Effect of frozen storage on the quality of whole fish and fillets of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and mediterranean hake (Merluccius mediterraneus)

 Whole fish and fillets of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and mediterranean hake (Merluccius mediterraneus) were assessed for quality (physical, chemical and sensory attributes) changes throughout 12 months of frozen storage at −18 °C. The pH, expressible water (EXW), quantities of trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), formaldehyde (FA), the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) the thiobarbituric acid number (TBA), peroxide value (PV) and amount of free fatty acids (FFA) increased, while sensory attributes (odour, taste, texture) decreased during the frozen storage period. A comparison of quality scores between whole fish and fillets of horse mackerel and mediterranean hake showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in attribute scores. There were, however, significant differences (P<0.05) in pH, EXW, TMA, DMA, FA, TVB-N, TBA, FFA and PV. Received: 19 April 1996/Revised version: 7 September 1996     

Prediction of frozen storage time of Cape hake (Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus) by instrumental methods

An instrumental method to predict frozen storage time of Cape hake was developed by evaluation of a combination of methods previously known to classify hake into different quality categories, such as apparent viscosity, Kramer and puncture tests. The results showed that with multiple linear regression analysis it was possible to obtain linear models for the prediction of storage time at ? 20°C. Only apparent viscosity (η_app) and Kramer shear resistance (Kramer) were included in the regression model (months = 15.003 ? 0.001η_app + 0.144 Kramer; ). The model had a typical error of estimation of 2.0 months. The simplicity of the model, which requires only two parameters, and the easiness of their measurement make the method a good candidate for use in quality control laboratories of hake processing industries. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

超声辅助浸渍冷冻对冻藏期间猪肉水饺肉馅水分分布和品质特性的影响

本实验采用不同超声功率研究超声辅助浸渍冷冻（ultrasonic-assisted immersion freezing,UIF）对猪肉水饺肉馅在冻藏期间肉馅水分分布和品质特性的影响。结果表明,与其他组相比,功率为90 W的UIF（UIF-90）样品持水性最高,蒸煮损失最少,破损强度在贮藏后期最大（P＜0.05）,说明与其他处理方式相比,UIF-90显著减少了水饺肉馅的水分损失并保持了肉馅最好的质构特性。与空气冷冻与浸渍冷冻相比,UIF样品过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值更低（P＜0.05）,其中UIF-90处理组样品最低,说明其蛋白和脂肪氧化程度最低。随着超声功率的增加,所有样品红度（a*值）先升高后降低（P＜0.05）,其中UIF-90处理组样品a*值最高。低场核磁共振分析表明,UIF样品的T21和T22最短,表明适当的超声功率水平降低了游离水和不易流动水的流动性。因此,UIF在适当的超声功率下提高了冷冻水饺肉馅的冻藏品质,其中功率为90 W时效果最好。     

奥尔良鸡腿排冻藏期间的品质变化

以奥尔良鸡腿排为研究对象,每30 d对奥尔良鸡腿排的色泽、质构特性、剪切力、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失 率、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振（low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）技 术对其水分状态进行测定,研究奥尔良鸡腿排在240 d冻藏期间的品质变化。结果表明：奥尔良鸡腿排的理化指标 受冻藏时间影响显著（P＜0.05）,随着冻藏时间的延长,奥尔良鸡腿排的pH值不断增加,TBARs值呈上升趋势, TVB-N含量不断上升,菌落总数的变化趋势为先下降后上升;色泽指标中的亮度值及红度值呈降低趋势,而黄度值 呈升高趋势;质构指标中的硬度、咀嚼性、黏结性和剪切力呈上升趋势,而弹性逐渐下降;蒸煮损失率和解冻损失 率逐渐增大;横向弛豫时间T23峰面积（自由水含量）减小,T21峰面积（结合水含量）几乎不变,T22峰面积（不易 流动水含量）略有减小;磁共振成像结果表明,肉质表面氢质子发生明显迁移,与水分变化分析结果一致。     

冷藏山羊肉品质变化的核磁共振研究

利用低场核磁共振技术,研究了冷藏山羊肉中结合水、不易流动水和自由水的分布和变化情况。结果表明,羊肉中的结合水弛豫时间(T21)和不易流动水弛豫时间(T22)以及二者与总水分相对含量随冷藏时间的变化呈现明显的下降趋势,并且T21、T22与羊肉的滴水损失、pH、肉色有显著的相关性;低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)能够很好地表征山羊肉冷藏期间有关水分及品质变化情况,可用于山羊肉冷藏的货架期快速检测。     

