微波在烘焙食品中的应用技术

在简述微波焙烤的机理和特点的基础上,分析微波技术在焙烤食品上的应用所存在的一些问题,包括微波焙烤食品表皮的形成和上色,加热的不均匀性,食品的口感和风味的改变以及微波焙烤的安全性等,并提出其相应处理的技术措施。最后,展望了微波焙烤的应用前景。     

微波灰化法测定焙烤食品中灰分的研究

建立用微波灰化仪测定焙烤食品中灰分的方法。运用程序升温微波灰化法对样品进行检测,寻找出测定焙烤食品灰分的最佳条件,检测结果和现行国家标准方法进行比对。数理统计结果表明,该方法与标准方法不但检测结果无显著性差异,且RSD值在0.52%~2.75%之间,结果重现性好,耗时少,能满足快速分析的要求,适用于焙烤食品灰分的批量检测。     

烘焙食品生产线上的电子警察——梅特勒-托利多为烘焙企业提供异物检测解决方案

随着生活节奏的日益加快,焙烤食品以其方便、营养、美味、香脆等特性逐渐成为人们的主食或副食。目前,主要的焙烤食品有饼干、面包、糕点、月饼、方便面、膨化食品等。方便、美味、开袋即食等是焙烤食品的主要特点．目前除了少数焙烤食品是在门店加工而成外,绝大多数焙烤食品依然是在工厂经过自动化配料、生产、     

焙烤食品添加剂的使用现状与发展研究

<正>笔者对现阶段我国焙烤食品添加剂的产业发展以及使用状况有一定的了解,认为我国现阶段焙烤食品添加剂使用存在着超剂量使用以及超范围使用的问题。将从复配型添加剂、天然添加剂以及添加剂三个方面合成工艺分析焙烤食品添加剂的发展趋势。焙烤食品主要是指方便面、饼干和面包等需要通过焙烤的食品。一般情况下焙烤食品都是以面粉、鸡蛋和马铃薯淀粉等为原料,加入一定量的食品添加     

无麸质面包加工技术改良新进展

无麸质面包是无麸质食品中最重要的组成部分,其品质因麸质蛋白的缺失而受到一定影响,但可以通过优化加工工艺有效改善其品质。优选廉价营养的原料搭配高效的添加剂是无麸质面包加工第一环,通过碾磨、热加工、微波、高压、发芽等原料预加工方式可以提升无麸质粉的加工适应性,酸面团发酵和化学膨松法则为面团制备增添新方案,真空焙烤、欧姆加热、微波辅助焙烤可为面包焙烤拓展新思路。本文以加工工艺流程为主线,对原料与添加剂的选择、原料预加工、面团制备、面包焙烤等无麸质面包品质改良技术进行了综述。     

低分子添加剂法抑制焙烤食品中丙烯酰胺的研究现状

丙烯酰胺属于对人可能致癌物质,其主要产生于食品加工过程中的Maillard反应。目前,关于丙烯酰胺的研究主要集中于油炸食品,但关于焙烤食品如面包、饼干、蛋糕等方面的研究较少,而且由于工艺的不同,油炸食品中可行的方法并不能直接应用于焙烤食品。使用低分子添加剂是目前较为新兴的抑制丙烯酰胺的方法,其在油炸食品及焙烤食品中均具有良好的效果,且对产品风味的影响较小。本文总结了近些年学者们通过使用低分子添加剂降低焙烤食品中丙烯酰胺含量的实践及研究。     

电热、微波焙烤对辣椒粉挥发性成分影响的差异性分析

为比较电热焙烤、微波焙烤对辣椒粉挥发性成分物质的影响,以固相微萃取及气相色谱-质谱联用检测技术作为鉴定方法。结果显示,电热焙烤和微波焙烤处理辣椒粉挥发性物质有明显区别,其中微波焙烤检出的芳香物质中,烷、烯、酯、吡嗪、酮、芳香族类化合物的含量都大于电热焙烤,只有醛类物质小于电热焙烤;由此得出,微波焙烤在辣椒粉加工过程中比电热焙烤更能提升其风味物质的含量。     

微波能在食品加工中的应用

微波能应用是指利用微波能量对物料加热达到生产要求的一种技术。国外自60年代起微波能应用达到实用化并深入各行各业。使用规模较大、应用成功的例子在食品加工业中最多。在日本微波能工业应用约70%比例集中在食品杀菌、焙烤、解冻和草席(榻榻     

