油的化学组成。结果表明:元宝枫、五角枫、三角枫、鸡爪槭、复叶槭种子的蛋白质质量分数依次为13.84%、12.81%、21.85%、26.17%、15.20%;含油率依次为43.86%、40.75%、30.56%、26.29%和17.04%,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、花生一烯酸、神经酸和芥酸等脂肪酸为5种植物油的主要组成成分,其中,不饱和脂肪酸的质量分数较高(均在88%以上);维生素E的含量依次为66.72、67.94、36.07、70.28、44.87 mg/100 g,神经酸质量分数分别为4.49%、5.48%、6.21%、9.41%、4.30%。     

Six Northwest Atlantic Finfish Species as a Potential Fish Oil Source

Lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid data were determined for six species of fish caught off the coast of Massachusetts on several sampling dates. The fattier fish (>5% fat) had low calculated levels of cholesterol per gram of fat (2–14 mg/g). However, low levels of cholesterol in edible flesh (50 mg/100g) amounted to large amounts of cholesterol per gram fat (17–70 mg/g) for lean fish (<5% fat). Wide fluctuations in fat content of the fatty species were paralleled by changes in fatty acid composition. All species would yield about 35% 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) if the 20-carbon monoenes were removed.     

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF WILD EDIBLE CRUCIFER SPECIES

The composition of tender leaves from five species of the family Cruciferae (Alliaria petiolata, Cardaria draba, Cakile maritima, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Sisymbrium irio)from different locations of the southeast of Spain (Almeria) was investigated. The proximate composition, mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn), fatty acids, vitamin C, carotenoids and oxalic acid contents were determined. The available carbohydrate contents ranged from 1.4% - 8.2%. Vitamin C contents were high, specially in Alliaria petiolata (261 mg/100 g). Carotenoid content was relatively high in Alliaria petiolata (13.3 mg). Mineral elements were present at higher concentrations than is common for other green leafy vegetables. Fiber amounts were also remarkable (1.96–5.38 g/100 g). The ω3 series of fatty acids were predominant in the three species (Capsella bursa-pastoris 54.02%). Oxalic acid values and ratios of oxalic acid/Ca were moderate, being higher in C. maritima. We believe that these
species of crucifers could be used for dietary purposes, due to the amount and diversity of nutrients they contain.     

COMPOSITION OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS OF DEBONED MINCED AND FILLETED WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI)

Total lipids, phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids, TBA, carbonyl values, fatty acids and amino acid composition of filleted sucker (FS) and mechanically deboned minced sucker (MDMS), were determined. Higher PL concentration (534 mg/100 g versus 370 mg/100 g) and higher carbonyl values (0.89 μmoles/g versus 0.61 μmoles/g) were found in MDMS. There were no significant differences between FS and MDMS in fatty acid composition of total lipid and phospholipids. The protein content and amino acid composition of FS and MDMS were similar.     

野西瓜苗种子油理化性质和脂肪酸成分分析

本文采用索氏提取法提取野西瓜苗种子油,并测定了野西瓜苗种子油的常见理化性质,同时采用GC-MS法分析了野西瓜苗种子油中脂肪酸成分.结果表明,野西瓜苗种子油的提取率为16%,折光率为1.4741,碘价为126.9gI/100g,酸价为6.73mg（KOH）/g,皂化价为185mg（KOH）/g.GC-MS分析共确定了10种脂肪酸,主要是亚油酸、棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸,其中亚油酸含量为63.61%,棕榈酸含量为16.72%,油酸含量为12.30%,硬脂酸含量为2.23%,不饱和脂肪酸总含量为79.11%.     