Effects of Waxy Wheat Flour and Water on Frozen Dough and Bread Properties

ABSTRACT:  The quality of bread made from frozen dough is diminished by changes that occur during freezing. New cultivars of waxy wheat flour (WWF), containing less than 2% amylose, offer unique properties for the production of baked products. In this study, dough properties and bread quality were investigated at various levels of WWF (0% to 45% flour weight) and water (55% to 65%). Dough stickiness increased with higher levels of WWF and water. During frozen storage, dough with greater WWF and lower water had less change in stickiness. Maximum resistance to extension (MRE) decreased with higher WWF and water. Dough with greater WWF and less water had less change in extensibility after frozen storage. Dough with greater WWF and water was more extensible. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that frozen dough with higher WWF content had lower transverse relaxation ( T ₂) time of 9 to 11ms. After frozen storage, dough with higher WWF still showed lower T ₂. Dough with 15% WWF had higher yeast activity. Bread made from 15% and 30% WWF had higher volume in bread made from unfrozen and frozen dough. Bread firmness decreased with higher amounts of WWF and water. This research demonstrated that specific combinations of WWF and water produced a better quality of frozen dough and bread.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water mobility in pasta filata and non-pasta filata mozzarella

Changes in molecular mobility of water in pasta filata and non-pasta filata Mozzarella cheeses were investigated during the first 10 d of storage using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques. Water in pasta filata Mozzarella was classified into two fractions by spin-spin relaxation times, T21 and T22, and corresponding proton intensities, A1 and A2, representing low and high molecular mobility, respectively. Increase in A1 (and decrease in A2) suggested that, there was a redistribution of water from more- to less-mobile fraction (from T22 to T21 fraction) during the first 10 d of storage. The NMR data did not indicate the two-state behavior of water molecules in non-pasta filata Mozzarella. However, the T2 values of non-pasta filata Mozzarella were comparable to the T21 values of pasta filata Mozzarella indicating that the molecular mobility of water in non-pasta filata Mozzarella is comparable to that of the less mobile water fraction in pasta filata Mozzarella. Generally, T2 and T1 values of pasta filata and non-pasta filata Mozzarella cheeses increased during the 10-d storage. This is believed to be due to structural changes in the protein matrix.     

LIPID CHANGES IN FROZEN STORED FILLETS FROM PRE- AND POSTSPAWNED HAKE (MERLUCCIUS HUBBSI MARINI)

The lipid composition of frozen stored fillets from pre‐ and postspawned hake was studied. The total lipid (TL) content in the chloroform/methanol extract from unfrozen postspawned hake was four times higher than that of prespawned fish. After freezing, the TL content of postspawning hake muscle remained unchanged whereas the TL extracted from prespawning fish muscle increased about 90%. The TL extractability of muscle from fish in both different gonadal conditions was not affected by frozen storage. Lipolysis in frozen stored fillets from prespawned hake occurs principally by hydrolytic action on phospholipids (PL), and phosphatidylcholine was the main PL hydrolyzed. Triacylglycerols were the main substrates hydrolyzed in frozen stored fillets from postspawned hake. Freezing and frozen storage affected polyenoics and n‐3 fatty acids (FA). The decrease in the contents of n‐3 FA in fillets from postspawned hake was lower than that observed in fillets from prespawned fish.     

抗冻蛋白对预发酵冷冻面团中蛋白质特性及水分状态的影响

采用Ellman’s试剂比色法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以及核磁共振技术,研究冻藏和冻融循环条件下抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团的蛋白质特性以及水分子存在状态的影响。结果表明：经过冻藏和冻融循环,冷冻面团中游离巯基含量上升,二硫键含量下降。添加抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团亚基无影响。随着冻藏时间的延长,二级结构中分子间β-折叠含量增大,β-转角含量减小,而冻融循环使得α-螺旋结构含量下降,添加抗冻蛋白组的蛋白质特性变化均小于无添加组。无添加抗冻蛋白冷冻面团的失水率明显升高,驰豫时间随冻藏时间的延长逐渐变大,结合水含量减少,表明抗冻蛋白能够抑制二硫键的断裂和二级结构的变化,减少冰晶的重结晶,防止面团的水分散失,维持面团的持水能力。     

Combination of NMR and MRI quantitation of moisture and structure changes for convection cooking of fresh chicken meat

