南美白对虾在微冻保藏期间的鲜度变化

以南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在-3℃的微冻条件下对其进行保藏试验。通过高效液相色谱法对不同保藏期间虾肌肉中的腺苷三磷酸(ATP)及其降解的关联产物如肌苷酸(IMP)、肌苷(HxR)和次黄嘌呤(Hx)等进行分析,进而了解鲜度指标K值的变化趋势;另一方面,结合细菌总数和总挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)的测定以及感官评分的结果,对南美白对虾在微冻保藏条件下的鲜度和品质变化的规律进行考察,旨在为其保鲜提供理论依据。结果表明:微冻保藏至18 d时虾肌肉中IMP达到最高值、Hx和HxR仍维持在较低水平,而K值为23.5%,证明微冻保藏至18 d时,南美白对虾仍能保持其原有的风味和鲜度。根据细菌总数及其相关的TVBN测定和感官评分的结果,发现微冻保藏至26 d时,虾肌肉中的细菌总数、TVBN值和感官评分仍未超过腐败临界值;而保藏至26～30 d时,虽然细菌总数和TVBN值尚未超标,但感官上已失去食用价值,据此,可以认为南美白对虾在微冻保藏条件下的保质期约为26 d。     

珠海口岸进出口食品微生物检验概况

为掌握珠海口岸进出口食品的微生物污染情况，对珠海口岸2000年至2001年期间进出口食品的微生物检验结果进行了分析，共检验进出口食品7513批，其中出口食品3621批，检出不合格食品105批（2．9％），不合格食品主要为奶粉，冻禽肉，鱿鱼片，加工蔬菜和生抽酱油等。不便格原因主要是大肠菌群超标，其次为细菌总数，沙门氏菌和李斯特氏菌超标，共检测进口食品3892批，检出不合格食品43批（1．1％），不合格食品主要为保健食品，冷冻水产品和薯片类食品。不合格原因主要为大肠菌群，细菌总数和沙门氏菌超标，总结在食品具有一定的代表性，为我国的进出口食品的微生物检验重点提供了依据。     

盐藻多糖对熟制南美白对虾冻藏期间品质变化的影响

研究了0.06%盐藻多糖处理对冻藏南美白对虾品质的影响。以菌落总数、TVB-N值、TBA值、色差(L~*、a~*和b~*)、质构(硬度和弹性)和水分含量作为评价指标,分析盐藻多糖处理对冻藏对虾新鲜度和品质的影响。结果表明,熟制南美白对虾冻藏期间新鲜度没有超标,但虾体水分含量降低幅度较大,硬度迅速增加,弹性降低,L~*、a~*和b~*值降低,对虾整体品质随着贮藏时间的增加而下降。盐藻多糖处理提高了对虾的新鲜度,且保持了虾体水分,改善了对虾的硬度和弹性,抑制了对虾褪色,起到了一定的保水和护色作用。     

出口冻熟淡水螯虾肉生产中细菌污染控制的探讨

出口冻熟淡水螯虾肉生产中细菌污染控制的探讨单衡明（盐城市商检局，盐城，２２４００２）冷冻熟制淡水螫虾肉是我国开发不久的出口水产品，主要输往欧美国家。我国野生淡水螫虾资源丰富，盛产于长江流域，近几年来，随着出口市场走俏，熟螯虾生产厂家发展迅速，出口量连...     

