鱼内脏蛋白水解物的制备及其生理活性研究进展

鱼内脏是鱼类加工的主要副产物之一,通常被认为是低价值资源,绝大部分被丢弃。鱼内脏含有较高含量的蛋白质,水解后得到的蛋白水解物（FPH）具有抗氧化、降血糖、抗炎、降血压等功能活性,可作为潜在的功能性成分和食品添加剂。本文对鱼内脏蛋白水解物的制备工艺和生理活性研究现状进行了综述,以期为鱼内脏的深度加工利用提供参考。     

动物血浆蛋白水解物功能及应用研究进展

动物血液是动物屠宰加工的主要副产物之一,蛋白质含量丰富、营养价值高,其中血浆蛋白作为重要的蛋白原料,可用于动物饲料和食品加工。研究表明,血浆蛋白经酶处理得到由小肽和氨基酸组成的水解物,更易被机体消化吸收,同时表现出抗氧化、抑制血管紧张素转化酶活性、减毒等功能特性,可作为潜在的营养补充剂、食品添加剂和营养保健品。本文对血浆蛋白水解物的酶解条件、特性以及应用进行综述,以期为动物血浆蛋白水解物的研究和应用提供参考。     

食源性蛋白中免疫活性肽的研究进展

食物源免疫活性肽是从食源性蛋白水解物中获得的对人体免疫系统具有调节作用的肽段,常来源于酪蛋白、乳铁蛋白、鱼贝类蛋白、小麦蛋白、大米蛋白及大豆蛋白等食源性蛋白。到目前为止,国内外的研究者已对食物源免疫活性肽的结构、作用机制做了大量研究,并将其应用于动物实验或临床研究,取得了显著效果。因而,本文对食源性免疫活性肽的结构和机理进行了综述。     

玉米蛋白加工利用研究进展

在湿法玉米淀粉加工中,玉米蛋白存在于副产物玉米黄粉、玉米胚芽饼和玉米浆中。文章在分析玉米蛋白氨基酸组成等特性的基础上,综合分析玉米蛋白加工利用现状和玉米蛋白水解物的功能特性,指出玉米蛋白水解物在食品工业上应用的潜力。     

乳清蛋白水解制备功能性多肽的研究概况

乳清是生产干酪及干酪素过程中获得的大量液态副产物,含有丰富的营养成分,其主要成分乳清蛋白的营养价值极高。随着近年来小肽生物活性功能研究的开展,对于乳清蛋白水解物中功能性多肽的研究成为主要方向。近年来的研究中发现乳清蛋白中含有多种生物活性肽,包括ACE抑制肽、抑菌肽、抗病毒肽、抗氧化活性肽及其它活性肽。目前,国内外有关ACE抑制肽的研究较多,而对降胆固醇肽的研究多是以大豆蛋白为原料,而更具有研究价值的乳清蛋白源降胆固醇肽研究较少。本人以乳清蛋白为原料,对其酶解产物的降胆固醇活性肽进行分离制备,既充分利用了干酪的副产物,减少了资源浪费和环境污染,又能提供一种新型降胆固醇功能产品,为商业化开发乳清蛋白降胆固醇功能产品提供理论依据。本文结合本人对降胆固醇肽的研究,综述了乳清蛋白源功能性多肽的制备、分离纯化技术及其活性多肽的研究概况。     

畜禽副产物蛋白质及其水解物的美拉德反应在食品加工中的应用

畜禽副产物产量大,蛋白质等营养物质含量高,但利用率低,应用范围有限,造成资源的浪费。我国畜禽加工副产物附加值较低,如果能够提高畜禽副产物的利用率,不但可充分利用现有资源,还可减少环境污染。本文以阐述畜禽副产物蛋白质的研究情况为主,围绕副产物蛋白质的水解、产物的生物活性以及其进行美拉德反应后产物在食品加工工业的应用概况进行综述,为提高畜禽副产物蛋白的利用率,拓宽其应用范围,加强畜禽副产物蛋白质及水解物的深加工利用、新产品开发提供理论依据。     

不同酶水解菜籽蛋白的水解物的抗氧化活性研究

使用alcalase、protamex、flavourzyme、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶共6种蛋白酶水解菜籽蛋白,研究水解物清除DPPH自由基能力、还原能力和抑制亚油酸过氧化活性。结果表明,6种蛋白酶水解菜籽蛋白的水解物都具有抗氧化活性,但水解物的抗氧化活性与水解所用酶的种类和水解时间有关,胰蛋白酶和flavourzyme水解物显示了较强的清除DPPH自由基和还原能力,6种蛋白酶水解物抑制亚油酸过氧化活性高于VE,但略低于BHT。alcalase水解菜籽蛋白时,水解10~45 m in的水解物清除DPPH自由基和还原能力较强,延长水解时间并不能提高其抗氧化活性。     

玉米蛋白水解物对生鸡肉糜脂质氧化的影响

玉米蛋白粉是玉米湿法生产淀粉的主要副产物。以玉米蛋白粉为原料,对其先进行高温蒸煮预处理,然后采用碱性蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶对其进行双酶顺序水解,制得具有抗氧化活性的蛋白水解物,将其添加到生鸡肉糜中,研究肉糜的过氧化值(PV值)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值)、巯基含量、盐溶性蛋白含量(SSP值)和感官评价的变化情况,考察玉米蛋白水解物对生肉糜脂质氧化的影响。结果表明:玉米蛋白水解物的水解度达到29.5%,抗氧化活性达到599.11U/mL;肉糜中玉米肽的添加延缓了脂质的氧化,且玉米肽添加量的不同对各指标有着不同程度的影响,其中,含0.05%玉米肽的肉糜脂质氧化程度最弱,具有良好的抗氧化效果。     

玉米蛋白及其水解肽的研究动态

活性肽是蛋白质经酶水解而得的产物 ,不仅能提供给人类营养 ,同时具有防病治病 ,调节人体生理机能的功效。本文分析了玉米蛋白及其水解肽的研究现状和发展动态 ,对蛋白水解方式、水解物的功能特性、生理活性、水解物的去苦味研究及功能食品的开发等方面进行综述。     

不同处理条件对苜蓿叶蛋白水解物抗氧化活性的影响

以苜蓿叶蛋白为原料,通过酶解制备苜蓿叶蛋白水解物。以DPPH自由基和还原力为评价指标,采用不同的处理条件对苜蓿叶蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明:加热处理和添加大多数食品添加剂有利于提高水解物的抗氧化活性,而添加柠檬酸和酒石酸能降低其抗氧化活性;碱性p H条件不利于提高DPPH自由基清除率,而酸性p H条件有利于提高DPPH自由基清除率;添加金属离子对抗氧化活性影响较大;巴氏灭菌、煮沸灭菌和高压蒸汽灭菌条件均有利于清除DPPH自由基,但会在一定程度上降低还原力。     

Fish protein hydrolysates: Proximate composition,amino acid composition,antioxidant activities and applications: A review

The fish processing industry produces more than 60% by-products as waste, which includes skin, head, viscera, trimmings, liver, frames, bones, and roes. These by-product wastes contain good amount of protein rich material that are normally processed into low market-value products, such as animal feed, fish meal and fertilizer. In view of utilizing these fish industry wastes, and for increasing the value to several underutilised fish species, protein hydrolysates from fish proteins are being prepared by several researchers all over the world. Fish protein hydrolysates are breakdown products of enzymatic conversion of fish proteins into smaller peptides, which normally contain 2–20 amino acids. In recent years, fish protein hydrolysates have attracted much attention of food biotechnologists due to the availability of large quantities of raw material for the process, and presence of high protein content with good amino acid balance and bioactive peptides (antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial peptides).     

Functions,applications and production of protein hydrolysates from fish processing co-products (FPCP)

Considerable amounts of fish processing co-products (FPCP) are generated which currently impose a cost burden on the seafood industry in terms of waste disposal, with little benefit generated. The demand for the sustainable use of FPCP has led to the development of processes for the recovery and hydrolysis of proteins, the assessment of their functionalities, and application into different products. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the-state-of-the-art on the functions, applications and production processes of FPCP protein hydrolysates, and identify the key research trends and future research directions that will maximize the economic and environmental benefits for the fish processing industry. FPCP protein hydrolysates have been found to possess desirable physicochemical properties (e.g. emulsifying, foaming, oil and water binding capacities) and many interesting bio-activities (anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial and anti-anemia) with potential applications in food, nutritional and pharmaceutical products. Chemical hydrolysis has been the most common process for the production of crude FPCP protein hydrolysates, though with little ability to control product quality. The enzymatic hydrolysis process has emerged recently as the process of choice due to its mild reaction conditions, superior product quality and functionality. The enzymatic processes have been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, but not as in full industrial-scale operation, probably due to the high costs of the enzyme. Advanced cost effective processing technologies need to be developed for the production of high quality FPCP protein hydrolysates that possess specific functionalities for specific product applications. Protein hydrolysates with defined molecular weight ranges, tailor-made for superior functionalities are in high demand. With the discovery of new functions and applications for FPCP protein hydrolysates by refining the traditionally crude product mixture, the fish processing industry can be empowered with advanced value-added processing technology and next generation functional products to successfully turn the “cost center” for the removal of waste into a “profit center” for business growth.     

乳清蛋白胶体物化特性的应用研究进展

乳清蛋白是生产干酪时的一种天然副产物,是牛奶中乳蛋白的主要成分之一,它不仅具有优异的营养特性,还具有独特的胶体物化特性。本文综述了利用乳清蛋白胶体特性发展的微胶囊和可食用包装膜技术的研究进展。利用乳清蛋白的凝胶特性,在合适的条件下制备以乳清蛋白为壁材的微胶囊,可以对功能成分进行包埋并实现肠溶缓释;制备具有一定机械强度和阻隔性的可食性蛋白膜,可以运载多种功能因子,作为食品包装减缓食品中的营养流失并延长食品的货架期。     

Preparation and antioxidative activity of hoki frame protein hydrolysate using ultrafiltration membranes

Hoki frame protein, which is normally discarded as an industrial by-product in fish plants, was hydrolyzed with various enzymes. The antioxidative activity of the hydrolysates was investigated, and the results showed that pepsin hydrolysate has the highest activity. Hoki frame protein hydrolysates (HPH) prepared by pepsin were fractionated according to the molecular mass into four major types, HPH I (5–10 kDa), HPH II (3–5 kDa), HPH III (1–3 kDa), and HPH IV (below 1 kDa), using an ultrafiltration membrane. HPH III showed a higher antioxidative activity than the other hydrolysates in a linoleic acid emulsion system. In addition, the free-radical scavenging activities of the fractionated hydroysates were evaluated using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that HPH III has the highest scavenging effects for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, alkyl and superoxide anion radicals, and the inhibition pattern was dose-dependent.     

鳕鱼和鲅鱼鱼肉蛋白酶解产物功能特性及抗氧化性

采用风味蛋白酶对鳕鱼和鲅鱼鱼肉进行酶解,研究水解度、pH值及酶解时间对酶解产物功能特性和抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明:随着酶解时间延长,鳕鱼和鲅鱼鱼肉酶解产物的水解度、亚铁离子螯合力逐渐增加,DPPH自由基清除能力逐渐下降;不同pH值下,鳕鱼和鲅鱼鱼肉蛋白酶解产物均具有良好的溶解性和热稳定性;鲅鱼酶解产物的水解度、溶解性、热稳定性和亚铁离子螯合力显著高于鳕鱼酶解产物.     

Aminopeptidase from Streptomyces gedanensis as a useful tool for protein hydrolysate preparations with improved functional properties