Fatty acid composition,enzyme inhibitory,and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetables in the Aegean region of Turkey

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetable in the Aegean region of Turkey. In general, Mentha piperita L., Rumex patientia L., and R. acetosella L. exhibited quite strong antioxidant activities in the majority of test systems, whereas Urtica dioica L. and Eruca sativa Mill. show quite weak antioxidant activities. Enzyme inhibitory activities of the plants were found quite different than those of their antioxidant activities. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., E. sativa, R. patientia, and E. cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. showed the highest inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. U. dioica also showed a promising inhibitory activity on these enzymes. In parallel to the experiments, total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and saponin contents of the extracts were also determined. According to the results of these assays, M. piperita had the highest amounts of phenolics, flavonols, and saponins (162.36 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, 3.52 mg CEs/g extract and 761.54 mg QAEs/g extract, respectively). Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. and Lepidium sativum L. were found to be rich in flavonoid compounds (121.18 and 104.21 mg Res/g extract, respectively). In general, a strong correlation was determined between the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the plant species.     

Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits

In this study, the chemical composition of white (Morus alba L.), red (Morus rubra L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits grown in the East Anatolia Region of Turkey was investigated. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in black mulberry (1422 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh matter and 276 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g fresh matter). M. alba had the highest total fat content (1.10%), followed by M. nigra (0.95%) and M. rubra (0.85%), respectively. The major fatty acids in mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (54.2%), palmitic acid (19.8%) and oleic acid (8.41%), respectively. The total soluble solids content of mulberry species varied between 15.9% (M. rubra L.) and 20.4% (M. alba L.), acidity between 0.25% (M. alba L.) and 1.40% (M. nigra L.), pH between 3.52 (M. nigra L.) and 5.60 (M. alba L.), ascorbic acid 19.4 mg/100 g (M. rubra L.) and 22.4 mg/100 g (M. alba L.), respectively. Mineral compositions of the mulberry species were 0.83% N, 235 mg/100 g P, 1141 mg/100 g K, 139 mg/100 g Ca, 109 mg/100 g Mg, 60 mg/100 g Na, 4.3 mg/100 g Fe, 0.4 mg/100 g Cu, 4.0 mg/100 g Mn and 3.1 mg/100 g Zn, respectively.     

海水鱼与淡水鱼omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量的比较研究

研究杭州市场常见野生和饲养淡水鱼以及海水鱼omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的成分及含量。将购买的四个品种淡水鱼（野生和饲养）和六种海水鱼鱼肉去骨切碎,用有机溶剂提取总脂肪,甲酯化后的脂肪酸用气相色谱分离分析。结果表明：总PUFA的含量为从海水刺鲳的37．2mg／100g到淡水野生桂鱼的1821．8mg／100g,其中omeg-3PUFA有C18：3n-3,C18：4n-3,C20：5n-3,C22：5n-3,C22：6n-3,总omega-3PUFA含量为从海水刺鲳的32．3mg／100g到淡水饲养黑鱼的1104．3mg／100g。不同品种鱼脂肪酸含量存在显著性差异（p〈0．001）。结论：野生和饲养淡水鱼以及海水鱼中omega-3PUFA的含量及成分均因品种不同而异,淡水鱼的摄入完全能满足人体日常所需的omega3多不饱和脂肪酸。     

气相色谱-质谱法定性定量测定糜子中的脂肪酸

采用气相色谱-质谱法对糜子中脂肪酸进行定性、定量分析。结果共鉴定出14 种脂肪酸,相对含量为96.9%,其中不饱和脂肪酸8 种（64.533%）,主要有亚油酸（12.371%）、油酸（44.157%）、亚麻酸（1.173%）等。可见糜子中脂肪酸主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,是优质脂肪酸。通过回归方程计算得出：糜子中棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量分别为100.261、165.309、23.402、52.181、17.516 mg/100 g。通过与其他杂粮进行比较,结果表明糜子和小米、高粱、小麦、燕麦、水稻一样均含有硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸等,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,富含亚油酸和亚麻酸;本研究可为糜子品质的进一步开发和研究提供理论依据。     

Comparison of fatty acid profiles and contents of seed oils recovered from dessert and cider apples and further Rosaceous plants