瓶装矿泉水卫生质量问题的探讨

矿泉水生产厂发展迅速,但卫生质量令人担忧。不久前我所抽检了广西矿泉水生产厂25家,46个批次共104份样品,合格率仅为55.8％,不合格的原因是细菌总数超标,最高超标500倍。为了查清细菌超标的原因,我们作了以下调查分析。 一、矿泉水水质受污染的几个环节 1.环境造成的污染 水源地无卫生防护带或卫生防护带设置不当,造成人为污染。如     

出口肉鸡微生物检测及加工的关键控制点

我国肉鸡出口主要是日本市场,为了克服单一日本市场的风险,需要开拓多元化国际市场。目前,世界各国对进口食品的质量要求极为严格,只有生产出高质量的食品,才能得到市场。为了提高出口肉鸡的卫生质量,我们对出口冻肉鸡加工生产的主要环节：水洗前胴体、水洗后胴体、预冷后胴体、装袋前产品、冻成品及加工用水、冷却水、车间空气、加工人员手等进行细菌总数。粪大肠菌群、金葡萄和沙门氏菌4项检测,通过检测数据分析找出出口冻鸡加工中微生物污染的关键控制点。1出口冻分割鸡的加工工序宰杀放血-烫毛-打毛-去脏工序-水冲洗-冷却工序-分割工序-速冻冷藏。2实验2．1检测方法SNO168-92出口食品平板菌落计数。     

中国对虾冻藏期间新鲜度和质构的变化

为研究加25%碎冰处理对熟制中国对虾冻藏期间新鲜度和质构的影响,检测-18℃冻藏期间中国对虾菌落总数、pH、TVB-N值、TBA值、硬度和弹性的变化。结果表明,蒸煮处理显著提高冻藏中国对虾的新鲜度指标(菌落总数、TVB-N值和TBA值; p0.05),加冰处理对熟制对虾的菌落总数没有显著影响(p0.05),但降低了熟制对虾pH上升幅度,加冰后对虾的TVB-N值和TBA值略有改善,且降低了贮藏后期(90～120 d)熟虾的硬度,并提高了弹性。加碎冰处理对中国对虾冻藏期间的新鲜度和质构有益。     

鲜猪肉微冻保鲜技术的初步研究

主要研究鲜猪肉在-2℃下微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化,为其商业微冻保鲜提供理论依据.通过对贮藏过程中感官指标的观察和对微生物指标(菌落总数)、理化指标(pH、T-VBN、持水力)的测定,并对各种指标进行综合比较分析,来探讨微冻保鲜技术在鲜猪肉中应用的可行性.结果表明:随着贮藏天数的增加,细菌总数和pH以及持水力都呈现先降后升的变化趋势,并保持较低的细菌总数和T-VBN值,其贮藏期限可达20d以上.微冻能很好地保持猪肉的各项鲜度指标,并达到较理想的保鲜效果,因此,进行商业化的微冻保鲜是可行的.     

微冻保鲜对南美白对虾品质的影响研究

以南美白对虾为试验对象,研究微冻保鲜(-4℃)对肌肉品质的影响。采用常规方法检测了对虾肌肉pH、挥发性盐基氮、细菌总数、K值以及硬度和弹性。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,pH、挥发性盐基氮、细菌总数和K值呈现升高趋势,硬度和弹性指标呈现下降趋势。与4℃贮藏的对照组比较,微冻保鲜在贮藏后期显著改善了(P0.05)南美白对虾各项指标的变异程度,结果揭示微冻保鲜可以通过延缓对虾肌肉的腐败进而提高其品质,旨在为对虾保鲜技术提供一定的借鉴。     

腐乳中微生物污染状况分析

腐乳在我国具有几千年的食用历史,是一种传统的发酵大豆制品,但腐乳中细菌总数较高,可能带来一定的安全隐患并影响腐乳出口.本研究采集了全国各地生产的27份腐乳,分别对其菌落总数和耐热菌菌落数进行了检测,结果表明:不同类型及采用不同标准的腐乳中耐热性微生物数量占细菌总数的98％,最低的仅为0.8％.根据检测结果说明腐乳的安全问题需要引起重视,以促进腐乳行业的健康发展.     

Microbiological status of Australian sheep meat.

