我国不同产区核桃油组成成分与氧化稳定性研究

选取我国西南、西北和东部三大产区的 16 种薄皮核桃分别压榨制油,测定核桃油的脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇和氧化稳定性指数。结果表明,不同产区核桃油的脂肪酸组成主要为亚油酸 C18∶2(51.21%~68.97%),油酸 C18∶1(12.56%~26.04%),亚麻酸 C18∶3(6.82%~15.01%)和棕榈酸 C16∶0(3.05%~8.27%),甘油三酯包含三亚酸甘油酯 LLL(27.87%~39.47%)和油酸亚油酸亚麻酸甘油酯 OLLn(17.07%~24.18%)。微量伴随物植物甾醇,生育酚和总酚含量分别为 540~1 594 mg/kg,10~1 303 mg/kg,345~2 579 mg/kg。根据与其他国家和地区的核桃油比较,可以推断出不同的种植区域地理位置和气候的差异,导致了核桃油成分的差异。在此基础上将氧化稳定性指数与脂肪酸组成、微量伴随物含量进行多元线性回归分析后,得出亚油酸,α-生育酚和总酚是影响核桃油氧化稳定性的主要因素。     

我国不同产地核桃油与铁核桃油营养成分的分析比较

为揭示不同品种核桃油营养成分的差异,以我国9个产地核桃样品和7个产地铁核桃样品为原料制备油脂,测定核桃油和铁核桃油的质量指标、脂肪酸组成及VE、甾醇、角鲨烯含量;对不同产地核桃油与铁核桃油的营养成分进行分析比较。结果表明：两种核桃油的酸值和过氧化值均符合国家标准要求;两种核桃油的脂肪酸组成均符合核桃油国家标准,以亚油酸、油酸、α-亚麻酸为主,陕西汉中、云南楚雄的核桃油和吉林白山的铁核桃油中α-亚麻酸含量较高,均在11%及以上;核桃油和铁核桃油总VE含量分别为30.81~42.21 mg/100 g和31.00~57.52 mg/100 g,均以γ-生育酚为主,其中云南临沧铁核桃油的γ-生育酚含量最高,为51.60 mg/100 g; 核桃油和铁核桃油总甾醇含量分别为346.91~485.20 mg/kg和403.34~656.15 mg/kg,均以β-谷甾醇为主;核桃油和铁核桃油角鲨烯含量分别为6.7~11.3 mg/kg和6.9~8.3 mg/kg。铁核桃油油酸、总VE、总甾醇含量平均值高于核桃油,但角鲨烯含量平均值低于核桃油。     

牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油化学组成分析与比较

牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油均属于亚麻酸型油脂。分析比较了牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、生育酚、角鲨烯以及甾醇等化学组成。结果表明:牡丹籽油主要脂肪酸为亚麻酸(45.41%~45.92%),其次为亚油酸和油酸,分别占23.72%~26.34%、20.32%~23.20%;亚麻籽油主要脂肪酸为亚麻酸(54.93%)、油酸(19.92%)以及亚油酸(16.26%);牡丹籽油占主要组分的甘油三酯均为LLLn+OLn Ln、LLL+OLLn与LLn Ln,其含量分别为21.37%~21.67%、14.88%~15.44%以及13.56%~14.98%;Ln Ln Ln(23.10%)、LLLn+OLn Ln(18.44%)与LLn Ln(13.41%)是亚麻籽油的主要甘油三酯;牡丹籽油及亚麻籽油均以γ-生育酚为主;牡丹籽油γ-生育酚含量为823.61~963.17 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油的仅为487.75 mg/kg;牡丹籽油角鲨烯含量为28.60~62.66 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油的仅为18.00 mg/kg。安徽及山东产凤丹牡丹籽油甾醇总量最高,超过了4 600 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油甾醇总量为3 269.49 mg/kg;牡丹籽油主要甾醇组分为谷甾醇,占甾醇总量的55.50%~62.17%,其次为Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇(25.28%~28.01%);同样,谷甾醇是亚麻籽油中含量最高的甾醇组分,占甾醇总量的52.59%,其次为24-亚甲基胆甾醇+芸薹甾醇以及Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇。     

典型木本油料油脂的特性分析

本文研究了油茶籽油、核桃油、橄榄油、杏仁油、文冠果油、长柄扁桃油6种木本油料种仁油脂的脂肪酸组成、微量营养成分含量以及荧光特性。研究表明,油茶籽油、橄榄油、杏仁油、长柄扁桃油的脂肪酸以油酸为主(杏仁油65.61%~油茶籽油80.58%),核桃油的脂肪酸以亚油酸(64.19%)为主,文冠果油的脂肪酸以油酸和亚油酸为主;6种油脂中,橄榄油微量营养组分中总酚含量最高,为725.64 mg没食子酸/kg,长柄扁桃油中生育酚和植物甾醇含量均最高,分别为61.06 mg/100 g和314.53 mg/100 g;6种毛油中,长柄扁桃油的氧化稳定性最佳(OSI值13.87 h);荧光扫描显示6种木本油料油脂具有不同的荧光光谱特性,一定程度上可以作为木本油料鉴伪的手段。     

7种食用植物油物性及氧化稳定性评价

对国内7种食用植物油的脂肪酸组成、总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇、苯并(a)芘、黄曲霉毒素B1、3-氯丙醇酯含量、氧化稳定性指数(OSI)等指标进行测定分析。结果表明:这7种食用植物油不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高(78.29%~91.92%),但不同油的脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,不饱和脂肪酸、其中单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高的分别为菜籽油(91.92%)、油茶籽油(80.44%)和葵花籽油(61.18%);微量活性成分中,菜籽油的总酚含量最高,为139.83 mg/kg;大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油中γ-生育酚含量较高,葵花籽油、米糠油中α-生育酚含量较高,大豆油生育酚含量最高,为1 129.21 mg/kg;不同油中植物甾醇均以β-谷甾醇为主,米糠油、玉米油中植物甾醇含量较高,分别为10 705.8 mg/kg和8 596.7 mg/kg;危害因子中,只有少数食用植物油检出苯并(a)芘和黄曲霉毒素B1,且含量均符合国家相关标准规定;菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油中3-氯丙醇酯总量较低,均小于1.0 mg/kg;菜籽油、大豆油的氧化稳定性指数(OSI)较高,葵花籽油、油茶籽油的较低,且与总酚含量呈极显著正相关。     

3种不同加工工艺汉麻仁油营养组分研究

对水酶法、压榨法以及浸提法制得的汉麻仁油的脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、生育酚和生育三烯酚、角鲨烯以及多酚含量进行了分析研究。汉麻仁油中共分析出10种脂肪酸,其中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(56.37%~56.52%)、亚麻酸(19.03%~20.32%)以及油酸(12.38%~13.03%);汉麻仁油中甘油三酯含量最高的为LLn Ln,占19.86%~20.96%,其次为LLLn(19.39%~19.72%)、PLLn(12.41%~12.87%)和LLL+OLLn(10.27%~10.82%);维生素E组成为α-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚,其中γ-生育酚含量最高,为754.21~1 043.80 mg/kg;汉麻仁油中角鲨烯含量介于174.32~204.54 mg/kg。水酶法制得的汉麻仁油中多酚含量最高(53.86 mg GAE/kg)。     

玉米油中主要营养因子在精炼与储存过程中的变化

分析了国内主要市售品牌玉米油中主要营养因子的含量,探讨了精炼工艺和储藏时间对玉米油中主要营养因子的影响。结果显示:不同品牌市售玉米油中脂肪酸含量差别较小,而生育酚和植物甾醇含量差别较大,其中生育酚含量范围为56.2~98.3 mg/100 g,植物甾醇含量范围为105.8~216.4 mg/100 g;精炼工艺脱臭对玉米油中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、生育酚和植物甾醇含量有显著降低的效果(P0.05),脱皂能显著降低植物甾醇含量(P0.05),其他工艺均无显著影响(P0.05);精炼后常温储藏6个月后的玉米油中除油酸含量显著降低外,其他脂肪酸含量无显著变化(P0.05),生育酚和植物甾醇含量均显著减少(P0.05);复配添加维生素E和迷迭香提取物对玉米油的氧化稳定性具有显著的提升作用(P0.05)。     

油茶籽油及茶叶籽油特征组分分析与比较

研究比较了油茶籽油和茶叶籽油的脂肪酸组成、三酰甘油组成、甾醇、生育酚、角鲨烯等特征组分。结果显示:油茶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸和亚油酸;其单不饱和脂肪酸占77.50%~84.44%;茶叶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸;其饱和脂肪酸含量为18.86%~23.04%,单不饱和脂肪酸为56.53%~58.54%。2种油脂主要三酰甘油均为OOO、SLO、LOO,但相对比例各不相同;甾醇含量分别为1 099~2 298,499~927 mg/kg,主要组分为β-谷甾醇和Δ7-豆甾烯醇,占甾醇总量80%以上。油茶籽油和茶叶籽油中生育酚以α型为主,占总生育酚90%以上;前者角鲨烯含量为21~336 mg/kg,后者为108~198 mg/kg。研究可为油茶籽油和茶叶籽油的开发和应用提供基础数据支持。     

超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

冬瓜籽油的理化指标及营养成分的分析

对冬瓜籽油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及营养成分进行分析。结果表明:冬瓜籽油酸价为4.96 mg/g,过氧化值为0.02 g/100 g,皂化值为195.97 mg/g,碘值为111.22 g/100 g;冬瓜籽油中包含12种脂肪酸,其中以亚油酸为主要脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达81.83%;冬瓜籽油还含有丰富的植物甾醇,其中菜油甾醇含量最高,为2 255.50 mg/kg,豆甾醇含量为980.76 mg/kg;冬瓜籽油中共检出3种生育酚,其中γ-生育酚含量最高(612.9 mg/kg),其次为α-生育三烯酚(90.6 mg/kg);冬瓜籽油中多酚类物质的含量为56.4 mg GAE/kg油。     

Identification of bioactive compounds and total phenol contents of cold pressed oils from safflower and camelina seeds

The compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, and the total phenol contents of cold pressed oils obtained from five varieties of safflower seeds and ten varieties of camelina seeds cultivated in Turkey were determined. Total phenol contents of safflower oils were higher (272.20–525.30 mg GAE/kg) than camelina seed oils (25.90–63.70 mg GAE/kg). Apigenin, luteolin, tyrosol, syringic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were detected in seed oils. Camelina seed oils were rich in tocopherol (144.11–168.69 mg/100 g). γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in camelina seed oils consisting of averagely 80% of total tocopherol, while α-tocopherol was the main compound of safflower seed oils, representing 97.85–98.53% of total tocopherols. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in both type of seed oils. Its concentration ranged between 92.51–121.83 mg/100 g and 80.52–25.54 mg/100 g in safflower seed and camelina oils, respectively. Camelina seed oils contained 22.31–26.57% linolenic acid, 21.25–24.05% linoleic acid and 19.46–21.47% oleic acid, whereas safflower seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic (28.03–76.85%) and oleic (13.01–62.61%) acids.     

Composition and oxidative stabilities of oils extracted from hybrid hazelnuts grown in Nebraska,USA

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value‐added industrial applications. As with all hazelnuts, Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts were characterised by the high oil content with the average oil content of 54.3%. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for more than 90% of the total fatty acid composition, whereas small quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids were found. Four major tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols) were identified with α‐tocopherol as the most dominant isomer. The average total tocopherol content was 235.4 mg kg^?1 oil with α‐tocopherol constituting approximately 97.5% of the total tocopherols. β‐sitosterol was the most abundant sterol of the three identified sterols representing, on average, 93.1% of total sterols, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. The oil oxidative stability was affected by the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Genotype 16–177 was superior to the other genotypes, when combining high levels of MUFA, tocopherols and phytosterols, and high oxidative stability.     

大豆豆脐油脂品质特性的研究

为促进大豆豆脐资源的高效利用、延长大豆加工产业链,本文以大豆加工副产物——大豆豆脐为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂浸提法提取油脂,研究豆脐油脂的品质特性。结果表明：以石油醚为萃取溶剂,所得豆脐油脂酸价、过氧化值、总酚含量、角鲨烯含量、生育酚含量、植物甾醇含量分别为2.10 mgKOH/g油、0.026 g/100g、7.72 mg GAE/kg、87.63 mg/kg、4.44 mg/g、43.03 g/kg,其中,角鲨烯、生育酚和植物甾醇含量分别约为大豆油的3倍、4倍和34倍;豆脐油脂中亚麻酸含量高达22.2%,约为大豆油的2~5倍;豆脐油脂的主要甘油三酯及含量分别为LLLn(17.89%)、LLL(13.12%)、PLL(11.85%)、PLLn(11.36%)、LLnLn(9.66%)。通过对豆脐油脂品质特性分析,以期为大豆豆脐综合开发利用提供数据支撑。     

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, TOCOPHEROLS AND OTHER MINOR COMPONENTS IN VIRGIN OLIVE OILS OF SOME TUNISIAN VARIETIES

The phenols, α‐tocopherols, fatty acids and oxidative stability of six monovarietal virgin olive oils (VOOs) were determined. Fourteen phenolic compounds were detected and quantified by solid phase extraction and reversed phase‐high performance liquid chromatography. Dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones were the main components in all samples. Pinoresinol was the most abundant component in lignan fraction. The total phenol content of these monovarietal oils varied from 66.82 mg/kg in “Neb Jmel” oil to 662.74 mg/kg in “El Hor” oil. A wide range of α‐tocopherol contents was also noticed; it varied from 141.94 mg/kg in “Semni” variety to 364.23 mg/kg in “Jdallou” variety. With regard to pigments, chlorophylls and carotenoids were found at variable concentrations: with median values of 11.33 and 3.10 mg/kg, respectively. Among the studied varieties, “Oueslati” and El Hor were characterized by the lowest levels of palmitic and linoleic acids and the highest values of oleic acid.     