To get a more comprehensive knowledge of oil contents and fatty acid pattern, seed oils from various Rosaceous plants belonging to the subfamilies Maloideae and Rosoideae, respectively, were investigated. For this purpose, isolated seeds of 18 dessert and cider apple (Malus domestica BORKH.) cultivars of different provenances, pear (Pyrus communis L.), rose hip (Rosa canina L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and red chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia L.) were analyzed for their oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil contents varied significantly, not only among the different genera, but also among cultivars of one species, ranging from 0.8 to 29.4?g/100?g?dry matter. Qualitatively, the fatty acid profiles of the investigated seed oils showed good agreement in all representatives of the Rosaceae. Their triacylglycerols were uniformly composed of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, α-linolenic, arachidic, gondoic, and behenic acids. Quantitation of individual fatty acids revealed the oils to be rich in mono- and diunsaturated oleic acid and linoleic acid, ranging from 15.1 to 33.3?g/100?g and from 32.5 to 49.7?g/100?g, respectively. As expected, contents of saturated fatty acids were 6–10?times lower. Moreover, apple cultivars showed pronounced differences in yields, numbers, and weights of their seeds. As demonstrated by the data obtained from this study, seeds resulting from the processing of apple, pear, quince, chokeberry (Maloideae), and rose hip (Rosoideae) into juices, jellies, and jams may serve as a promising source for the recovery of nutritionally valuable edible oils.     

不同种类榛子油脂脂肪酸组成及抗氧化活性

对欧洲榛巴塞罗那、平榛1#、平欧杂交榛辽榛3#和达维4个品种榛子油脂的基本理化性质、脂肪酸组成和抗氧化活性进行研究,并比较不同品种之间的差异。结果表明：不同品种榛子油脂的基本理化性质之间存在显著差异,碘值为137.15～147.50g I2/100g,皂化值为144.99～159.03mgKOH/g,平榛油脂具有较低的酸值和碘值,欧洲榛油脂的酸值较高,平欧杂交榛油脂具有较高的碘值,两个品种平欧杂交榛油脂的皂化值之间具有较大差异。榛子油脂中的脂肪酸组成以油酸含量最高,为67.69%～82.26%;其次是亚油酸,为11.37%～14.24%;不饱和脂肪酸含量为84.37%～94.31%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸含量为11.84%～16.39%。榛子的DPPH自由基半数清除质量浓度IC50在23.63～42.40mg/mL,抗氧化活性：辽榛3#＞平榛1#＞达维＞巴塞罗那。说明：我国平榛和平欧杂交榛相比于欧洲榛,在不饱和脂肪酸含量和抗氧化能力方面存在优势。     

Fatty acids,tocopherols, phenolic and antioxidant properties of six citrus fruit species: a comparative study

Citrus fruit is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. Information on the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of locally grown citrus fruits in Korea is elusive. This work was aimed to study fatty acid, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant potential, and selected phenolics from peel and pulp of six citrus species. The most dominant fatty acid was linoleic acid (15–45%), followed by linolenic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Stearic acid was highly abundant in yuzu peel (14.45%) and pulp (15.88%) compared to the other fruits. Unsaturated fatty acids (54–74%) contributed higher composition than saturated fatty acids (25–46%). Peel exhibited better antioxidant potential and contained higher phytochemicals than pulp. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were ranged from 22.96 (yuzu) to 86.93 (cheonhyeyang) and 38.59 (yuzu) ~83.03 (tangerine) μg/g DW, respectively. J-Redhyeyang peel exhibited highest total flavonoids (4.17?±?0.10 mgQE/g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (6.17?±?0.03 mgTE/g DW). FRAP values were highest (20.05?±?0.64 mgTE/g DW) in yuzu peel, while peel of cheonhyeyang was superior in total phenolic contents. Tangerine (3.02?±?0.05 mg/g DW) and yuzu (7.49?±?0.38 mg/g DW) had higher hesperidin concentrations in pulp and peel, respectively. Naringin was found in an appreciable amount in yuzu pulp (2.04?±?0.09 mg/g DW) and peel (6.30?±?0.19 mg/g DW) but not detected in all other fruit species. Our results indicate that citrus fruit peel is the rich source of antioxidant compounds, which can be used to prepare antioxidant rich food product.     

