绵羊奶组成和营养特性

绵羊奶是我国乳制品工业的"新增量",养殖规模和产奶量快速上升,然而,我国目前的绵羊奶产业水平还处于初级阶段,规模化加工制品几乎为零.绵羊奶营养价值高,总固形物在各种乳源中含量最高,除了具有较高含量的蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素以外,绵羊奶的活性功能因子丰富,乳铁蛋白、活性肽、乳脂肪球膜及低聚糖的组成、含量和生物活性与牛...     

不同哺乳动物乳中主要营养成分比较的研究进展

通过对牛乳、水牛乳、绵羊乳、山羊乳、骆驼乳和人乳中的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、矿物质和维生素等主要营养成分进行比较,发现山羊乳总体营养成分接近于人乳,对婴幼儿有极高的营养价值;绵羊乳和水牛乳中干物质含量较高,有利于开发成乳粉类产品;骆驼乳中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,应在功能食品开发方面加以重视。     

食品中乳蛋白的重要作用

乳蛋白具有许多令人关注的特性，包括营养、理化、功能、工艺、生理保健等特性．被广泛地应用于乳制品、乳饮料和保健食品等．作者首先介绍了乳蛋白的一些特性，然后描述了富含蛋白质的主要乳制品，包括产量较大的干酪、乳粉和产量较小的特殊制品如酪蛋白和乳清蛋白制品．     

Maximizing the value of milk through separation technologies.

Milk is the source of a wide range of proteins that deliver nutrition to the most promising new food products today. Isolated milk proteins are natural, trusted food ingredients with excellent functionality. Separation technologies provide the basis for adding value to milk through the production of proteins that provide the food industry with ingredients to meet specific needs, not possible with milk itself or with other ingredients. The major milk proteins, casein and whey protein, can be isolated by manipulating their compositional and physical properties and then by using various separation technologies to recover the proteins. Additionally, they can be processed in various ways to create a wide range of ingredients with diverse functional characteristics. These ingredients include milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, casein, caseinate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, hydrolysates, and various milk fractions. Within each of these ingredient categories, there is further differentiation according to the functional and nutritional requirements of the finished food. Adding value to milk by expanding from consumer products to ingredients often requires different technologies, marketing structure and distribution channels. The worldwide market for both consumer products and ingredients from milk continues to grow. Technology often precedes market demand. Methods for the commercial production of individual milk components now exist, and in the future as clinical evidence develops, the opportunity for adding value to dairy products as functional foods with health benefits may be achieved. The research and development of today will be the basis of those value-added milk products for tomorrow.     

液态羊乳的加工研究进展

进入营养健康时代,消费需求不断升级,功能、营养、个性化的产品越来越受到重视.羊乳一直是人类营养的重要组成部分,与牛乳相比,羊乳的营养价值相对较高,凝乳的形成更柔软,乳脂肪小球的比例更高,致敏性低,与人乳更接近,是许多重要营养素的良好膳食来源.除了羊乳的许多有益作用外,饲养山羊和绵羊的优势,如动物成本较低、对饲料和水的需...     

Nonbovine milk and its products as sources of probiotics delivery: An overview of its viability,functionality and product quality characteristics

Dairy products are the most predominant food carriers for probiotics, providing adequate therapeutic and functional benefits to the host when sufficient probiotics are maintained. Bovine milk currently dominates the global probiotic food market, but there is an increasing trend of applying nonbovine milk from other dairy animals as probiotic carrier food matrices as described in this review. Nonbovine dairy products can be considered suitable food matrices for probiotic delivery due to their excellent probiotic viability (mostly >log 7 cfu/mL or g) during shelf life, functional properties and product quality characteristics, being considered desirable and novel dairy products.     