This study demonstrates that a combination of bulk NMR and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the T(2)-values of water protons can be used to determine the heat-induced changes in the structure and moisture content of fresh chicken meat which had been cooked in a convection oven at 200°C for a range of times. The gravimetric moisture content was also determined for both the raw and cooked meat. Multi-exponential fitting of the bulk NMR T(2) relaxation time data demonstrated three distinct water populations T(21) (39-43ms), T(22) (82-99ms) and T(23) (2-3ms) for raw meat which changed to 18-31ms (T(21)), 61-208ms (T(22)) and 3-7ms (T(23)) after the meat had been cooked. The T(1) and T(2) values obtained by MRI for cooked meat decreased progressively with increased heating time. There are highly significant correlations between the T(2) values from MRI and the T(21) values from bulk NMR measurements of cooked meat (r=0.986; p<0.01), and also between the normalised M(0) values from MRI and the gravimetric moisture content (r=0.953; p<0.01).     

Comparative study of low-field NMR relaxation measurements and two traditional methods in the determination of water holding capacity of pork

The correlation between transverse relaxation, T(2,) and water holding capacity (WHC) determined either by Honikels bag method (Honikel, 1998) or centrifugation has been investigated in meat samples from m. longissimus dorsi (LD) 24 h post mortem from 74 pigs. Bi-exponential analysis of the transverse relaxation, T(2), showed highly significant correlations between both the two NMR time constants (T(21),T(22)) and water holding capacity determined by both Honikels bag method (r(T(21))=-0.72 and r(T(22))=0.77) and centrifugation (r(T(21))-0.50 and r(T(22))=0.75). This shows that transverse relaxation measurement is an efficient method for determination of water holding capacity in pork. Significant correlations were also found between T(21) and T(22) measured 24 h post mortem and pH measured at various time post mortem. This indicates that transverse relaxation, T(2), reflects pH-induced structural changes occurring in muscles post mortem.     

低场核磁共振分析冰温牛肉中不同状态水分变化

利用低场核磁共振技术研究冰温贮藏条件下无包装与真空包装牛肉在贮藏过程中水分弛豫参数的变化规律.通过驰豫测定,结果显示新鲜牛肉中有3种不同活动状态的水分,即结合水、不易流动水和自由水,其对应的横向弛豫时间分别是T21、T22、T23.对弛豫参数与常见肉品质指标进行皮尔逊相关系数分析,揭示了两者间的相关性.结果表明:无包装牛肉自由水弛豫参数与其品质指标均有较强的相关性,而真空包装牛肉的弛豫参数与其品质指标的相关性均不强.对冰温贮藏牛肉的品质影响最大的水分是自由水,自由水的弛豫参数能够很好的用于无包装牛肉常规品质指标的研究.     

The effects of soy on freezable bread dough: a magnetic resonance study

Hygroscopic soy ingredients were hypothesised to slow the rate of water migration in unleavened bread dough during frozen storage. Thawed soy (18% dry weight) and wheat dough samples were assessed using non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for up to 8 wks frozen storage time. MRI suggested a spatially homogeneous, net increase in proton mobility with frozen storage and, with solution state proton NMR, distinct "free" and "bound" states were discerned. T(2) relaxation times of the majority proton population suggested increased mobility with frozen storage time, and statistical difference from the fresh sample was seen later for the soy samples than the wheat samples. As seen by (13)C-solid state NMR, the crystallinity of the starch was not affected by either soy addition or frozen storage. In conclusion, addition of soy to bakery products led to slightly enhanced preservation of "fresh" characteristics of the dough during frozen storage.     

Thawed Chilled Barents Sea Cod Fillets in Modified Atmosphere Packaging-Application of Multivariate Data Analysis to Select Key Parameters in Good Manufacturing Practice

The purpose of the present study was to select key parameters in good manufacturing practice for production of thawed chilled modified atmosphere packed (MAP) cod (Gadus morhua) fillets. The effect of frozen storage temperature (−20 and −30 °C), frozen storage period (3, 6, 9 and 12 mo) and chill storage periods up to 21 d at 2 °C were evaluated for thawed MAP Barents Sea cod fillets. Sensory, chemical, microbiological and physical quality attributes were evaluated and multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and partial least-squares regression) applied for identification of key parameters in good manufacturing practice for this product. Frozen storage of up to 12 mo had no significant effect on quality attributes and shelf-life at 2 °C was above 14 d irrespective of the time of frozen storage. As compared to a previous study with Baltic Sea, cod drip losses during chill storage was low for thawed MAP Barents Sea cod and this fish raw material seemed the more appropriate for production of thawed chilled MAP products. Frozen storage inactivation of the spoilage bacteria of Photobacterium phosphoreum was modest in Barents Sea cod, possibly due to high trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and NaCl contents.     