高产EPA和DHA藻株的筛选

为筛选出高产EPA和DHA藻株,针对8种海洋微藻进行培养,测定了它们的最佳吸收波长和生长曲线一藻体在对数期末期收获．经过提取脂肪,进行皂化酯化处理后用气相色谱测定EPA和DHA的含量。结果筛选出EPA高产藻株为新月菱形藻,EPA产量为16mg／L占粗脂肪重的26％,占细胞干重的3．3％;等边金藻为DHA高产藻株,DHA产量为3．2mg／L,占粗脂肪重的9．1％,占细胞干重的5．2％。     

提取方法对核桃油提取效果及品质的影响

研究了三种提取方法对核桃油得率、理化性能、总黄酮含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明：索氏抽提核桃油得率高（66.46%）;超临界CO2萃取核桃油酸值（0.962mg/g）、过氧化值（0.912mmol/kg）低,总黄酮含量（35.63mg/100g）、不饱和脂肪酸含量高（95.13%）,油脂色泽浅,符合人们对植物油口感的要求。     

响应面法优化斑点叉尾鮰鱼内脏油脂肪酸提取工艺研究

采用皂化酸解工艺,对斑点叉尾鮰鱼内脏油中的脂肪酸进行提取,并对其提取工艺参数进行响应面优化。以KOH浓度、反应温度、反应时间作为影响因素,脂肪酸酸值作为响应值,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面模型优化后的最佳工艺参数为:KOH浓度0.22mol/L、反应温度90℃、反应时间140min,预测脂肪酸酸值KOH为196.78mg/g,实际脂肪酸值KOH为195.92mg/g,预测值与实际值基本吻合。     

苹果酒主要风味成分的分析研究

对苹果酒中的有机酸、氨基酸、酚类物质、香气成分等进行了系统的研究。共分析出7种有机酸和17种氨基酸。其中,苹果酸含量最高(3513.49mg/L),富马酸的含量最低(17.0mg/L);含量最高的氨基酸是丝氨酸(5.39mg/L)、最低的是半胱氨酸(0.0076mg/L);香气成分的总量变化在139.7～1018.92mg/L之间,平均为665.39g/L。酯类、醇类、低级脂肪酸分别占苹果酒香气成分总量的15.54%、51.78%、34.6%。含量最高的单酚是原花青素(58.27mg/L),最低的是原儿茶素(0.38mg/L),前者是后者的153.34倍;辛酸甲酯、水杨酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、绿原酸、咖啡酸等由于在不同类型苹果酒之间变异最大,可以做为反映不同苹果酒风味差异的指标。     

郫县豆瓣后发酵过程中脂肪和脂肪酸代谢变化

本研究以8个不同后发酵时间郫县豆瓣为研究对象,通过石油醚提取、硫酸-甲醇甲酯化,气相色谱内标法定性定量分析了其脂肪及脂肪酸变化过程。结果表明:粗脂肪含量为3.46%~4.29%,总脂肪酸含量为8.258~18.484 mg/g;不同后发酵期均检测出9种脂肪酸,分别为:亚油酸(4.963~11.668 mg/g)、油酸(1.186~2.706 mg/g)、棕榈酸(0.751~1.649 mg/g)、亚麻酸(0.405~0.886 mg/g)、硬脂酸(0.296~0.856 mg/g)、肉豆蔻酸(0.131~0.305 mg/g)、反式油酸(0.126~0.230 mg/g)、棕榈油酸(0.056~0.142 mg/g)、月桂酸(0.030~0.113 mg/g)。主成分分析结果表明,提取到前两主成分的贡献率分别为75.09%、15.21%,累积贡献率达90.30%,可较好反映所有脂肪酸组成的基本信息,同时可将后发酵期脂肪酸变化大致分为三个阶段,分别为后发酵前期(1~3 M)、发酵中期(6~9 M)和发酵后期(12~36 M),且脂肪酸在后发酵前期的变化程度远远大于发酵中后期。该研究结果可为郫县豆瓣工业化生产控制产品品质与建立生产质量控制体系提供科学依据。     