Probiotics in the dairy industry—Advances and opportunities

The past two decades have witnessed a global surge in the application of probiotics as functional ingredients in food, animal feed, and pharmaceutical products. Among food industries, the dairy industry is the largest sector where probiotics are employed in a number of dairy products including sour/fermented milk, yogurt, cheese, butter/cream, ice cream, and infant formula. These probiotics are either used as starter culture alone or in combination with traditional starters, or incorporated into dairy products following fermentation, where their presence imparts many functional characteristics to the product (for instance, improved aroma, taste, and textural characteristics), in addition to conferring many health-promoting properties. However, there are still many challenges related to the stability and functionality of probiotics in dairy products. This review highlights the advances, opportunities, and challenges of application of probiotics in dairy industries. Benefits imparted by probiotics to dairy products including their role in physicochemical characteristics and nutritional properties (clinical and functional perspective) are also discussed. We transcend the traditional concept of the application of probiotics in dairy products and discuss paraprobiotics and postbiotics as a newly emerged concept in the field of probiotics in a particular relation to the dairy industry. Some potential applications of paraprobiotics and postbiotics in dairy products as functional ingredients for the development of functional dairy products with health-promoting properties are briefly elucidated.     

In vitro and in vivo satietogenic effect of yeast extracts and control of food intake in rats

Yeast extracts, by their nutritional characteristics, have a high potential as a source of biologically active molecules and functional food ingredients. In this work, in vitro and in vivo satietogenic effect of yeast extracts was examined. The in vitro results obtained for the first time showed that a yeast extract strongly stimulated the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from endocrine STC-1 cells. The effects obtained with this yeast extract were compared to those obtained with other food products known for their potential involvement in satiety (milk proteins, soybean). This yeast extract showed a stronger ability to stimulate CCK secretion than all other products tested. Lack of toxicity of this yeast extract was demonstrated through cell proliferation assays. In vivo, the tests in rats confirmed the satietogenic potential of this yeast extract, particularly in terms of food intake and weight loss, but also for hormone levels.     

Innovative Uses of Milk Protein Concentrates in Product Development

Milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are complete dairy proteins (containing both caseins and whey proteins) that are available in protein concentrations ranging from 42% to 85%. As the protein content of MPCs increases, the lactose levels decrease. MPCs are produced by ultrafiltration or by blending different dairy ingredients. Although ultrafiltration is the preferred method for producing MPCs, they also can be produced by precipitating the proteins out of milk or by dry‐blending the milk proteins with other milk components. MPCs are used for their nutritional and functional properties. For example, MPC is high in protein content and averages approximately 365 kcal/100 g. Higher‐protein MPCs provide protein enhancement and a clean dairy flavor without adding significant amounts of lactose to food and beverage formulations. MPCs also contribute valuable minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, to formulations, which may reduce the need for additional sources of these minerals. MPCs are multifunctional ingredients and provide benefits, such as water binding, gelling, foaming, emulsification, and heat stability. This article will review the development of MPCs and milk protein isolates including their composition, production, development, functional benefits, and ongoing research. The nutritional and functional attributes of MPCs are discussed in some detail in relation to their application as ingredients in major food categories.     

Milk allergens, their characteristics and their detection in food: A review

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies in childhood. This allergy is normally outgrown in the first year of life, however 15% of allergic children remain allergic. Many studies have been carried out to define and characterise the allergens involved in CMA and described two major allergens: casein (αs1-CN) and β-lactoglobulin. In addition to this, many other milk proteins are antigenic and capable of inducing immune responses. Milk from sheep or goats differs from cow's milk (CM) in terms of composition and allergenic properties. Food processing such as heating affects the stability, structure and intermolecular interactions of CM proteins, thereby changing the allergenic capacity. Chemical and proteolytic treatments of milk to obtain milk hydrolysates have been developed to reduce allergic reactions. Prevention of CMA largely relies on avoidance of all food products containing cow's milk. To achieve this, interest has focused on the development of various technologies for detecting and measuring the presence of milk allergens in food products by immunoassays or proteomic approaches. This review describes the technologies implemented for the analysis of milk allergens (allergenicity, biochemistry) as well as their potential detection in food matrices.     

