GC-O结合OAV鉴定陇南初榨橄榄油关键香气成分

选取甘肃陇南代表性品种莱星和鄂植8号初榨橄榄油及消费口碑良好的特级混合初榨橄榄油为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）检测比较3 种初榨橄榄油的挥发性物质组成,同时采用气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O）技术筛选其香气活性物质,最后结合香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）分析各呈香组成对橄榄油香气轮廓呈现的贡献性,从而鉴定出3 种橄榄油各自的关键香气成分。结果表明：采用GC-MS在莱星、特级混合及鄂植8号初榨橄榄油中各检测出35、30 种及25 种挥发性成分,其中己醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和(E)-2-己烯醛的含量丰富。采用GC-O在3 种初榨橄榄油中各筛选出13、15 种和12 种香气活性成分,包含具有青草特征的C6化合物、呈现油脂香气的庚醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛以及表现其他气味信息的香气物质。OAV分析发现3 个样品各有12、13 种及11 种关键香气成分（OAV≥1）,以1-辛烯-3-醇、芳樟醇、(E)-2-己烯醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛为代表的OAV较高,对初榨橄榄油呈香品质具有重要作用。本研究筛选出3 种初榨橄榄油的关键香气成分,结果可为提升初榨橄榄油风味品质提供理论基础。     

初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分的鉴定

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)分离鉴定了陇南市武都初榨橄榄油和西班牙特级初榨橄榄油中的挥发性风味成分。结果表明,在7个不同品种油橄榄的国产初榨橄榄油中共鉴定出86种化合物,主要是C6的醛和醇,以及它们相应的酯,还有一些烯烃和萜烯类化合物。其中(E)-2-己烯醛相对质量分数为7.14%~46.22%;在6个西班牙特级初榨橄榄油中共鉴定出101种化合物,其中(E)-2-己烯醛质量分数(1.76%~5.25%)低于国产初榨橄榄油,而(Z)-乙酸-3己烯酯(7.53%~13.76%)和(E)-2-十二碳烯(5.47%~34.75%)相对质量分数较高。试验结果还表明,初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分很大程度上取决于油橄榄品种和产地。     

基于主成分分析构建初榨橄榄油香气质量评价模型

采用热脱附—气相色谱质谱联用技术(TD-GC-MS)测定10个橄榄油样本中的挥发性物质,鉴定出22种主要风味物质,利用主成分分析法构建香气质量评价模型。结果表明:第一主成分至第六主成分的累积贡献率为96.626 1%,能够较好地反映原始数据的信息;通过主成分分析法,鉴定出初榨橄榄油的主要香气物质是:正己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、2-乙基己醇、柠檬烯、1-戊烯-3-醇、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、正己醛、叶醇、(E)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、Z-罗勒烯、乙酸己酯、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、正戊醇;同时,构建香气质量评价模型,为初榨橄榄油的香气质量评价提供了一种新方法。     

成熟度指数对不同品种橄榄油脂肪酸、 酚类化合物及风味属性的影响

以甘肃省陇南市油橄榄研究所种质资源基因库的‘城固32号’和‘莱星’油橄榄果为原料提取橄榄油,运用GC-MS、HPLC和E-Nose对不同品种与不同成熟度指数的橄榄油脂肪酸、酚类化合物及风味属性进行检测分析,以探究成熟度指数与不同品种橄榄油品质的关系。结果表明：随着成熟度指数的增大,‘城固32号’橄榄油中的硬脂酸、油酸、亚麻酸、饱和脂肪酸（SFA）含量及单不饱和脂肪酸/多不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA/PUFA）和油酸/亚油酸值呈下降趋势,亚油酸和不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）含量呈上升趋势,‘莱星’橄榄油中油酸和UFA含量及MUFA/PUFA和油酸/亚油酸值呈上升趋势,而亚油酸、亚麻酸和SFA含量呈下降趋势;油酸/亚油酸和MUFA/PUFA值在2个品种间存在差异,可作为鉴别‘城固32号’和‘莱星’橄榄油的依据;2个品种橄榄油中酪醇和总酚含量总体呈下降趋势,香草酸和木犀草素含量总体呈上升趋势,而羟基酪醇含量在‘城固32号’中总体逐渐减少,在‘莱星’中总体逐渐增加,木犀草苷含量在2个品种中保持稳定;风味物质的E-Nose信号响应值在2个品种中均显著减小。利用橄榄油中脂肪酸和酚类化合物的组成与含量以及风味属性的信号响应值差异结合主成分（PCA）分析可有效鉴别和区分不同成熟度指数的‘城固32号’和‘莱星’橄榄油。     

GC-MS-O结合电子鼻对橄榄油挥发性成分的分析与鉴别

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用探讨8种市售橄榄油挥发性风味成分及其特征,并结合电子鼻甄别不同品牌及加工工艺的橄榄油。结果表明,以DVB/CAR/PDMS为萃取头,采用萃取温度60℃、平衡时间30 min及萃取时间30 min为最佳优化条件,共检出橄榄油108种挥发性成分,主要有烃类、醛类、醇类和酯类,其占总挥发性成分的84.43%～96.65%。烃类以1-十三烯、3-乙基-1,5-辛二烯为主,醛类以正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛和壬醛为主,醇类以3-己烯-1-醇和正己醇为主,酯类以乙酸乙酯和乙酸叶醇酯为主。主要的风味贡献物质是正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、壬醛、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸乙酯、叶醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇。特级初榨橄榄油主要香型是脂香型和橄榄果香型,而纯橄榄油主要香型为清香型。气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用和电子鼻结合主成分分析及判别因子分析可有效区分不同品牌和加工工艺的8种橄榄油并找出特征风味成分,可为橄榄油的溯源提供新方法。     

基于电子鼻和GC-MS的不同品牌橄榄油挥发性风味物质研究

本文旨在探讨不同品牌的橄榄油挥发性风味物质的差异,为研究鉴别不同品牌的橄榄油提供参考。方法:运用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对不同品牌的橄榄油挥发性物质进行检测和分析。结果表明:电子鼻能灵敏地检测到不同品牌橄榄油气味的差异性。GC-MS在不同品牌的橄榄油中检测出76种挥发性物质,主要为烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酸类及其他化合物。酸类物质是除帆船牌特级初榨橄榄油外其他4种橄榄油都具有的物质,1号曼托瓦特级初榨橄榄油特有的关键挥发性化合物是癸烷、E-2-庚烯、6-乙基-2-甲基辛烷、戊醛、庚醛、辛醇和2-辛酮;2号百一牌特级初榨橄榄油特有的挥发性物质是1-癸烯和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷;3号福恩牌特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是1-十三烯和辛烷;4号帆船特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是十二烷、3,5-二甲基辛烷、D-柠檬烯和3,7-二甲基-1-辛醇;5号斯巴达(金)特级初榨橄榄油特有的化合物是(E)-2-己烯醛。不同品牌的橄榄油之间共有的关键风味化合物主要有己醛和壬醛。结论:橄榄油品牌不同,主要的挥发性成分种类及其相对含量有差异。     

国内初榨橄榄油品质特性研究

以国内种植的油橄榄为原料,研究了油橄榄品种、成熟度以及堆放时间对初榨橄榄油脂肪酸组成、酸值、过氧化值及风味的影响。结果表明：不同品种油橄榄的初榨橄榄油中油酸和亚油酸含量差异较大,油酸含量范围65.85%~80.08%,亚油酸含量范围2.61%~17.18%;初榨橄榄油的酸值随油橄榄成熟度的升高而降低,其中鄂植8号酸值（KOH）从0.35 mg/g下降到0.26 mg/g;紫果的初榨橄榄油过氧化值低于青红果和红果;油橄榄堆放时间延长会使初榨橄榄油的过氧化值略有增加,而酸值的增加程度因品种而异。不同形式的油橄榄初榨橄榄油在风味上均能很好地区分。     

冻干水蜜桃挥发性风味成分的变化及迁移

对新鲜水蜜桃进行真空冷冻干燥试验,采用顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱/质谱联用测试方法(SPME-GC/MS),对比分析了新鲜水蜜桃、冻干水蜜桃和冻干机冷阱水中主要挥发性风味组分构成及含量。结果表明,新鲜水蜜桃、冻干水蜜桃和冷阱水中分别有26,18,11种挥发性风味化合物,主要由醛、醇、酯、烃、杂环及醚等物质构成。新鲜水蜜桃中的风味物质在冻干过程中发生了变化和迁移。大部分保留在冻干水蜜桃中的挥发性风味物质为己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、戊醇、己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、乙酸己酯、乙酸叶醇酯、γ-己内酯;全部迁移到冷阱水中的挥发性风味物质为壬醛、二乙二醇乙醚;冻干水蜜桃中含量增加的挥发性风味物质有(E)-2-己烯醛、芳樟醇、(E)-乙酸-2-己烯-1-醇酯;经过冻干后新生成的挥发性风味物质成分为醋酸异辛酯、2,7-二甲基萘、1,6-二甲基萘、2,3-二甲基萘。     

六种特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分的比较

为探究比较特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分,采用固相微萃取(solid phase micro-extraction,SPME)结合气相色谱嗅闻质谱(gas chromatography-olfactrometry-mass spectrometry,GC-O-MS)联用、感官评价和电子鼻技术对3个国家的6种特级初榨橄榄油挥发性香气成分进行分析。结果表明,电子鼻可以明显区分不同橄榄油;GC-O-MS通过极性色谱柱(DB-Wax)和非极性色谱柱(DB-5)结合分析,鉴定得出65种挥发性香气活性化合物,包括醛类16种,醇类12种,酯类9种,酮类6种,烯烃及萜烯类8种,芳香类5种,酸类3种及6种其他类型化合物。结合文献、检测及嗅闻结果得出特级初榨橄榄油中的特征香气成分为反-2-己烯醛、己醛、反-2-壬烯醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和顺-3-己烯-1-醇等以醛醇为代表的小分子化合物。     

基于GC-MS结合化学计量学方法探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点

以探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及特征挥发性物质为目的,采用固相微萃取及气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对8 种不同品种的辣椒粉进行分析。运用气相色谱-质谱法可检测到112 种不同品种辣椒粉中普遍存在的挥发性化合物,从中筛选出63 种与特征清香味相关的特定的化合物并进行偏最小二乘回归分析。结果表明：特征清香味辣椒粉主要与感官属性煮熟蔬菜味、青草味和新鲜味有关。煮熟蔬菜味与β-月桂烯、(E)-2-戊烯醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、辛醛、4-辛烯-3-酮和2-戊基呋喃呈显著正相关,与大部分挥发性化合物呈非显著正相关,与己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛和2,3-丁二酮呈显著负相关;青草味与雪松烯、(Z)-3-己烯醇、己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛和2-甲基丙酸呈显著正相关,与4-甲基-1-戊醇、己醇、(E)-2-辛烯醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关;新鲜味与3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-甲基丙酸和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪呈显著正相关,与己醇、壬醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关。由此确定特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及其特征挥发成分,为清香味辣椒粉的品质控制和系列风味产品的开发提供科学依据。     

The occurrence and bioactivity of polyphenols in Tunisian olive products and by-products: a review

Polyphenols have become a subject of intense research because of their perceived beneficial effects on health due to their anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. It is well known that olives and their derivatives are rich in phenolic substances with pharmaceutical properties, some of which exert important antioxidant effects. The characterization and quantification of their polyphenol composition is one of the first steps to be taken in any evaluation of the putative contribution of the olive to human health. This review is concerned with polyphenols in Tunisian olive (Olea europaea L.) products (fruit and oil) and some by-products (leaves and olive-mill wastewater) with an emphasis on the analytical methods used, as well as the biological activities described in recent years.     

Could squalene be an added value to use olive by-products?

Squalene (SQ) is an intermediate hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of phytosterols and terpenes in plants. It is widely used for applications such as skin moisturizers, vaccines, or in carriers for active lipophilic molecules. It has commonly been obtained from sharks, but restrictions on their use have created a need to find alternative sources. We present a review of studies concerning SQ in olive groves to characterize its content and to provide new aspects that may increase the circular economy of the olive tree. There is a large variation in SQ content in virgin olive oil due to cultivars and agronomic issues such as region, climate, types of soil, crop practices, and harvest date. Cultivars with the highest SQ content in their virgin olive oil were ‘Nocellara de Belice’, ‘Drobnica’, ‘Souri’, and ‘Oblica’. An interaction between cultivar and aspects such as irrigation practices or agricultural season is frequently observed. Likewise, the production of high SQ content needs precise control of fruit maturation. Leaves represent an interesting source, if its extraction and yield compensate for the expenses of their disposal. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from olive oil deodorizer distillates offers an opportunity to obtain high-purity SQ from this derivative. Exploiting SQ obtained from olive groves for the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries poses new challenges and opportunities to add value and recycle by-products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transfer of phenolic compounds during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage of the fruit

The transfer of phenolic compounds of Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina variety during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage was investigated. The parameters of oil extraction by the Abencor system are shown together with mass balances of the products and by products from the olive oil extraction in relation to olive paste. The phenolic compounds in olive paste, pomace, oil and wastewater were identified and measured by HPLC. Throughout the study, the concentrations of simple phenols, secoiridoids and flavonoids were higher in the olive paste and pomace phases than in oil and wastewater phases. High concentrations of 4‐(acetoxyethyl)‐1,2‐dihydroxybenzene (3,4‐DHPEA‐AC) and secoiridoid derivatives such as the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to 3,4‐DHPEA (hydroxytyrosol) or p‐HPEA (tyrosol) (3,4‐DHPEA–EDA, p‐HPEA–EDA, where EDA is elenolic acid dialdehyde) and an isomer of oleuropein aglycone (3,4‐DHPEA–EA, where EA is elenolic acid aldehyde) were found in olive oil, together with lignan compounds. It was observed that 3,4‐DHPEA–EDA was the most abundant polyphenol present in the wastewater phase. This indicates that biotransformation occurred during olive extraction, especially in the crushing and malaxation operations, and reflects the possible chemical changes that lead to the formation of new compounds. Moreover, the distribution of compounds showed their affinities toward different phases. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

浸泡型橄榄酒的研制

以发酵米酒为酒基,广东云浮郁南县优质成熟橄榄为原料,对浸泡型橄榄酒工艺进行研究,通过正交试验及感官品评和理化指标检测,确定其生产工艺为:将橄榄破碎后,添加100mg/L的果胶酶进行酶解浸渍,酶解温度为15℃,时间24h,酶解完成后,添加40度米酒按料液比为2∶1进行浸泡,浸泡温度25℃,浸泡时间32d。最后经陈酿、澄清、过滤、包装后得口感纯正的橄榄酒     

食用橄榄油贸易促进组织——国际橄榄理事会解析

《国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》是由联合国主持在橄榄油主要生产国与消费国之间签订的国际商品协定。从1959年到2015年历经五次改版,根据该协议成立的“国际橄榄理事会”（International Olive Council,IOC）总部驻地在橄榄油最大出口国西班牙首都马德里。国际橄榄理事会由成员理事会管理,下设执行秘书处和分委员会负责行业标准制定、国际橄榄油贸易信息统计、橄榄行业推广等事宜。IOC橄榄油贸易标准对初榨橄榄油质量指标的等级界定获得世界普遍认可。对IOC制定的橄榄油各项理化指标和感官分析的测定依据和具体方法进行归纳,并对IOC橄榄油认可实验室进行介绍,以上内容是橄榄油产业融入国际大循环应了解的国际通行基础性贸易约定。     

Olive byproducts and their bioactive compounds as a valuable source for food packaging applications

Among the most important agro-industrial activities in the Mediterranean basin, olive oil production has a high impact on the economy of many Mediterranean countries. However, olive oil extraction generates huge quantities of byproducts, including leaves, pomace residues, stones and wastewater, which have severe environmental impacts mainly because of their phytotoxicity and great organic content. Olive oil byproducts are regarded as inexpensive and abundant raw materials rich in bioactive compounds with high and varied health-related activities. Several phenolic compounds and terpenoids were recovered from olive byproducts using different conventional and advanced extraction methods due to their potential to be used in food, packaging, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recently, the use of olive byproducts and their functional compounds to enhance the functional properties of packaging systems was investigated as a sustainable strategy for food preservation, fostering the sustainability of the olive-oil chain, and promoting circular economy. In this framework, the main goals of this review are to summarize the main bioactive compounds in olive byproducts, to review the main advancements in their extraction, purification, and characterization, and finally to discuss their applications in food packaging systems as well as safety-related aspects.     

The utilisation solutions of olive mill by-products in the terms of sustainable olive oil production: a review

Despite the high economic and nutritional value as major positive aspects, olive oil production has an unfavourable side, which is the negative environmental impact caused by the generation of significant amounts of liquid and solid wastes. Therefore, the implementation of sustainable technologies to add value to the olive oil production process is a matter of great interest. This study aimed to review novel solutions dealing with the utilisation of olive oil production by-products while taking into account sustainable waste management options. The most promising technologies for the production of high-added value products from olive oil production by-products have been described with a special attention to the sustainable nonthermal technologies for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds, and the key findings of such investigations were reviewed. All described technologies are environmentally friendly and show great potential. Nevertheless, further researches are required to optimise and increase their applicability.     

High performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of polar compounds applied to refined, mild deodorized, extra virgin olive oils and their blends: An approach to their differentiation

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the use of High Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) of polar compounds of refined, mild deodorized, extra virgin olive oils as well as of their blends, in attempting to reveal significant differences in the amounts of the substance classes constituting polar compounds among these oils. Two sets of blends were prepared by mixing an extra virgin olive oil with both refined and mild deodorized olive oils in increasing amounts. The obtained data highlighted that the triacylglycerol oligopolymers were absent or present in traces in the extra virgin olive oil, while their mean amount was equal to 0.04 g/100 g and 0.72 g/100 g in mild deodorized and refined olive oils, respectively. Oxidized triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols were more abundant in mild deodorized oil and refined oil than in extra virgin olive oil. The Factorial Discriminant Analysis of the data showed that the HPSEC analysis could reveal the presence of refined/mild deodorized oils in extra virgin olive oils. In particular, the classification functions obtained allowed designation of mixtures containing at least 30 g/100 g of mild deodorized oil and all those containing refined olive oil as deodorized oil, therefore as oils subjected to at least a mild refining treatment.     

初榨橄榄油风味化合物研究进展

阐述了初榨橄榄油风味的主要来源途径即脂氧合酶途径,对影响初榨橄榄油风味特征的若干因素如品种和地理环境,油橄榄果实成熟度,加工工艺,储藏条件等因素进行了讨论和分析.介绍了初榨橄榄油中挥发性化合物的分析检测方法,并且展望了橄榄油风味化合物研究的应用和发展前景.     

A critical review on the use of artificial neural networks in olive oil production,characterization and authentication

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computationally based mathematical tools inspired by the fundamental cell of the nervous system, the neuron. ANN constitute a simplified artificial replica of the human brain consisting of parallel processing neural elements similar to neurons in living beings. ANN is able to store large amounts of experimental information to be used for generalization with the aid of an appropriate prediction model. ANN has proved useful for a variety of biological, medical, economic and meteorological purposes, and in agro-food science and technology. The olive oil industry has a substantial weight in Mediterranean's economy. The different steps of the olive oil production process, which include olive tree and fruit care, fruit harvest, mechanical and chemical processing, and oil packaging have been examined in depth with a view to their optimization, and so have the authenticity, sensory properties and other quality-related properties of olive oil. This paper reviews existing literature on the use of bioinformatics predictive methods based on ANN in connection with the production, processing and characterization of olive oil. It examines the state of the art in bioinformatics tools for optimizing or predicting its quality with a view to identifying potential deficiencies or aspects for improvement.