湖南省环洞庭湖地区日常食用鱼脂肪酸的组成与分析

目的分析湖南省环洞庭湖地区消费量较大的3种不同食性鱼类不同部位脂肪酸的组成及差异。方法选取长沙、岳阳和常德市具有代表性的鱼类,取其背部、腹部等可食部分。利用气相色谱法对其脂肪酸含量进行测定及统计分析,获得脂肪酸指纹图谱。结果3种鱼类饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,含量为272~1198mg/100g,单不饱和脂肪酸以油酸为主,含量为340~974mg/100g,多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoicacid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoicacid,DHA)含量较高,含量为517~1283 mg/100 g。其中肉食性的鲈鱼其鱼腹和鱼背的(EPA+DHA)含量较高,杂食性的鲤鱼其鱼腹和鱼背的油酸和花生四烯酸占比较高,滤食性的鲢鱼其鱼身和鱼头的α-亚麻酸(α-linolenicacid)含量相对较高。结论鱼类产品脂肪酸的组成与其食性有关,3种鱼类均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,具有较高的食用价值。     

不同地区、品种及养殖模式罗非鱼营养差异分析

以我国南方主要养殖产区的罗非鱼为对象,选择奥尼和吉富两个优势品种,采集池塘养殖(单养)、鱼虾混养、鱼鱼混养(罗非鱼-大宗淡水鱼)三种养殖模式的罗非鱼,分别测定其基本营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量并分析不同品种、养殖模式及不同产地之间的差异。结果表明:不同品种罗非鱼基本营养成分差异不大;两者脂肪酸组成和含量基本一致;但奥尼罗非鱼氨基酸总量(19.51 g/100 g)和必需氨基酸含量(7.96 g/100 g)均高于吉富罗非鱼,其多种氨基酸含量也高于吉富(p<0.05)。鱼鱼混养罗非鱼天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸等风味氨基酸以及部分必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸含量均高于鱼虾混养罗非鱼(p<0.05),单养模式与另外两种养殖模式相比差异不显著。四个主要罗非鱼产区中,广东罗非鱼的氨基酸、脂肪酸含量更高;其鲜味氨基酸含量(7.65 g/100 g)显著高于广西和海南地区(p<0.05),氨基酸总量(19.36 g/100 g)也为四个地区中最高。广东罗非鱼的油酸(1.44 mg/g)、亚油酸(1.02 mg/g)以及DHA含量(0.91 mg/g)均高于广西和福建地区(p<0.05),其不饱和脂肪酸含量也在四个地区中最高。综上分析,奥尼罗非鱼营养品质高于吉富罗非鱼;鱼鱼混养罗非鱼品质高于鱼虾混养;广东吉富罗非鱼品质高于其他三个地区。     

LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN THE GREEN-LIPPED MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (L.)

The lipid content and fatty acid profile in soft tissue of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, a widely distributed tropical and subtropical bivalve species, were investigated. The total and neutral lipid contents were 6.17 ± 0.71 and 2.71 ± 0.42 mg per 100 mg dw, respectively. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) was 24.38 ± 2.50 mg/g dw whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) was present at 12.29 ± 2.12 mg/g dw. These two fatty acids were also at the top high percentage among all the fatty acids, with 38.06 ± 0.86% and 17.89 ± 1.24% (w/w) in total lipids and 34.64 ± 2.74% and 20.33 ± 1.05% (w/w) in neutral lipids, respectively. Therefore, green-lipped mussel is a rich source of DHA and EPA, the two n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial to human health and nutrition.