黄秋葵研究进展及其应用

黄秋葵属于锦葵科秋葵属的一年生草本开花植物,其绿色豆荚是一种具有很高营养价值和潜在益生功效的新型保健蔬菜,有很高的应用价值和开发潜力。从营养学角度,秋葵果荚是一种优质的蛋白质来源,含有多种矿质元素,具有增稠、稳定等一系列独特的食品加工性能,秋葵籽油具有较高的营养和保健价值。在功能特性方面,黄秋葵具有降血脂、抗疲劳、提高机体免疫力等作用。目前,黄秋葵保鲜主要采用真空预冷以及低温配合保鲜方式。黄秋葵产品主要集中在罐头、干制品、以及复合饮品等方面。本文主要介绍了黄秋葵的营养和功能特性、贮藏与保鲜、加工等进展,在综述黄秋葵营养与保健功能特性的基础上,对其产品的开发研究进行探讨,综述了黄秋葵研究现状,并展望了其发展前景,以期为黄秋葵产品的深度开发提供指导。     

Functional and Edible Uses of Soy Protein Products

ABSTRACT: Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in healthful foods and are open to soy protein ingredients. Soybeans as food are very versatile and a rich source of essential nutrients. They are also an excellent source of good‐quality protein, comparable to other protein foods, and suitable for all ages. Adverse nutritional and other undesirable effects followed by the consumption of raw soybean meal have been attributed to the presence of endogenous inhibitors of digestive enzymes and lectins, as well as poor digestibility. To improve the nutritional quality of soy foods, inhibitors and lectins are generally inactivated by heat or eliminated by fractionation during food processing. Soybeans provide an alternative source of protein for people who are allergic to milk protein. Soy protein is highly digestible (92% to 100%) and contains all essential amino acids. Although relatively low in methionine, it is a good source of lysine. Soy‐protein products contain a high concentration of isoflavones, up to 1 g/kg. Increased acceptance of soy proteins is due to unmatched qualities like good functional properties in food applications, high nutritional quality, abundance, availability, and low cost. At present the various forms of soy proteins are primarily utilized for their functional effects rather than their nutritional properties. This article summarizes the integrated overview of the widely available, scattered information about the nutritional and functional uses of the soy proteins when applied in food systems and intends to present the most current knowledge with an interest to stimulate further research to optimize their beneficial effects.     

Applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products

BackgroundThe outstanding nutritional and technological properties lead to innovative applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products.Scope and approachThe aim of this contribution is to give an overview of the various food application approaches for chia. The nutritional and technological properties of chia as well as its technological and innovative utilization are presented. Examples for the various applications in food products are given in five main topics: baked goods, dairy products, meat and fish products, gluten-free products and other products such as functional food, hydrocolloid and thickener.Key findings and conclusionsBesides the nutritional benefits of chia incorporation in food products the technological effects are emphasized very often. Summarized in five main topics, most authors conclude that chia is a valuable food ingredient for functional food development. The application of chia in baked goods for example is beneficial not only to improve the nutritional value but acting as hydrocolloid or substitute egg, fat or gluten. The increase of oil stability and applications as food thickener in novel food applications are of high importance too. As different chia fractions give various options for applications the utilization of chia for further food products will increase significantly in the future.     

Inulin Dietary Fiber with Functional and Health Attributes—A Review

Inulin is a term applied to a heterogeneous blend of fructose polymers found widely distributed in nature as plant storage carbohydrates; it is a functional food ingredient that provides unique combination of technological properties. Furthermore, it provides nutritional benefits, which results in better health and attenuation of the risk of many diseases. Inulin has neutral taste, is colorless, and thereby only minimally influences the organoleptic characteristics of product. The high solubility of inulin enables it to be fortified in dairy products such as milk drinks, yogurt, cheeses, and desserts. The ability of inulin to form cream when sheared in skim milk provides good mouth feel to the food to which it is incorporated. In lieu of this, it is also used as a fat replacer. Several animal and human studies have shown inulin to function as a prebiotic, in promoting good digestive health, influencing lipid metabolism and decreasing risk of osteoporosis by increasing calcium absorption. Inulin is also found to exhibit some effect on insulinaemia and glycemia, as well as reduce the risk of colon cancer, breast cancer, and tumor growth. This review gives emphasis on the major application of inulin in functional and health aspects.     