FATTY ACIDS AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENTS OF SOME PRUNUS SPP. KERNEL OILS

The oil content as well as the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of kernels from 15 Prunus spp. varieties from Turkey were determined. The oil yields from these kernels varied from 46.3 to 55.5%. The main fatty acids of Prunus spp. kernel oils were oleic acid (43.9–78.5%), linoleic acid (9.7–37%) and palmitic acid (4.9–7.3%). The total amount of vitamin-E-active compounds in the oils varied between 62.9 and 439.9 mg/kg. The predominant tocopherol in most kernel oils was γ-tocopherol. Only two varieties of P. amygdalus and one variety of P. persica showed α-tocopherol as the main vitamin-E-active compound. The composition of the oils was 9–164.5 mg/kg α-tocopherol, 21.5–41.6 mg/kg α-tocotrienol, 1.6–330.2 mg/kg γ-tocopherol and 0–39.1 mg/kg δ-tocopherol. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the kernels of the investigated species of Prunus fruits from Turkey may serve potential sources of valuable oil that might be used for edible and other industrial applications.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The search for new sources of vegetable oils is an ongoing challenge and the further utilization of by-products from the food processing industry is an interesting option in this field. Seed oils from Prunus species contain high amounts of recommended monounsaturated oleic acid moderate contents of linoleic acid and low amounts of saturated fatty acids that may result in more favorable oil than olive oil with regard to their fatty acid compositions. Additionally, the oils contain vitamin-E-active compounds. Both fatty acid composition and vitamin-E-active compounds may justify the further processing of seeds from Prunus species for the production of oil for food and pharmaceutical applications.     

不同方法制备的美藤果油品质研究

对美藤果成分进行了分析,并对乙醚萃取、超临界CO_2萃取以及压榨制备的美藤果油的品质进行研究。结果表明:美藤果全籽粗脂肪含量为32.88%,美藤果仁粗脂肪含量为51.86%,美藤果仁中粗蛋白质含量为23.23%;3种方法制备的美藤果油皂化值、碘值以及脂肪酸组成和含量并无明显的差异,均含有较高的不饱和脂肪酸(92%),且以亚麻酸和亚油酸为主;美藤果油中生育酚主要为γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚;超临界CO_2萃取和乙醚萃取的美藤果油中甾醇和生育酚含量稍高于压榨美藤果油,其中超临界CO_2萃取的美藤果油中生育酚含量较高,乙醚萃取的美藤果油中游离态甾醇和酯态甾醇含量较高。     

不同方法制备的栀子果油的理化性质比较

本实验利用正己烷萃取技术、超临界CO2萃取技术和亚临界低温萃取技术三种方法制备得到了三种栀子果油,并对其主要理化指标、脂肪酸组成、植物甾醇含量、谷维素含量、维生素E含量及氧化酸败时间进行比较分析,以研究不同萃取方法对栀子果油品质的影响。结果表明三种栀子果油的过氧化值为9.38~17.30 mmol/kg,酸值为4.06~14.28 mg KOH/g,皂化值为186.07~198.91 mg KOH/g,碘值为116.43?10-2~130.16?10-2 g I2/g。气相色谱法测定其脂肪酸组成以油酸和亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占76.04~78.00%。栀子果油中植物甾醇和维生素E的含量分别是0.85~3.48%和17.06?10-2~29.80?10-2 mg/g,谷维素含量极少。其中超临界栀子果油的色泽最好,溶剂残留量最少,但酸价最高;正己烷栀子果油中甾醇含量最高,氧化稳定性相对较好;亚临界栀子果油的酸值最低,维生素E含量最高。本文为栀子果油制备方法的选择和精炼提供了理论依据,具有一定的应用意义。     

省沽油种子油中脂肪酸的GC-MS分析

用二氯甲烷提取省沽油种子油,并进行皂化、甲酯化,用GC-MS对省沽油种子油中的脂肪酸组成进行了分析,并对野生与种植两种省沽油种子油中的脂肪酸种类与含量进行了对比.结果表明,省沽油种子油中含多种脂肪酸(共检出20种),主要是亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸和棕榈酸,其中亚油酸含量分别为48.50%(野生)和57.60%(种植),亚麻酸含量为8.86%(野生)和10.12%(种植), 不饱和脂肪酸总量为70.22%(野生)和80.31%(种植).野生与种植两种省沽油种子油中的脂肪酸种类基本相同,但种植的种子油中不饱和脂肪酸含量比野生的高10.09%.