Two studies were undertaken to determine the microbiological status of sheep carcass meat and frozen, bulk-packed sheep meat produced in Australia. Samples were collected from 470 sheep carcasses and 415 cartons of frozen sheep trimmings over a period of approximately 12 months. Samples were collected from plants processing sheep carcasses for domestic or export markets. On carcasses, where bacterial counts were obtained, the mean of the log10 aerobic plate count (APC) was 3.92/cm2, the geometric mean of the most probable number (MPN) per square centimeter of Escherichia coli (biotype I) was 23, and the geometric mean of the coliform count was 38 MPN per cm2. A high percentage (75%) of samples was positive for E. coli (biotype I), 81% were positive for coliforms, 5.74% were positive for Salmonella spp., and 1.29% were positive for Campylobacter. Bacterial counts were higher on carcasses chilled over a weekend than on carcasses chilled for 24 h. The total number of bacteria on carcasses processed for domestic markets was similar to that on carcasses processed for export markets. E. coli O157 was not isolated from any of the 465 samples tested. Of the frozen export samples that tested positive, the mean of the log10 APC was 3.47/g, the geometric mean of the E. coli (biotype I) count was 9 MPN per g, and the geometric mean of the coliform count was 19 MPN per g. Of the frozen export samples tested, 48% were positive for E. coli (biotype I), 58% were positive for coliforms, and 6.5% were positive for Salmonella spp. E. coli O157 was recovered from 1 of 343 frozen sheep meat samples tested (0.29%). Bacterial counts were higher on samples of domestic product than on samples of export product. Results from both surveys are compared with data from similar studies conducted in other countries.     

Glucose Oxidase/Catalase Solution for On-board Control of Shrimp Microbial Spoilage: Model Studies

The potential of an immersion system of glucose oxidase (GOX, 1 unit/ml) and catalase (CAT) added to 4% w/v glucose in artificial seawater was determined for on-board shrimp preservation. Fresh shrimp were frozen, radiation-sterilized, thawed by adding artificial seawater and inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens (lo⁴ CFU/g shrimp). Samples were stored at 1°C and treated after 24 hr or left as controls. Changes in shrimp and solution were monitored by total plate counts, ammonia and total volatile nitrogen. Solution discoloration due to shrimp melanosis was followed spectrophotometrically. Microbial lag phase was extended 44 5 d and after 14 d, GOX/CAT had reduced browing by ～80% and inhibited ammonia and total volatile nitrogen production. Due to increase in nitrogen compounds, the enzyme solution should be replaced after 14 days.     

不同冻结方式对红虾肌肉品质的影响

为寻找更好的冷冻方法,提高红虾品质,采用液氮喷淋冻结、平板冻结两种方式处理新鲜红虾样品。结合贮藏期间红虾的理化指标(TVB-N、TBA、Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性和盐溶性蛋白含量)、感官品质和电镜扫描图,研究不同冻结方式对红虾品质的影响。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,两种方式处理红虾的TVB-N、TBA值逐渐增大,但液氮冻结增加较慢。贮藏至176 d时,液氮冻结和平板冻结组虾肉的TVB-N值分别为20.50 mg/100 g和27.30 mg/100 g,TBA值则分别为0.74 mg/100 g和0.97 mg/100g,说明液氮能有效抑制TVB-N、TBA值的增加;且红虾的Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性、盐溶性蛋白含量、感官品质评价均呈现下降的趋势,液氮处理的红虾下降最慢;观察电镜扫描图发现,液氮冻结对红虾的肌肉纤维损伤小。综上,液氮冻结对虾肉冻藏品质维持的效果较好。     

Capacitance method to determine the microbiological quality of raw shrimp (Penaeus setiferus)

The Bactometer monitoring system was used to determine the correlation between capacitance detection times and mesophilic and psychrotrophic plate counts of raw shrimp. Current methodologies to determine shrimp quality have problems with real-time analysis, which necessitates the need for development of more rapid, accurate, and “user-friendly” methods. Fresh raw shrimp were subjected to simulated retail display conditions at 5°C. The shrimp were sampled daily for one week for aerobic (APC) and psychrotrophic (PPC) plate counts and for Bactometer capacitance detection times. Capacitance detection times were highly correlated with APC (linear regression R=−0.91; polynomial regression R=−0.95) and PPC (linear regression R=−0.89; polynomial regression R=−0.95). This study suggests that capacitance detection times can be used as a rapid alternative method to measure shrimp microbial counts.     

冻结方式对凡纳滨对虾贮藏中组织冰晶及品质的影响

新鲜凡纳滨对虾采用液氮、平板及冰柜冻结结合-20 ℃贮藏,研究不同贮藏时间内其组织冰晶形态与品质变化,以评价出最优的冻结方式。结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,平板及冰箱冻结的盐溶性蛋白含量、持水性、感官评分显著降低(p<0.05);而液氮冻结形成的冰晶直径比平板速冻小1/3,比冰箱小1/2;冻结后贮藏180 d其挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)≤25 mg/100 g,硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)仅为0.72 mg/100 g,有效抑制了虾肉肌原纤维蛋白变性及脂肪氧化,能较好维持肌肉组织形态和品质,从而使虾肉的货架期延长至180 d以上。     

高水分烤虾贮藏过程中的品质变化和菌相分析

研究高水分烤虾(水分含量(46±1)%在25,37℃贮藏过程中的感官品质、pH、菌落总数和菌相变化。结果表明,高水分烤虾在25℃贮藏过程中,真空包装的外观变化要先于内容物的色泽和风味变化到达感官可接受终点;而在37℃贮藏过程中,真空包装的外观、内容物的色泽、风味的变化差异性不大,几乎可同时到达感官接受终点。高水分烤虾的初始pH值为6.8,在25,37℃贮藏过程中都呈上升趋势,最后稳定在pH值7.0左右,初始pH偏高,不能在制品贮藏过程中起到抑制作用。高水分烤虾贮藏初始点的菌落总数<10CFU/g;在25℃贮藏过程中,菌落总数曲线呈近似S型曲线;而在37℃贮藏过程中,菌落总数上升较快,几乎没有"延滞期"。贮藏过程中的菌相分析显示,造成高水分烤虾腐败的主要是蜡样芽孢杆菌,而在37℃贮藏过程中出现了少量的链球菌。     

Chitosan Nanoparticle Penetration into Shrimp Muscle and its Effects on the Microbial Quality

Chitosan (CH) and chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate (CH-TPP) solutions were produced with and without sonication and ultra-shearing. The CH and CH-TPP particles and solutions were evaluated for physicochemical properties, and fluorescently labeled particle penetration into shrimp muscle tissue through vacuum tumbling was observed. Two solutions were prepared: (1) a 0.5 % CH solution in 1 % acetic acid and (2) a CH-TPP solution, prepared by adding 0.167 % sodium tripolyphosphate to the CH solution, instantly forming CH-TPP nanoparticles through ionotropic gelation. Untreated shrimp meat and shrimp meat vacuum tumbled with CH, CH-TPP, acetic acid, sodium tripolyphosphate, and distilled water solutions were analyzed for aerobic plate counts for 24 days of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. Processing with sonication and ultra-shearing reduced the particle sizes of CH and CH-TPP nanoparticles and the molecular weight of CH. It was observed that after processing, fluorescently labeled CH and CH-TPP nanoparticles could penetrate inside of and attach to shrimp muscle tissues through vacuum tumbling. At 24 days of refrigerated storage, shrimp vacuum tumbled with processed CH solution had the lowest aerobic plate counts of all treatments and it was the only treatment to have unchanged microbial quality throughout the entire storage time. Vacuum tumbling with sonicated and ultra-sheared CH solution enhanced particle penetration into shrimp and inhibited microbial growth during refrigerated storage.     

Microbial Assessment in School Foodservices and Recommendations for Food Safety Improvement

ABSTRACT:  This study evaluated microbial food safety in school foodservices. Five school foodservices were randomly selected, and samples from water, cooking utensils, tableware, foodservice surroundings, and linen were collected in summer and winter ( N = 420). Tap and drinking water samples were collected, samples of food contact surfaces were collected by swab-kit, and samples for foodservice workers' hands and gloves were prepared by glove juice method. Aerobic plate count (APC) and coliform bacterial populations were enumerated on plate count agar (PCA) and desoxycholate lactose agar, respectively. The presence of Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Listeria monocytogenes , and Staphylococcus aureus was also examined by biochemical identification tests. In addition, PCA agar for APCs and Baird-Parker agar for S . aureus were used to enumerate airborne microorganisms. Higher APCs (< 0 to 5.1 log CFU/mL) than acceptable level were generally observed in water samples, while low coliform counts were found in the samples. High APCs were enumerated in cooking utensils, foodservice workers, tableware, and foodservice surroundings, and coliforms were also found in the samples for both seasons. The presence of Salmonella was found from only 10% of plastic glove samples (summer), and the presence of L . monocytogenes was not observed in all samples. S . aureus was detected in some of water, cooking utensils, tableware, employees, and foodservice surroundings, and E . coli was observed in cooking utensils (10% to 20%; summer). No obvious airborne bacteria were detected. These results showed that sanitation practice in school foodservices should be improved, and the results may be useful in microbial assessment of school foodservices.     

EFFECT OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE ON LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ATTACHED TO RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) AND SHRIMP (PENAEUS SPP.) DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

The potential of using trisodium phosphate (TSP) to reduce bacterial populations in fresh fishery products was explored since TSP has recently been approved by USDA for its usage in poultry processing to eliminate Salmonella contamination. Fresh headed shrimp and rainbow trout fillets were inoculated with L. monocytogenes before dipped in tap water, 10% TSP, or 20% TSP solutions and overwrap-packaged. Surface pH values, psychrotrophic plate counts, and L. monocytogenes counts of inoculated shrimp and trout fillets were determined after 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of storage at 4C. The TSP treatment resulted in relatively high residual surface pH values (11–12) initially in both shrimp and trout fillets. Compared to tap water dipping, TSP treatment did not significantly reduce psychrotrophic or Listeria populations in shrimp. However, the 20% TSP treatment significantly (p < 0.05) lowered 0-day psychrotrophic and L. monocytogenes counts of trout fillets and remained effective for 6 days during storage at 4C .     

Statistical distributions describing microbial quality of surfaces and foods in food service operations

Data on the microbial quality of food service kitchen surfaces and ready-to-eat foods were collected over a period of 10 years in Rutgers University dining halls. Surface bacterial counts, total aerobic plate counts, and total and fecal coliform counts were determined using standard methods. Analysis was performed on foods tested more than 50 times (primarily lunch meats and deli salads) and on surfaces tested more than 500 times (36 different surfaces types, including pastry brushes, cutting boards, and countertops). Histograms and statistical distributions were determined using Microsoft Excel and Palisades Bestfit, respectively. All data could be described by lognormal distributions, once data above and below the lower and upper limits of detection were considered separately. Histograms for surfaces counts contained one peak near 1 CFU/4 cm2. Surfaces with higher levels of contamination tended to be nonmetal, with the exception of buffalo chopper bowls, which commonly had high counts. Mean counts for foods ranged from 2 to 4 log CFU/g, with shrimp salad, roast beef, and bologna having higher means. Coleslaw, macaroni salad, and potato salad (all commercially processed products, not prepared in the dining halls) had lowest overall means. Coliforms were most commonly found in sealeg salad (present in 61% of samples) and least commonly found in coleslaw (present in only 7% of samples). Coliform counts (when present) were highest on average in shrimp salad and lowest in coleslaw. Average coliform counts for most products were typically between 1 and 2 log most probable number per gram. Fecal coliforms were not typically found in any deli salads or lunch meats.