改善可微波预油炸食品表皮脆性的研究进展

随着微波炉的普及、人们生活节奏的加快,以及人们对食品品质更营养、更卫生、更方便的追求,可微波预油炸食品正逐渐成为方便食品发展的主流。然而预油炸及焙烤食品经过微波复热后,表皮脆性及焦糊感部分丧失,产生表皮失脆现象,使产品品质大打折扣。本文讨论了可微波预油炸食品表皮失脆现象产生的原因,提出改善产品品质的方法,并针对近年来相关配料的研究进展,借鉴国内外研究经验,提出新的微波表皮脆性改良剂以及微波食品品质控制的方法。     

食品中2,3-丁二酮形成机制和检测方法的研究进展

2,3-丁二酮又名双乙酰,是一种具有奶油香味的重要香料,天然存在于奶油和发酵饮料中。作为一种重要的合成风味物质,2,3-丁二酮广泛应用于奶油味微波爆米花、巧克力、糖果、焙烤食品等的生产。最近的研究表明:2,3-丁二酮与闭塞性细支气管炎、活性氧过量产生等密切相关。食品中2,3-丁二酮的毒性问题引起了消费者和监管机构的广泛关注。文中对食品中2,3-丁二酮形成机制和检测方法方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

A quality comparison of breads baked by conventional versus nonconventional ovens: A review

Undesirable qualities of breads baked in nonconventional ovens have been observed by most researchers. The altered heat and mass transfer patterns and much shorter baking times associated with microwave radiation resulted in a crustless product with tougher, coarser, but less firm texture. Insufficient starch gelatinization, microwave-induced gluten changes, and rapidly generated gas and steam caused by the heating mode could be reasons for quality changes in the microwave-baked breads. Although breads baked in an electrical resistance oven did not brown, their interior characteristics and shelf-life were superior to those of products baked in a conventional oven. Bread with a superior keeping quality was obtained using an air impingement convection oven. The determination and explanation of the physical and biochemical changes that occur in products during baking in conventional versus nonconventional ovens are fruitful areas for future research.     

Effect of soy addition on microwavable pocket-type flat doughs

Microwavable frozen baked goods are widely used by the food industry. However, the altered heat and mass transfer patterns associated with microwave radiation result in tough and rubbery baked products due to reduced plasticization of the polymers. Ingredients with high water-holding capacity and high content of polar lipids have been shown to enhance gluten plasticization and to improve water retention. Therefore, this study explored the physicochemical changes imparted by microwave baking of pocket-type flat doughs with and without soy added at 10%, 20%, and 26% and compared these to their conventionally baked counterparts. Microwave baking resulted in a soft, rubbery, and tough wheat product with increased "freezable" water. Soy was added to the formulation as a means to improve polymer plasticization. Conventional baking of soy doughs resulted in rubbery and tough products due to changes in water state and mobility (freezable water approximately 15 compared with 7.09 of the control). However, soy reduced the cohesiveness of the microwave baked products reaching the lowest value at 20% soy addition (cohesiveness 0.33 ± 1, comparable to that of the conventionally baked control). These data suggest that reduction of water mobility induced by soy proteins and polar lipids (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [1H NMR]) possibly plasticized the starch-gluten network of microwave baked soy doughs. Thus, soy was shown to improve the texture of microwave baked pocket-type flat doughs although further formula optimization is warranted. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Microwavable pocket-type flat doughs are used frequently by the food industry to enrobe meat, vegetable, and sweet items for convenient meal delivery. Microwave heating of such doughs induces the development of crustless products compared to conventionally baked products, resulting in a tough and rubbery texture. Partial substitution of wheat flour with soy, in the form of soy flour and soy milk powder, prevented the deleterious textural changes associated with microwave heating. These results suggest that soy is a functional ingredient for the textural improvement of microwavable pocket-type flat doughs.     

微波加热下食品美拉德反应研究进展

微波加热作为一种高效、节能、环保的新型加热方式,在工业上的应用越来越广泛。微波加热下美拉德反应的早期反应程度更高,中期产物组成不同、挥发性芳香物质更丰富,晚期化合物的抗氧化性等生理活性显著增强,微波加热对美拉德反应产物有显著影响。文章主要介绍了微波加热下美拉德反应的影响因素、产物分析方法、产物类型及其在食品中的应用和研究进展。     

Effect of baking method on some characteristics of starch in pound cake crumbs

BACKGROUND: The effect of the baking process (microwave versus conventional oven) on some starch characteristics of pound cake was evaluated. Proximal chemical analysis, total resistant starch (RS), retrograded resistant starch (RS3), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were evaluated. Pound cake, one of the major products of Mexico's bread industry, was selected for analysis because the high moisture and fat content in the beaten dough might reduce the quality defects often associated with microwave baking. RESULTS: Crumbs from microwave‐baked pound cakes contained lower moisture than crumbs from conventionally baked pound cake. Lower RS was observed in fresh microwave‐baked than conventionally baked pound cake. RS3 increased significantly in conventionally baked products stored for 8 days at room temperature, whereas slightly lower changes in RS3 were observed in the microwaved product. DSC revealed less gelatinisation in microwaved pound cake which is related to limited water availability during the microwave heating process. The crystallinity peaks present in conventionally baked pound cake might be associated with RS3 content; the resistant retrograded starch formed during storage, is reflected in the XRD pattern. CONCLUSION: Microwave‐baked pound cake crumbs showed less gelatinisation than conventionally baked pound cake crumbs. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

食品微波加热过程中的传热模型

微波加热是一种快速简便的食品复热手段,但此种方法通常会导致受热不均匀。为了更好的将微波加热技术应用于食品的复热过程,解决受热过程"冷点"的出现,作者综述了食品微波加热过程传热模型的研究进展,并针对数值计算方法、模型理论和功率吸收进行了详细阐述,探讨了微波能在食品中转化成热能的机制,并分析了研究过程中存在的问题和发展方向。     

Infrared Heating in Food Processing: An Overview

ABSTRACT: Infrared (IR) heating provides significant advantages over conventional heating, including reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, absence of solute migration in food material, versatile, simple, and compact equipment, and significant energy saving. Infrared heating can be applied to various food processing operations, namely, drying, baking, roasting, blanching, pasteurization, and sterilization. Combinations of IR heating with microwave heating and other common conductive and convective modes of heating have been gaining momentum because of increased energy throughput. This article reviews aspects of IR heating and presents a theoretical basis for IR heat processing of food materials and the interaction of IR radiation with food components. The effect of IR on food quality attributes is discussed in the context of samples and process parameters. Applications of IR heating in food processing operations and future research potential are also reviewed.     

Research progress in fluid and semifluid microwave heating technology in food processing

Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation that has high penetration and heating efficiency in food processing. Uneven heating is the main problem of microwave processing, especially in solid foods. Fluid and semifluid media, which are good carriers in microwave processing, have uniform dielectric properties and good material fluidity. Herein, we review the development, application prospects, and limitations of microwave in fluid and semifluid food processing and the research progress in microwave heating with steam as carrier. The mixture of generated steam and tiny micro droplets from food material under the action of microwave can absorb microwave and transfer heat evenly, which effectively improves the uniformity of microwave heating. Due to the relatively uniform dielectric properties and consistent texture of fluid and semifluid food materials, uneven heating phenomenon during their microwave processing can be significantly inhibited. Based on the development of microwave heating technology and equipment design, the microbial inactivation and enzyme inhibition in fluid and semifluid food were improved and food product with better retention of nutrients and sensory profile were produced. Also, microwave radiation can be used to prepare the printing material or process the printed product for 3D food printing, which enhances the added value of 3D printed products and the personalization of food manufacturing. In future research, intelligent control technology can be applied in the microwave processing of fluid and semifluid food materials for various applications. Therefore, the processing conditions can be adjusted automatically.     

Optimum Cooking Conditions for Shrimp and Atlantic Salmon

The quality and safety of a cooked food product depends on many variables, including the cooking method and time–temperature combinations employed. The overall heating profile of the food can be useful in predicting the quality changes and microbial inactivation occurring during cooking. Mathematical modeling can be used to attain the complex heating profile of a food product during cooking. Studies were performed to monitor the product heating profile during the baking and boiling of shrimp and the baking and pan‐frying of salmon. Product color, texture, moisture content, mass loss, and pressed juice were evaluated during the cooking processes as the products reached the internal temperature recommended by the FDA. Studies were also performed on the inactivation of Salmonella cocktails in shrimp and salmon. To effectively predict inactivation during cooking, the Bigelow, Fermi distribution, and Weibull distribution models were applied to the Salmonella thermal inactivation data. Minimum cooking temperatures necessary to destroy Salmonella in shrimp and salmon were determined. The heating profiles of the 2 products were modeled using the finite difference method. Temperature data directly from the modeled heating profiles were then used in the kinetic modeling of quality change and Salmonella inactivation during cooking. The optimum cooking times for a 3‐log reduction of Salmonella and maintaining 95% of quality attributes are 100, 233, 159, 378, 1132, and 399 s for boiling extra jumbo shrimp, baking extra jumbo shrimp, boiling colossal shrimp, baking colossal shrimp, baking Atlantic salmon, and pan frying Atlantic Salmon, respectively.