Use of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater as valuable ingredients for functional foods

ABSTRACT

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a pollutant by-product from the virgin olive oil production. Its high content in phenolic compounds makes them play an important role for their use in foods, for their high antioxidant significance. The present paper gives an overview on the techniques for OMW valuable ingredient separation, focusing on the most effective ones for their use in food products as functional ingredients. We report on effective methods to recover OMW phenolics, and give several examples on the use these extracts in foods. When added into vegetable oils, their effect on retarding lipid oxidation improves the oxidative status of the product, whilst several challenges need to be faced. OMW phenolic extracts were also used in food emulsions, milk products or other model systems, showing promising results and little or no negative impact on the sensory characteristics or other properties. Their possible use as antimicrobial agents is also another promising approach, as positive results were obtained when applied in meat products. Other examples of using natural phenolic extracts from other sources are suggested also for OMW extracts, to expand their use and thus to improve the nutritional and technological quality of foods.     

食源蛋白水解物/多肽与糖类物质美拉德反应产物在食品应用中的研究进展

食源蛋白水解物/多肽和糖类物质是极具开发利用价值的食物资源，两者经美拉德反应得到的共价复合物结构和营养功能优势突出，美拉德反应被广泛用于改善蛋白水解物功能特性，已成为当前食品科学研究领域关注的热点。本文综述了食源蛋白水解物/多肽与糖类物质美拉德反应产物的原料来源、反应机制、制备方法、结构表征、功能性质、营养生物活性以及在食品医药领域应用的最新研究进展和展望，可为推动食源蛋白水解物/多肽与糖类物质美拉德反应产物功能产品开发提供新思路，也为其健康效应的深入研究提供理论参考。     

发酵类食品中微生物鉴定方法及功能研究进展

发酵类食品是主要通过直接接种微生物而产生特殊风味或者将食物浸入含有微生物的臭卤水中,从而获得特殊食品风味的中国传统食品。其中,采用含有微生物的卤水进行发酵是常见的发酵方式。因此,微生物在该类食品中一直扮演着一种非常重要的角色,具有较高的研究价值。本文阐述了发酵类型的食品所需要的卤水中微生物的鉴定常用方法,以及卤水微生物与风味成分的产生之间的关系,同时论述了卤水中微生物在各种发酵食品制作过程中所起到的功能特性,包括提高豆制品的营养价值、延长保质期、去除有害成分等问题,并提出了较为可行的新型发酵类食品卤水改进方向,为进一步开发理想的食品微生物发酵剂,控制有害物质的残留、拓展相关有益微生物资源的研究提供较为明确的指导方向。     

铁强化乳的生物物理化学变化

铁缺乏是全球性的营养疾病。在膳食中进行铁强化是一种有效的治疗和预防铁缺乏的措施。乳及乳制品由于消费量大、营养价值高而成为很有吸引力的铁强化载体。但是,乳及乳制品中强化铁以后,会导致一些有重要影响的生物物理化学变化,文中对此进行了综述。     

Detection of allergenic additives in processed meat products

Allergic responses to food components are an increasing problem all over the world. It is therefore important to protect people who are vulnerable to food allergens against accidental and unintended consumption of products containing allergic ingredients. The meat industry commonly uses various allergic additives in the production of processed products, such as legumes (soy, peas, beans), milk and egg preparations, cereals containing gluten (wheat, rye, barley and oats), and spices (celery and mustard). These meat additives have specific technological properties, which help to create a texture or flavor profile, or affect the nutritional value, although some of them, such as soy, mustard, milk and egg white proteins, can cause severe allergic reactions. The aim of this paper is to discuss the application of various recently established methods of detection of allergenic additives in processed meat products – for instance cold cuts and sausages. The new methods are based mainly on protein, DNA, and isoflavones or phytic acid analysis. The article also characterizes the latest trends in the development of research on methods that would enable quick and reliable identification of targeted allergens in meat products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

THE PRESENT NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MILK PROTEINS

The role of milk and milk products as a source of protein required for human needs is assessed and various methods of determining the nutritional value of protein described. Biological value of milk protein and amino acids composition are compared and the importance of concentrated lysine is emphasized. The effect of heat treatment on whey proteins is discussed with the possibility of Maillard reaction. The future developments in milk protein with its high nutritional value and the necessity for new ways of using it as a food are stressed.