乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸检测技术的研究进展

近几年来由于一些企业为降低生产成本,常常会在乳与乳制品中掺假,这种行为严重影响了乳品加工企业的产品质量,同时也对消费者的身体健康造成了严重损害。在各种乳与乳制品掺假方法中,添加蛋白类掺假物如水解蛋白是比较常见的方法。L-羟脯氨酸是水解蛋白特有的氨基酸,而乳蛋白质中是不含L-羟脯氨酸的,因此检测乳与乳制品中是否含有L-羟脯氨酸是判断乳与乳制品是否掺假的一个重要手段之一。目前,针对L-羟脯氨酸的检测方法主要有分光光度法、液相色谱法、氨基酸分析仪法、液相色谱质谱法等。本文综述了近几年来国内外乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸的检测技术及其研究进展,对上述几种检测方法各自的优缺点进行了详细的分析,同时对未来的L-羟脯氨酸检测技术发展进行了展望。     

乳与乳制品中四种动物源性成分鉴定方法的研究

目的 针对小众乳与乳制品的掺假的现象,构建乳与乳制品中动物源性成分检测方法。方法 设计合成了牛、羊、驴、水牛的特异引物探针,优化乳与乳制品中核酸提取方法,对设计的荧光PCR方法进行了特异性、灵敏度、适用性进行验证。结果 该方法对于常见动物物种具有较强特异性和灵敏度,牛、羊、驴、水牛的检测灵敏度分别为0.001、0.01、0.01、0.01 ng。此外,该方法适用性较强,在各类乳与乳制品样品中均能检出标识动物源性成分和掺伪动物源性成分。结论 本研究构建的检测方法,特异性、灵敏度、检出限等指标均能满足日常实验需要,可为监管与检验提供有力的技术支撑。     

不同乳源动物成分鉴别技术研究进展

随着我国经济的发展,人民生活水平不断提高,乳制品成为日常饮食的重要组成部分。乳制品含有促进人体生长发育及维持健康必需的营养成分,驴乳、驼乳、牦牛乳等特种乳因其良好的营养价值而越来越受到人们欢迎。由于特种乳具有良好市场前景且其产量较低,目前市场中特种乳价格普遍高于牛乳,受经济利益驱动的影响,乳源掺假问题日益凸显,掺假鉴别成为近年来研究的热点。针对乳制品中乳源掺假问题,国内外研究学者已经建立了多种鉴别的方法,本文从基于核酸、蛋白、化合物的方法和智能无损检测四个方面对乳及乳制品乳源鉴别方法现状进行了概述,并对4种方法做出总结和比较,对未来需要解决的问题进行了探讨。     

LAMP技术在检测原料乳及乳制品致病菌方面的应用

环介导等温扩增(LAMP,Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification)作为一种新的检测技术,具有操作简便、快速、特异性强等优点,目前已在原料乳及乳制品致病菌的检测中得到初步应用,本文综述了这一技术的原理、鉴别及检测的方法,及其在原料乳及乳制品检测方面的应用进展.     

天津地区生鲜牛乳掺假的鉴别

乳与乳制品出现的质量问题，对乳品的生产和消费产生很大的负面影响，非常不利于乳品业的发展。乳制品质量安全状况在很大程度上取决于生鲜牛乳（原料乳）质量安全状况，针对这一问题，研究了一种利用乳品快速分析仪可以快速检测掺假生鲜牛乳的方法。该方法是利用红外光谱技术鉴别掺假乳，具有快速、准确的特点。     

光谱技术在乳及乳制品研究中的应用进展

文章阐述了光谱技术在乳及乳制品掺假和掺伪检测、营养成分检测、抗生素检测、微生物污染检测,乳及乳制品种类的鉴定等方面的应用。综述了近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、高光谱成像技术在乳及乳制品品质检测和安全评定上的重要应用和研究进展,指出多种技术联合应用是未来研究的趋势。     

解析乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白问题

我国食品安全问题日益突出,其中乳制品掺假问题也倍受关注.乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白,对乳品的生产和消费产生很大负面影响,严重阻碍行业的发展.本文对乳及乳制品掺假的原因,皮革水解蛋白的提取工艺、特性、应用、对人体健康的损害、相关禁用限用法规、检测分析方法等方面进行了系统解析.     

羊乳制品中动植物源性成分多重RT-PCR方法研究

羊乳制品因其营养丰富的特点受到消费者的青睐,但也容易成为乳制品掺假的主要目标。通过合成羊源性、牛源性、植物源性成分特异性的引物和探针,建立羊-牛-植物3种源性成分的双重和三重实时荧光PCR检测体系,并设计相应的特异性试验保证检测体系的准确性。本检测体系对羊源性、牛源性、植物源性成分的检测灵敏度可达0.1 ng/μL;羊乳中掺入牛乳的检测限可达到0.1%(体积分数);羊乳中掺入纯豆奶的检测限可达到0.5%(体积分数)。本研究建立的多重实时荧光PCR检测方法可实现准确快速、高特异性、高灵敏度检测羊乳制品中掺假掺杂的动植物源性成分。     

乳及乳制品检测技术的研究进展

乳及乳制品作为一类营养全面的理想食品,已成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,其质量和品质已引起社会的广泛关注。作为影响乳及乳制品质量的重要因素,蛋白质、微生物菌群以及抗生素残留等方面将是人们重点关注的对象。在综合比较各种检测技术优缺点的基础上,重点介绍最新检测技术在乳及乳制品中的应用及其研究进展。     

猪牛肉掺假鉴定技术及其特异性物质研究进展

目前肉品掺假现象层出不穷,这些掺假制品通过感官判断很难区分真伪。研究表明一些现代分析技术通过检测肉的特异性物质能够鉴定肉的种类。本文主要以猪肉和牛肉为例,以其内在存在的种间特异性差异,从蛋白质和基因等角度分别论述各种肉的特异性物质,为肉制品掺假鉴定提供一定参考的依据。     

蛋白质组学技术在不同物种乳掺假检测中的应用

乳品是人类重要的营养源，然而乳品掺假现象时常发生，近年来尤以向乳品中掺假动、植物蛋白，向特色畜乳中掺假牛乳等方式为主，这不仅损害了消费者的利益，甚至会危害消费者的健康。该研究总结了目前常见的掺假行为及相关检测方法，并介绍了蛋白质组学技术——一种通过确立特定生物标记物来区别不同物种乳的技术。作者查询了国内外近十年来牛乳和特色乳掺假方面的研究报道，关键词设置为“蛋白质组学”、“乳品”、“真实性”、“生物标记物”等，按照奶畜乳类别将所得文献进行分类。分别对奶牛乳、羊乳、驼乳、水牛乳、牦牛乳、驴乳的掺假物、潜在标记物和检出限等方面进行了总结和分析，以期为乳品真实性鉴定和保障乳品质量安全提供有效的工作思路。     

Robust PCR‐based method for quantification of bovine milk in cheeses made from caprine and ovine milk

To prevent fraud and enhance quality assurance, credible analysis of dairy products is crucial. A common problem is the addition of cheaper bovine milk to caprine and/or ovine dairy products and when not declared addition of bovine milk constitutes fraud. The aim was to develop a rapid, robust and sensitive method for the identification of adulteration of caprine and/or ovine cheeses with bovine milk. New quantitative real‐time polymerase (qPCR) assays were designed for the specific determination of bovine DNA (Cow1) and bovine, caprine and ovine DNA (BoCaOv). These were applied to 17 samples of caprine cheese and 24 of ovine cheese. Results showed that 17% (7/41) of these cheeses contained >5% bovine milk. As bovine milk was not declared as an ingredient in any of the samples, this represents adulteration. Other cheeses that contained detectable bovine milk at ≤5% (22%; 5/41) might pose a health risk to people allergic to bovine milk.     

Detection of adulteration in milk: A review

Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP‐HPLC, LC‐GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA‐based methods and MALDI‐MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real‐time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.     

掺假羊乳及其制品中牛乳的检测技术研究进展

羊乳具有营养价值高、蛋白质组成更接近人乳、脂肪球直径小及致敏性低等优点, 更利于人体消化吸收, 受到消费者和乳品企业的青睐。近年来我国羊乳产业发展迅速且潜力巨大, 但由于受羊乳产量和养殖规模的限制, 羊乳价格昂贵, 市场中存在羊乳及其制品掺假牛乳的现象, 且掺假手段多样, 难以辨别。为了保证消费者的健康和权益, 保障羊乳市场良性发展, 羊乳及其制品的纯正性、真实性检测已经成为热点研究方向。本文通过分析基于乳中蛋白质、脂肪和核酸差异的羊乳中牛乳掺假检测技术的研究现状, 介绍和探讨了各检测技术的基本原理及其在应用中的优缺点, 同时展望羊乳掺假检测技术的发展方向, 旨在为牛羊乳混合掺假检测技术的进一步发展提供资料参考和思路。     

电子鼻在食品掺假鉴定中的应用研究进展

研究简要介绍了电子鼻的工作原理,包括气体传感阵列和信号处理两个关键要素;综述了电子鼻在食用油、乳制品、饮料、肉类、香料等多种食品中掺假鉴别和品质分析方面的应用;阐明了电子鼻在食品掺假鉴定的使用方法和分析原理;剖析了电子鼻在该领域应用的成功案例及不足。     

Sensory analysis and species-specific PCR detect bovine milk adulteration of frescal (fresh) goat cheese

The Brazilian market for dairy products made from goat milk is increasing despite the seasonality of production and naturally small milk production per animal, factors that result in high-priced products and encourage fraud. In Brazil, no official analytical method exists for detecting adulteration of goat dairy products with cow milk. The aim of this study was to design a strategy to investigate the adulteration of frescal (fresh) goat cheeses available in the Rio de Janeiro retail market, combining analysis of cheese composition and the perception of adulteration by consumers. Commercial goat cheeses were tested by using a duplex PCR assay previously designed to authenticate cheeses, by targeting the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA genes of both species simultaneously. The PCR test was able to detect 0.5% (vol/vol) cow milk added during goat cheese formulation. The analysis of 20 locally produced goat cheeses (20 lots of 4 brands) showed that all were adulterated with cow milk, even though the labels did not indicate the addition of cow milk. To estimate the ability of consumers to perceive the fraudulent addition of cow milk, a triangle test was performed, in which cheeses formulated with several different proportions of goat and cow milk were offered to 102 regular consumers of cheese. Detection threshold analysis indicated that almost half of the consumers were able to perceive adulteration at 10% (vol/vol) cow milk. Effective actions must be implemented to regulate the market for goat dairy products in Brazil, considering the rights and choices of consumers with respect to their particular requirements for diet and health, preference, and cost.     

乳及乳制品中蛋白组分测定方法研究进展

乳蛋白是乳及乳制品中重要的组成成分,其含量和组成是影响营养、免疫等功能特性的重要因素。乳中蛋白组分复杂,不同组分含量差异大,随着乳蛋白功能特性研究的深入,快速准确测定乳蛋白组分的含量具有重要的意义和研究价值。本文对目前使用最多的酶联免疫法、毛细管电泳法、高效液相色谱法和高效液相色谱串联质谱法4类测定乳蛋白组分方法的原理、适用性和方法特点进行综述总结,为乳蛋白组分的准确测定和新方法建立提供可靠的技术参考,为乳品营养研究、乳产品开发、婴幼儿配方粉优化提供理论支持。     

指纹图谱技术在生鲜乳掺假检测中的研究进展

生鲜乳是乳制品行业发展的主要原料,是决定乳制品质量的关键因素。然而近年来国内外在乳制品方面的食品安全事件频发,不法分子通过在生鲜乳中掺入虚假物质以获取经济利益的行为已经成为严重的安全问题,对人们健康以及整个乳制品行业造成不良影响。指纹图谱技术是对通过一定的分析工具产生的图像进行判别的一种检测技术,可以对生鲜乳的掺假进行更灵敏、准确和快速的检测。本文通过对生鲜乳的安全现状进行剖析,总结了电泳法、光谱法、色谱法和电子感官技术法4种指纹图谱技术在牛乳掺假检测中的应用,比较了4种技术的优点和局限性,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,为提高生鲜乳的品质与安全以及保证消费者健康提供理论依据与参考。     

Application of immunological methods for the detection of species adulteration in dairy products

A number of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for the detection of milk adulteration in dairy products. Target antigens have been caseins, lactoglobulins, immunoglobulins and other whey proteins. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been used in a variety of formats including direct, indirect, competitive and sandwich ELISAs. ELISAs have been successfully applied to the detection of cows' milk adulteration of sheep, goat and buffalo milk. Goat milk adulteration of sheep milk has also been detected. A number of ELISAs have also been applied to cheese. It is recommended that ELISA should be used in combination with PCR to ensure compliance with current legislation.