不同年份干红葡萄酒单宁结构特性与涩感强度的关系

为探究不同年份干红葡萄酒单宁的含量和结构与涩感强度之间的关系,以内蒙古产区不同年份的赤霞珠和蛇龙珠葡萄酒为材料,测定其总单宁、游离态黄烷-3-醇单体含量及缩合单宁结构组分,并对涩感强度进行评价。结果表明:新酒的总单宁含量和游离态黄烷-3-醇单体总量均高于陈酿酒,且新酒的儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量较高,陈酿酒的表棓儿茶素和棓酸儿茶素含量较高。在缩合单宁的结构特性中,新酒的原花青素占比较高,陈酿酒的原翠雀素占比较高,且陈酿8~9年酒样的单宁结构趋于稳定。葡萄酒中各组分与涩感强度间的主成分分析表明:总单宁、平均聚合度、单体表棓儿茶素没食子酸酯、延伸单元表儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯及没食子酰化程度对涩感影响较大,总酸、pH值、酒度、总酚、花色苷及游离态单体对涩感影响则较小。     

外源单宁对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒花色苷和缩合单宁特性的影响

为探明添加外源单宁对葡萄酒品质的影响,以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为材料,通过在不同发酵时段添加Tannin VR Supra(TS)和Tannin VR Color(TC)两种单宁产品,检测葡萄醪及葡萄酒中花色苷和缩合单宁的组分及含量。结果表明,添加TS对葡萄醪花色苷的影响不显著,但显著提高了缩合单宁的含量、平均聚合度和分子量,降低了末端亚基儿茶素的含量。添加TS+TC显著提高了苹果酸-乳酸发酵结束后葡萄酒中甲基花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷,甲基花青素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰)-葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素-3-O-(6-O-反式对香豆酰)-葡萄糖苷的含量,但降低了花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量;随着陈酿时间的延长,添加外源单宁对花色苷的影响逐渐减小。添加TS显著提高了陈酿过程中葡萄酒的缩合单宁含量,而添加TS+TC降低了缩合单宁含量;添加两种外源单宁对葡萄酒缩合单宁聚合度和分子量无显著影响。综上所述,添加TS可增强葡萄酒缩合单宁特性,TS+TC可提高葡萄酒颜色稳定性但降低了缩合单宁含量。     

‘赤霞珠’种子成熟过程中缩合单宁的变化及其与颜色参数的相关性

以不同发育时期‘赤霞珠’葡萄种子为试材，探究种子成熟过程中可溶性和非可溶性缩合单宁及其结构单元含量的变化规律，结合种子表面颜色参数的变化，建立缩合单宁与种子表皮颜色参数之间的关系，为种子成熟度判断提供依据。结果表明，随着葡萄果实成熟，种子中可溶性缩合单宁呈现先增后降的变化趋势，其峰值出现在转色启动后1周左右，而非可溶性缩合单宁含量呈不断增加趋势。表儿茶素是种子缩合单宁的主要延伸单元，而表儿茶素没食子酸酯是主要的末端单元，它们的含量随种子成熟而呈现增加的态势；可溶性缩合单宁的平均聚合度在6.50～10.71，而非可溶性缩合单宁平均聚合度介于10.84～45.78，种子非可溶性缩合单宁含量变化与颜色指数a^*值呈显著正相关，而与L^*和b^*值呈显著负相关。     

赤霞珠葡萄籽多酚低共熔溶剂提取及其抗氧化活性研究

研究不同绿色低共熔溶剂（DESs）结合超声辅助对赤霞珠葡萄皮渣中葡萄籽多酚提取及提取物体外抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,部分DESs对总酚及总黄酮的提取量显著优于传统提取溶剂（水、体积分数为80%乙醇、体积分数为80%甲醇）（P＜0.05）。提取总酚和总黄酮最优的DESs分别为氯化胆碱-乳酸和脯氨酸-乙酰丙酸。绝大部分DESs提取物中单体酚的含量显著高于传统提取溶剂（P＜0.05）。氯化胆碱-乙二醇提取物DPPH自由基清除能力最强,脯氨酸-乙二醇提取物ABTS+自由基清除能力最强,均显著高于传统溶剂提取物（P＜0.05）。皮尔森相关性分析结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄籽DESs提取物中总酚、儿茶素、表儿茶素含量与其体外抗氧化能力呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。     

不同溶剂对酿酒葡萄皮渣多酚组成的提取效果比较

为测定不同极性溶剂对酿酒葡萄皮渣中5类非花色苷多酚的提取效果,分别采用乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇、水作为提取溶液,通过HPLC-MS/MS检测葡萄皮和葡萄籽中31种非花色苷多酚的组成和含量。通过比较4种提取溶液的提取效果,发现甲醇对各类非花色苷多酚的提取效果最好;有机溶剂对黄酮醇类、黄烷-3-醇类、芪类多酚的提取效果较好;水对苯甲酸类、肉桂酸类酚酸的提取效果较好。比较酿酒葡萄皮和籽中非花色苷多酚差异,发现葡萄皮中最主要非花色苷酚为黄酮醇类、苯甲酸类,葡萄籽主要多酚为黄烷-3-醇类,而肉桂酸类和芪类多酚在葡萄皮渣中含量最少;酿酒葡萄皮渣中含量较高的多酚单体为杨梅素、儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子酸、香草酸。由此推论酿酒葡萄皮和葡萄籽中多酚组成有一定差异,且其提取效率和分子结构、溶液极性等因素有关。     

毛葡萄及酿酒皮渣中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量分析

探索广西野生毛葡萄中功能成分白藜芦醇含量分布,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对毛葡萄果皮、葡萄籽、葡萄汁、葡萄酒及酿酒葡萄皮渣、酿酒葡萄籽中的白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量进行测定。结果表明,除葡萄汁外,毛葡萄、葡萄酒及酿酒皮渣中均存在不同含量的白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷,且相同部位白藜芦醇苷含量均高于白藜芦醇。酿酒皮渣中白藜芦醇及白藜芦醇苷的含量最高,具备工业化提取的经济价值,为毛葡萄酿酒废弃物的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

不同浸渍发酵方式对红葡萄酒风味物质及感官特征的影响

为明确葡萄酒浸渍发酵期间去籽处理对葡萄酒风味物质及感官品质的影响,以黑比诺酿酒葡萄为试材,在浸渍发酵初期进行去籽(WOS)和带籽发酵(WS)两种不同处理,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质、香气物质的含量、组成以及产品感官特性进行了比较分析。结果表明,WOS和WS处理之间的酒精度、总酸、颜色以及花色苷的含量无显著差异,但是WS处理葡萄酒中的总类黄酮、总黄烷醇类以及原花色素等的含量显著高于WOS处理。WS处理酒样中的原花色素的含量和没食子酰化度都要显著高于WOS处理,而平均聚合度mDP则低于WOS处理;不同处理酒样中原花色素的延伸构成单元(-)-表棓儿茶素和末端构成单元(-)-表儿茶素没食子酸酯的摩尔比例存在显著差异;WS和WOS处理之间的葡萄酒整体香气差异较小;不同处理酒样之间的苦味、涩味、酒体等感官特性有显著差异。     

利用近红外高光谱成像技术检测分析葡萄皮渣中的酚类物质

正众所周知,葡萄酒酿造会产生大量的皮渣,如果这些皮渣得不到有效的处理会引发一些环境污染问题,而对这些副产物进行研究开发和再利用,不仅可以增加产品的附加值,还可以带来可观的经济效益。葡萄皮渣由葡萄籽、葡萄皮和葡萄梗等组成,其中含有丰富的具有抗氧化性质     

不同品种茶叶单宁的含量与结构测定

测定了本山、黄旦和铁观音三个品种茶树成熟叶片的总酚及可溶缩合单宁含量,并通过基质辅助激光解吸附飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)研究了茶叶缩合单宁的基本结构。结果显示,三种茶叶均具有较高的总酚含量,大约为200mg/g;三种茶叶的缩合单宁是以(表)儿茶素(EC/C)和(表)棓儿茶素(EGC/GC)为基本结构单元的均聚物和杂聚物,且大部分聚合物的结构单元之间存在A 型和B 型两种连接方式,其中本山和黄旦缩合单宁的最高聚合度要大于铁观音。     

发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒香气成分及感官品质的影响

为探究葡萄酒发酵结束后浸渍时间对葡萄酒色泽、香气和品质的影响,利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）仪对干红葡萄酒进行香气成分分析,测定理化指标和感官质量评价。结果表明,对于酒精度12%vol的干红葡萄酒,发酵结束后延长浸渍10 d的葡萄酒（C1）与后浸渍20 d（C2）及后浸渍30 d的葡萄酒（C3）在色泽、香气和风味物质上差异显著（P＜0.05）,特别是在香气成分含量上C3、C2均高于C1,在挥发酸、总花色苷、单宁和总酚等理化指标上差异性显著（P＜0.05）,葡萄酒感官质量评价上C3处理最佳,此处理果香和植物香气更加浓郁,葡萄酒有甜感,层次清晰,结构饱满。在卫生条件有效控制的前提下,选择最佳分离期应在发酵结束后浸渍皮渣30 d后分离。     

Effect of the prefermentative addition of copigments on the polyphenolic composition of Tempranillo wines after malolactic fermentation

The influence of the prefermentative addition of copigments and different winemaking technologies on the polyphenolic composition of Tempranillo red wines after malolactic fermentation was studied. Six experiments dealing with the prefermentative addition of caffeic acid, rutin, (+) catechin, white grape skin tannin, white grape seed tannin and control wines were realised. Three different winemaking technologies (traditional vinification, prefermentative cold maceration at 6–8 °C and cold soak at 0–2 °C with dry ice) were studied. Prefermentative addition of copigments increases anthocyanin copigmentation reactions and produces wines with a greater colour, a higher anthocyanin concentration, a superior contribution of anthocyanins to the colour of the wine, a superior percentage of tannins polymerised with polysaccharides and less astringency. Cold prefermentative maceration increases the extraction of polyphenols, the anthocyanin copigmentation reactions and the polymerisation reactions between tannins and polysaccharides. The effectiveness of the combination of copigments and prefermentative maceration treatments was demonstrated by the increase of the concentration of the polyphenolic compounds.     

Influence of skin maceration time on the proanthocyanidin content of red wines

This paper studies the influence of different maceration times (5, 10 and 20?days) during the elaboration of Monastrell, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon wines on the proanthocyanidin composition and sensory characteristics of the resulting wines. Significant differences were found between wines elaborated with different maceration times. The different maceration times affected the qualitative and quantitative proanthocyanidin composition of the resulting wines, the total proanthocyanidin content increasing with the maceration time. The percentage of skin-derived proanthocyanidins was always higher than that of seed-derived proanthocyanidins for all the maceration time assayed, although the contribution of seed proanthocyanidins to wine composition increased for the longest maceration time. However, the study also shows that differences exist between wines elaborated with the same maceration time but with different varieties, indicating the importance of two factors, the initial concentration of grape phenolic compounds and their extractability, on the final concentration of wine proanthocyanidins. In this way, the wines obtained from Syrah had the highest proanthocyanidin content compared with the corresponding wines from Cabernet Sauvignon or Monastrell, even though Syrah grapes presented the lowest proanthocyanidin content in skins and similar seed proanthocyanidin content to Cabernet and Monastrell grapes.     

Influence of ripening stage and maceration length on the contribution of grape skins,seeds and stems to phenolic composition and astringency in wine-simulated macerations

This paper studies the influence of ripening stage and maceration time (1–23 days) on the contribution of each cluster grape components to phenolic composition and astringency in wine-simulated macerations. In general terms, proanthocyanidin extraction from skins, stems and especially from seeds increased with maceration time. The ripening stage also had a major influence on tannin extraction and astringency. The tannin contribution from skins and stems increased with ripening but the contribution from the seeds decreased. The contribution to astringency from all cluster components was clearly higher when the grapes were unripened. The mean degree of polymerization of the tannins from skin and seed components was unaffected by ripening and maceration length.     

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Primitivo Wine: Comparison among Winemaking Technologies

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching‐down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic‐skin‐seed tannins, heating of must‐wine, cryo‐maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, β‐carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1‐y‐aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to β‐carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and β‐carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their shelf life.     

Impact of Processing Parameters on the Phenolic Profile of Wines Produced from Hybrid Red Grapes Maréchal Foch,Corot noir,and Marquette

Phenolic extraction in hybrid and interspecific wine grape cultivars is poorly understood, especially in terms of the impact of fermentation and enological conditions on condensed tannins and anthocyanins. Following fractionation via solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography, phenolic profiles of must and wine from red hybrid grape cultivars Maréchal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette were examined to assess the impact of enzyme and tannin addition, cold soak, and hot press during vinification. Across cultivars, hot press treatments resulted in the greatest extraction of condensed tannin, anthocyanin, and other monomeric phenolic compounds in musts, and treatments that increased skin contact time or cellular degradation during fermentation produced higher concentrations of tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonols. However, these increases were transient, evincing incomplete carryover into finished wines. Depending on initial must extraction, diglucoside forms of anthocyanins were either selectively extracted or selectively retained throughout fermentation when compared to their monoglucoside counterparts. Typical of hybrid grapes, tannin concentrations across cultivars were low, even under hot press conditions. For condensed tannins and anthocyanins, a cultivar‐specific, stable‐state concentration and phenolic profile emerged regardless of fermentation conditions. Due to the high levels of diglucoside anthocyanins and low levels of condensed tannins, it is expected that the color development and profile in these wines produced from hybrid grape cultivars will be dictated by the monomeric anthocyanins and their potential role in copigmentation processes involving other monomeric phenolic species, as opposed to the formation of polymeric color pigments.     

Bitterness and astringency of grape and wine polyphenols

Extracts containing anthocyanins (ACN), and skin tannins (SKIN) and seed tannins (SEED) were prepared from Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Franc grapes grown in the Loire Valley, and characterised. Phenolic fractions from Cabernet Franc wines made from three Loire Valley locations were also isolated and characterised. Bitterness and astringency of ACN, SEED and SKIN as well as the wine extracts were evaluated by time intensity procedures in citric acid solution and in a base white wine. SEED and SKIN were equally astringent when tasted at the same concentration in spite of differences in tannin composition. The lower molecular weight (MW) of SEED was equal in astringency to larger MW SKIN which had a lower percentage of galloylation. The SEED fraction was slightly more bitter than the SKIN fraction in the citric acid solution, although no difference could be detected between samples in base white wine. Astringency of ACN alone was much lower than either SKIN or SEED. Addition of ACN to either tannin fraction produced very small sensory effects in citric acid. In wine, addition of ACN to either SEED or SKIN increased astringency significantly over either fraction alone, but had no effect on bitterness. The wine fractions differed only in astringency, which was correlated with tannin units as determined by thiolysis.     

Comparison of fining red wines with purified grape pomace versus commercial fining agents: effect on wine chromatic characteristics and phenolic content

The large quantity of grape pomace (seeds, skin, and peduncle) produced during the winemaking process can be a problem and the search for procedures which could permit their valorisation is considered an important issue. This study investigates the use of purified grape pomace as a fining agent for reducing the level of some wine phenolic compounds, especially tannins. For this, purified grape pomace was applied to three young red wines of different phenolic composition and the results were compared with the effect of some common commercial fining agents. The results demonstrated that grape pomace can be used to decrease the wine tannin content with similar results to those obtained with casein, while also reducing anthocyanin content although to a similar extent to when bentonite is used. The effect of purified Monastrell grapes pomace is similar in the three different studied wines although it affected the most to wines with high monomeric anthocyanin content.     

适宜‘法国野’葡萄的葡萄酒生产类型探究

为挖掘云南地方酿酒葡萄品种‘法国野’的酿酒潜力,筛选适合该品种的葡萄酒生产类型和基本工艺。采用4种工艺酿制2个类型葡萄酒:浸渍发酵法(maceration-fermentation,MF)酿制干红葡萄酒、冷浸渍+放血法(cold pre-fermentation maceration&saignée,CMS)酿制桃红葡萄酒、冷浸渍+放血+浸渍发酵法(cold pre-fermentation maceration,saignée and maceration-fermentation,CMS-MF)酿制干红葡萄酒,直接压榨法(direct press,DP)酿制桃红葡萄酒,其中2款干红葡萄酒均进行苹果酸-乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)。陈酿3个月后,对4款葡萄酒进行理化指标分析和感官评价。结果表明:与DP和MF相比,CMS和CMS-MF可分别显著提高桃红和干红葡萄酒的单宁、花色苷、总浸出物含量及色度;且CMS和DP桃红葡萄酒的香气、口感和总评得分均显著高于MF和CMS-MF干红葡萄酒,但同类型葡萄酒间的感官质量并无显著差异(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明,感官评价总评得分与酒精度和可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关,与花色苷、单宁和总浸出物含量呈显著或极显著负相关,这证明了MF和MLF工艺均不利于改善‘法国野’葡萄酒的感官质量。此外,与CMS相比,DP可显著提高葡萄汁的还原糖含量和最终葡萄酒的酒精度,并显著降低对单宁的浸提,且保持相当的感官质量。因此,酿酒葡萄‘法国野’更适合于酿造桃红葡萄酒,可将DP作为首选工艺,因其在确保葡萄酒感官质量的同时,又可减少工序、节约成本。     

不同单宁提升赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的比较分析

本研究以新疆石河子产区所种植的赤霞珠葡萄为实验原料,通过在酒精发酵前分别以两种不同浓度（200 mg/L、400 mg/L）添加4种不同种类的单宁（橡木单宁、缩合单宁、葡萄单宁、鞣花单宁）,探究4种不同种类的单宁在不同添加量下对新疆产区红葡萄酒色泽及口感的影响。结果表明：当所有单宁的添加量在200 mg/L时,葡萄酒的色泽都有所提升,其中添加缩合单宁200 mg/L时,效果最为明显,色度值为21.52,该处理下葡萄酒的色度高出对照组27.25%,且随着陈酿进行到6个月时,添加缩合单宁200 mg/L的葡萄酒色度依然最高,色度值为24.38,且色泽稳定性较好,酒体呈现深宝石红色,香气较浓郁,带有甘草香。实验表明单宁的添加可以改善葡萄酒陈酿后的色泽稳定性,同时使得香气更加浓郁。该实验为新疆石河子产区的实际生产提供理论依据。     

Colour and phenolic compounds in sweet red wines from Merlot and Tempranillo grapes chamber-dried under controlled conditions

Chamber drying under controlled temperature and humidity conditions of the red grape varieties Merlot and Tempranillo grown in Andalusia (Spain), and the fortification and maceration of the musts in the presence of skin from both types of grapes, to obtain sweet red wines, has been studied. Changes in colour and in monomeric and polymeric phenols during the vinification process were examined. Chamber drying increased the sugar content to about 31.4 °Brix within 48 h in Merlot grapes and 72 h in Tempranillo grapes. This drying process also causes skin rupture, facilitating the access of phenolic compounds to the pulp. The resulting musts exhibited slight browning and increased red hues, due to a high concentration of anthocyanins; maceration in the presence of grape skins for 24 h provided the best results. The end-product contained highly acceptable tannin, colour and phenolic compounds for marketing as a high quality sweet red wine, in comparison with other commercial sweet red wines.