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of amino peptidase (AP) from Streptomyces gedanensis to produce protein hydrolysates (PHs) with better antioxidant, nutritional, and functional properties and to compare it with the PHs produced by commercial protease. Three proteins, soy, casein, and wheat protein were employed to produce their hydrolysates by applying 2% (w/w) AP at optimal conditions of pH 8.5 and temperature 55 °C. The results disclosed that the degree of hydrolysis ranges from 15.93 to 20.68% after 6 h showed better antioxidant activity and functional properties such as solubility, foaming properties, and water holding capacity than the commercial protease treated hydrolysates. AP treated PHs were enriched in Glu followed by Leu, Tyr, Lys, Phe, Asp, Met, His, Ile, Ala, and Val. Therefore, S. gedanensis AP would be an attractive microbial AP with high potential for the preparation of PHs which could offer industrial applications especially in the realm of producing food formulations as food additives in medicine and sport. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: AP from S. gedanensis was found to be the most effective enzyme to produce PHs with good antioxidant, nutritional, and functional properties. The antioxidant and essential amino acids of AP treated PHs unveiled that this amino peptidase could give credence to eliminate the bitter taste by hydrolysis of peptides and could offer interesting possibilities for industrial applications, including debittering of protein hydrolysates. The findings could be useful in the food industry especially in the realm of producing food formulations requiring high protein supplements.     

Antioxidant properties of peptide fractions from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) processing by-product protein hydrolysates evaluated by electron spin resonance spectrometry

Silver carp processing by-product protein is usually discarded as an industrial solid waste. In this study the protein was recovered using a pH-shift method, after which seven commercial proteases were separately employed to prepare antioxidative hydrolysates. Among the hydrolysates, pepsin hydrolysates, which had the highest free radical-scavenging activity, were further separated into five peptide fractions, SCPH-I (>10 kDa), SCPH-II (5–10 kDa), SCPH-III (3–5 kDa), SCPH-IV (1–3 kDa), and SCPH-V (<1 kDa), by using ultrafiltration. The antioxidative properties of the peptide fractions were investigated, using a free radical-scavenging assay, by electron spin resonance. The results show that SCPH-V had the highest scavenging effects on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. SCPH-V had potent antioxidant activity in the prevention of the peroxidation of linoleic acid and alleviation of H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cells. The results indicated that the antioxidant capacity of silver carp by-product hydrolysates could be enhanced by ultrafiltration.     

Functional and bioactive properties of fish protein hydolysates and peptides: A comprehensive review

Global fish processing industries dispose of fish wastes that account for more than 60% of processed fish biomass. In lieu of environmental pollution and disposal problems, these wastes are used to produce fish silage, fishmeal and sauce. They are also utilized for the production of value added products such as proteins, hydrolysates, bioactive peptides, collagen and gelatin. Research on the production of fish protein hydroysates (FPHs) presently focuses on maximizing the industrial potential of fish wastes. Since bioactive peptides containing amino acids hold properties of great interest, this paper reviews current research on the functional and bioactive properties of FPHs with an additional focus on gaps between fish and other hydrolysates, as well as current and future trends for the productive utilization of FPHs.     

蚕蛹蛋白的生物活性和过敏特性的研究进展

具有高营养价值的昆虫一直以来都是我国优质的食物来源之一。蚕蛹是家蚕业的重要副产物之一，其在东亚各国作为食物和饲料已有十分悠久的历史。蚕蛹含有丰富的蛋白质、脂质、矿物质和维生素，具有十分重要的营养价值和经济价值。蚕蛹的应用范围十分广泛，我国有许多保健品、药物还有食物添加剂中都有蚕蛹的成分。蚕蛹蛋白及其水解物具有多种生物活性，具备一定的开发潜力。然而，蚕蛹也能导致轻度甚至严重的过敏反应，这些不良反应极大的限制了蚕蛹在全国范围内的普及程度。因此该研究综述了蚕蛹蛋白的生物活性和过敏特性，以期为蚕蛹的开发与利用提供一定的参考。     

Production of Fish Protein Hydrolysates with Bacterial Proteases; Yield and Nutritional Value

Three bacterial proteases were selected for their activity on casein per unit cost. Conditions for inactivation were determined. Fish protein was hydrolyzed without water addition. Protein was solubilized faster with Pescalase 560 than with HT-200 or Protease N. Increase of protease concentration was associated with a quadratic increase in soluble nitrogen. Yields of 13 to 15% in terms of whole fish were obtained at the pilot plant. Products contained 83 to 86% protein of which 70 to 80% was soluble. Reactive lysine was 70 to 85%. Nutritional evaluation with rats indicated hydrolysates had 10 to 15% lower nutritional value than casein. Results suggest fish protein hydrolysates can be used in the food industry for their solubility and nutritional value.