冻融过程对速冻油条水分分布与品质相关性的研究

以无铝油条预混粉为原料制作速冻油条,研究速冻油条经反复冻融过程对油条水分分布与品质之间的关系,分别测定了油条的水分含量、低场核磁T2弛豫时间、色泽、比容、感官品质及质构品质,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:随冻融次数增加,T21与瓤的水分含量、比容、感官评分呈极显著负相关(p0.01),T21、a*值、b*值与硬度呈极显著正相关(p0.01),T22与咀嚼性呈极显著负相关(p0.01);随冻融次数增加,油条内部水分与蛋白质、淀粉的结合变疏松,瓤的水分含量减少、油条比容及感官评分降低,油条表面色泽变暗,红度、黄度增加,硬度增加。因此,反复冻融会造成油条内部水分损失,影响水分分布,造成油条比容、品质改变,影响油条产品的最终品质。     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

冷藏基围虾水分迁移和品质变化的相关性

以基围虾为对象,测定其在4、0 ℃贮藏过程中菌落总数、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、K值、水分含量等理化指标的变化,利用低场核磁共振技术分析基围虾肌肉中水分迁移规律,进而研究品质变化与水分迁移的相关性。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,菌落总数、TVB-N含量均随贮藏时间的延长而呈增大趋势,pH值先降低后升高,水分含量呈降低趋势;横向弛豫时间T2测定结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,结合水（T21）含量无明显变化,不易流动水（T22）含量逐渐降低,自由水（T23）含量逐渐升高;通过分析横向驰豫时间T2与各理化指标之间的相关性表明,T22、T23与多个理化指标具有相关性。因此,运用低场核磁共振技术检测基围虾贮藏期间的品质变化具有可行性。     

EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON PROTEIN FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FISH DURING FROZEN STORAGE

Influence of seasonal variation (February, July and October), time elapsed before freezing, and type of processing of the muscle on several functional properties (protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, and viscosity) in two species of fish with differing seasonal behavior (hake and sardine) were studied. Correlations between the changes in these functional properties during frozen storage were established. Although proximate analyses of the hake muscle were similar throughout the year, significant differences were observed in viscosity and protein solubility during storage between lots of fish caught in different seasons. Changes in the functional properties were less evident in sardine, which undergoes wide seasonal variations. The larger differences in the functional proprities of hake muscle, depending on season, were related to differences in the dimethylamine content after the fifth month of frozen storage. High correlations were established between functional properties in fish caught in the same or different seasons. Any of the three functional properties studied can be used as a suitable index of the quality of frozen fish, irrespective of the different conditions studied.     

黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏品质的影响

研究添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面质构特性和蒸煮品质的影响,并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和低场核磁共振(NMR)探究了添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏过程中可冻结水含量和水分分布的影响;利用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察了冻藏过程中蛋白质网络结构的变化。结果表明:添加黄原胶可以提高冷冻熟面的硬度、咀嚼性和拉伸性能,降低复煮损失率和吸水率,减缓在冻藏过程中质构品质和蒸煮品质的降低趋势。黄原胶的加入可以使冻藏过程中冷冻熟面的蛋白质网络结构更加连续致密,抑制深层结合水向弱结合水方向的转移,减少可冻结水的含量,从而减少冰晶的形成,减轻因冰晶带来的机械损伤,从而改善冷冻熟面的冻藏品质。     

Comparison of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle proteins during iced and frozen storage

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle behave differently during storage, whether in ice or deep frozen. Rapid changes have been observed in the texture of hake muscle during frozen storage, while gilthead sea bream has proved to be more stable. In order to ascertain the role of muscle proteins in the changes observed during storage, parameters related to protein functionality and the properties of extracted natural actomyosin (NAM) were studied initially and during storage in ice or at ?20 °C. Initially, the parameters related to functionality had higher values in hake muscle and extracted NAM than in gilthead sea bream. At the end of iced storage (22 days), less myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin were extracted from hake, but there was practically no change in gilthead sea bream. This decrease was not accompanied by lower Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity. Freezing produced no drastic changes, with lower values for gilthead sea bream. However, this species was more stable after 1 year, except for the Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity of NAM. This suggests that the changes that hake proteins underwent during storage particularly affected properties related to aggregation, whereas in gilthead sea bream the changes hardly affected the formation of soluble or insoluble aggregates but did affect the active sites of myosin. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry