食品接触材料中多环芳烃在食品模拟物中的迁移规律研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法,对食品接触材料中多环芳烃在水、乙酸(体积分数为3%)、乙醇(体积分数为10%)和异辛烷等4种食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行了研究,研究迁移量与实验的温度、时间和模拟物属性等参数的关系。结果表明:模拟物的属性对迁移行为有显著影响,迁移量随温度的升高和时间的增加而变大。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯饮料瓶食品级循环再生料中锑的迁移行为

该研究探究聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)饮料瓶和再生食品级再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(regenerated polyethylene terephthalate, rPET)切片中锑迁移情况,及食品模拟液、温度对PET饮料瓶和rPET切片中锑迁移行为的影响。将PET饮料瓶和rPET切片样品在4%(体积分数)乙酸、10%(体积分数)和20%(体积分数)乙醇食品模拟液中完全浸泡,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对PET饮料瓶和rPET切片中的锑进行定量分析。通过实验迁移量与迁移模型预测曲线拟合,分析不同食品模拟液和温度对迁移扩散系数的影响。结果表明,在60℃且达到迁移平衡时,rPET切片较PET饮料瓶中锑向不同食品模拟液中的迁移量均增加;对比3种食品模拟液,PET饮料瓶和rPET切片中锑向4%乙酸食品模拟液中扩散系数更高;在不同温度下,PET饮料瓶中锑向4%乙酸中迁移的实验测定值与迁移模型预测曲线拟合效果良好(拟合度达0.9以上),温...     

微波条件对食品接触材料化学迁移的影响

模拟微波炉使用条件,考察了多种不同材质的食品接触材料在4种食品模拟物(水、4%乙酸、65%乙醇、正己烷)中总迁移量大小和迁移规律。结果表明,样品在一种或多种食品模拟物中都有一定程度的迁移,且在4%乙酸中迁移相对较大。通过研究微波条件对食品接触材料迁移的影响,发现随着微波加热功率的增大和加热时间的延长,样品向食品模拟物中的迁移量增大。随着样品循环使用次数的增加,迁移量逐渐减少。     

食品包装材料中双酚A迁移量的测定

建立采用高效液相色谱法对塑料食品包装材料中双酚A向食品模拟物迁移量的检测方法。使用4种食品模拟物：水、质量分数为4%乙酸溶液、体积分数30%的乙醇溶液和脂肪类模拟物(正己烷、异辛烷和橄榄油)。结果表明,双酚A在与食品塑料包装接触过程中,无论在何种情况下都会向食品模拟物中迁移,尤其向醇类模拟物中迁移最严重;在温度超过60℃时,双酚A向食品模拟物中的迁移率骤增;在微波加热条件,高火700W功率时双酚A向食品模拟物中的迁移速率最快。该方法检测限为0.3ng/mL,线性范围为0.5～100ng/mL,线性相关系数为0.9997,回收率在92.0%～102.4%之间,相对标准偏差≤2.84%(n=5)。     

微波条件下陶瓷食品接触材料中有害重金属迁移行为的研究

目的 研究微波条件下陶瓷食品接触材料中有害重金属的迁移行为。方法 向陶瓷餐具中装入乙酸溶液, 进行常规处理和微波加热处理, 最后用火焰原子吸收分光光度计检测, 研究微波功率、加热时间和迁移液pH值对陶瓷餐具中铅、镉向乙酸溶液迁移的影响, 并将该方式与常规方式作对比。结果 铅、镉的迁移量随微波功率和加热时间的增加而增大, 并基本在加热15 min后达到迁移平衡; 微波功率不但影响铅、镉的迁移速度, 还影响其达到迁移平衡时的浓度; 铅、镉的迁移量随迁移液pH值的降低而增大。结论 通过短时间的微波加热, 即可使铅、镉的迁移量达到甚至显著超出(22?2)℃温度下浸泡24 h?20 min的迁移量。     

塑料餐饮具中酞酸酯向不同食品模拟物迁移效果研究

为了解塑料餐饮具中邻苯二甲酸种类化合物向食品中的迁移规律,以一次性塑料水杯、碗为主要研究对象,以异辛烷、10%(体积分数)的乙醇、3%(体积分数)的乙酸和水为食品物模拟物,对塑料制品中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类的浸出量随时间和温度的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4种食品模拟物中浸出量由高到低依次为异辛烷、10%的乙醇、3%的乙酸和水,且16种邻苯二甲酸酯在4中不同模拟物中迁移量随时间的增加和温度的升高而变大。     

双酚A在食品模拟物中的迁移规律研究

采用高效液相色谱法,对食品接触材料中双酚A在蒸馏水、质量浓度3%乙酸、体积分数为10%乙醇和异辛烷等4种食品模拟物中的迁移规律进行了研究,研究双酚A迁移量与试验的温度、时间、pH和模拟物属性等参数的关系。结果表明:模拟物的属性对双酚A的溶出迁移行为有显著影响,双酚A的溶出迁移量随温度的升高和时间的增加而变大。     

加热方式对聚碳酸酯中双酚A迁移规律影响

结合聚碳酸酯(PC)塑料的实际使用情况,以蒸馏水、自来水和矿泉水为食品模拟物,采用高效液相-荧光检测法测定PC塑料中双酚A在微波加热和恒温加热时向不同水质中的迁移量。结果表明:微波加热和恒温加热条件下,迁移率均随加热时间的延长而增加,其中蒸馏水中迁移率最低。微波加热比常规恒温加热达到平衡的时间缩短近12倍,说明微波加热能加速塑料中有害物质的迁移速率;蒸馏水和自来水在2种加热方式下的最大迁移率并无差别(P>0.05),矿泉水在微波加热时最大迁移率要高于恒温加热(P<0.01),因此,使用微波加热食品时,应注意容器所盛装食品的性质和控制加热的时间,以免引起PC容器中双酚A向食品的迁移。     

酸性食品模拟物对金属罐甲醛迁移的适用性研究

建立食品模拟物中甲醛的迁移量和真实食品中甲醛含量的HPLC测定方法，调查了60℃、10 d迁移条件下4%(体积分数)乙酸对涂层金属罐的腐蚀情况。以环氧涂层中典型的挥发性物质甲醛为研究对象，研究了6种食品模拟物模拟21种金属罐装酸性食品的适用性。结果表明，在模拟食品长期贮存条件(60℃,10 d)下，19%的金属罐灌装乙酸溶液后发生了腐蚀；对于发生乙酸腐蚀的空罐样品，建议采用5 g/L柠檬酸作为此类产品用空罐中甲醛迁移量的食品模拟物。对于未发生乙酸溶液腐蚀的空罐样品，采用3 g/L与5 g/L柠檬酸及10%(体积分数)乙醇作为食品模拟物会导致超过80%的酸性罐装食品中甲醛含量的低估，此时推荐4%(体积分数)乙酸作为此类产品用空罐的甲醛迁移量测试的食品模拟物。     

2019年上海市微波食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移风险监测

目的 评估微波食品包装中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)塑化剂至食品中的迁移风险进行。方法 采集90批次微波加热食品, 依据GB 31604.30-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定和迁移量的测定》, 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测, 并考察样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果 90批次微波加热食品包装中, 共计有18批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂, 检出率为20%。其中15批次样品检出含量在0~10 mg/kg范围内, 最高检出含量为29.86 mg/kg。迁移实验未检出有塑化剂的迁移。结论 2019年上海市微波食品包装引入塑化剂污染的风险较低, 正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

正交实验法优化提取生姜姜辣素的工艺研究

以乙醇作为提取剂,在单因素实验基础上,通过正交试验对工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数80%,微波温度55℃,微波时间120s,微波功率300W,料液比1:14(g/mL),在此条件下,生姜姜辣素提取率可达1.7108%。     

微波辅助提取枇杷叶中总黄酮的工艺研究

以枇杷叶为原料,考察了枇杷叶中总黄酮提取率的主要因素。在单因素实验基础上,通过正交试验优化了提取总黄酮的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数60％,料液比1：25（g／mL）,微波时间7min,微波温度65％,在此条件下枇杷叶中总黄酮的提取率达16．24％。     

Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine-formaldehyde plastics ('melaware') into various food simulants and foods themselves

A variety of melaware articles were tested for the migration of melamine into the food simulant 3% w/v acetic acid as a benchmark, and into other food simulants, beverages and foods for comparison. The results indicate that the acidity of the food simulant plays a role in promoting migration, but not by as much as might have been anticipated, since 3% acetic acid gave migration values about double those obtained using water under the same time and temperature test conditions. In contrast, migration into the fatty food simulant olive oil was not detectable and at least 20-fold lower than with the aqueous food simulants. This was expected given the solubility properties of melamine and the characteristics of the melaware plastic. Migration levels into hot acidic beverages (apple juice, tomato juice, red-fruit tea and black coffee) were rather similar to the acetic acid simulant when the same time and temperature test conditions are used, e.g. 2 h at 70°C. However, migration levels into foods that were placed hot into melaware articles and then allowed to cool on standing were much lower (6-14 times lower) than if pre-heated food was placed into the articles and then maintained (artificially) at that high temperature in the same way that a controlled time-temperature test using simulants would be conducted. This very strong influence of time and especially temperature was manifest in the effects seen of microwave heating of food or beverage in the melaware articles. Here, despite the short duration of hot contact, migration levels were similar to simulants used for longer periods, e.g. 70°C for 2 h. This is rationalized in terms of the peak temperature achieved on microwave heating, which may exceed 70°C, counterbalancing the shorter time period held hot. There was also evidence that when using melaware utensils in boiling liquids, as for stovetop use of spatulas, the boiling action of circulating food/simulant can have an additional effect in promoting surface erosion, increasing the plastic decomposition and so elevating the melamine release.     

Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants

An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01–1.75 mg l^?1. Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.     

Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine–formaldehyde plastics (‘melaware’) into various food simulants and foods themselves

A variety of melaware articles were tested for the migration of melamine into the food simulant 3% w/v acetic acid as a benchmark, and into other food simulants, beverages and foods for comparison. The results indicate that the acidity of the food simulant plays a role in promoting migration, but not by as much as might have been anticipated, since 3% acetic acid gave migration values about double those obtained using water under the same time and temperature test conditions. In contrast, migration into the fatty food simulant olive oil was not detectable and at least 20-fold lower than with the aqueous food simulants. This was expected given the solubility properties of melamine and the characteristics of the melaware plastic. Migration levels into hot acidic beverages (apple juice, tomato juice, red-fruit tea and black coffee) were rather similar to the acetic acid simulant when the same time and temperature test conditions are used, e.g. 2?h at 70°C. However, migration levels into foods that were placed hot into melaware articles and then allowed to cool on standing were much lower (6–14 times lower) than if pre-heated food was placed into the articles and then maintained (artificially) at that high temperature in the same way that a controlled time–temperature test using simulants would be conducted. This very strong influence of time and especially temperature was manifest in the effects seen of microwave heating of food or beverage in the melaware articles. Here, despite the short duration of hot contact, migration levels were similar to simulants used for longer periods, e.g. 70°C for 2?h. This is rationalized in terms of the peak temperature achieved on microwave heating, which may exceed 70°C, counterbalancing the shorter time period held hot. There was also evidence that when using melaware utensils in boiling liquids, as for stovetop use of spatulas, the boiling action of circulating food/simulant can have an additional effect in promoting surface erosion, increasing the plastic decomposition and so elevating the melamine release.     

不同加热方式对冷冻豆沙包食用品质及挥发性物质的比较分析

为探究加热方式对冷冻豆沙包成熟后的食用品质及挥发性物质的影响,采用万能蒸烤箱蒸制、传统蒸笼蒸制、微波加热三种方式分别对冷冻豆沙包进行加热,测定豆沙包的水分迁移、质构、色泽、比容、蒸煮特性以及挥发性风味物质。结果表明:不同加热方式对冷冻豆沙包的食用品质和挥发性风味物质相对含量影响显著差异(p0.05)。从水分分布分析,微波加热的豆沙包质子迁移率的变化最小;经质构分析,传统蒸笼蒸制的豆沙包硬度和咀嚼性最低;微波加热的豆沙包的L~*值最低,a~*值最高;传统蒸笼蒸制的豆沙包比容最大,失水率最小;p H值最大的是微波加热的豆沙包。通过固相微萃取技术(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)从万能蒸烤箱加热的豆沙包中分离鉴定出52种、传统蒸笼加热55种、微波加热54种挥发性风味物质,其成分类别主要包括醇类、酸类、酯类、醛类、酮酚类以及其他类化合物。综合以上指标,充分显示传统蒸笼蒸制更适宜冷冻面团的加热,该实验结果可为冷冻面团加热方式的选择与控制提供理论依据。     

蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺单体的迁移规律研究

结合蜜胺餐具的实际使用情况,选用合适的食品模拟物进行迁移实验,采用LC-MS/MS法测定三聚氰胺迁移量,研究蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺单体的迁移规律。重点考察了食品模拟物种类、接触时间、接触温度、乙酸浓度、乙醇浓度、重复使用和微波加热等迁移条件下蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移量的变化情况。结果表明酸性食品和牛奶中的三聚氰胺迁移风险较高,且需控制蜜胺餐具的使用温度、盛放时间、重复使用次数及微波加热功率和时间以降低密胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移风险。