Changes in urea-dispersibility of proteins during maturation

The quantity of proteins involved in gluten formation in wheat harvested at various stages of development of the grain was inversely related to absorbence at 280 mμ of 3 M -urea extracts. The amount of protein, as determined by the biuret procedure, in the 3·0 M -urea extracts did not change during maturation. Thus the decreasing absorbence (280 mμ) with increasing maturity between 27 to 17 days pre-ripe seems to indicate a gradual increase in molecular weight and complexity of the synthesised proteins. The changes in formation of gluten proteins were accompanied by a decrease in water- and salt-dispersible proteins, and paralleled improvement in bread-making properties of the flours.     

花生蛋白多肽饮料肽含量测定重复性差原因研究

对经TCA沉淀、用双缩脲法测定花生蛋白多肽饮料中肽含量重复性差原因进行研究,从沉淀时间、TCA浓度及与样品体积比、离心速度和时间、放置时间、显色时间及反应体系pH几方面因素进行探讨。研究表明,处理液中TCA浓度在0.30 mol/L~0.43 mol/L范围内,沉淀和放置时间对肽含量不具有显著性影响;在11 000 r/min,10 min下离心,静置30 min,与双缩脲1∶3反应,肽含量稳定。     

Effect of glucose and glycine addition to cocoa mass before roasting on Maillard precursor consumption and pyrazine formation

Cocoa mass was treated with glucose and/or glycine before roasting. For glucose‐treated samples the reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids were 41.1 and 56.9% respectively, whereas for glycine‐treated samples the respective reductions were 16.2 and 37.4%. The combination of glucose plus glycine treatment led to 39.0 and 48.9% reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids respectively. For free amino acids the reductions in control and glucose‐treated samples were similar, 56.2 and 56.9% respectively, indicating that the added glucose did not significantly (P < 0.05) influence the free amino acid uptake. When glycine was added, the consumption of free amino acids (37.4%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments. When glucose and glycine were added, the reduction in free amino acids (48.9%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments but higher than for the glycine treatment. Apparently, glycine addition inhibited the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption, whereas glucose addition enhanced the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption. The glucose plus glycine treatment was similar to the glycine treatment in the contents of 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and trimethylpyrazines. For 2‐methylpyrazine the value for glucose‐treated samples was lower than for control and glycine‐treated samples but almost equal to the value for the glucose plus glycine treatment. It is concluded that the addition of glucose and/or glycine does not affect pyrazine production. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻米蛋白质测定方法的比较与分析

分别利用凯氏定氮法和双缩脲法对10个稻米样品的蛋白质含量进行测定。比较发现,两种方法的测定结果并不相同,并表现出双缩脲法的测定结果较凯氏定氮法小约10%～20%的规律。提出利用已标定蛋白质含量的稻米为标样,基于双缩脲反应原理,进行蛋白质测定的分析方法,结果表明,该法可获得较高的检测精度。     

大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化特性

大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖按质量比1∶1混合后通过美拉德反应生成大豆糖蛋白, 通过测定不同反应温度（70、80、90 ℃）、反应时间（0、1、2、3、4、5、6 h）大豆糖蛋白的还原能力、羟自由 基清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、游离氨基含量、 褐变程度、紫外光谱扫描分析和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）等指标,探讨大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化性及其作用机理。结果表明：随着反应时间的延 长、反应温度的升高,大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化性越高、游离氨基含量下降越多、反应褐变程度越大,90 ℃、6 h制 得的大豆糖蛋白还原能力达到最高,比SPI还原能力高4.6 倍;90 ℃、5 h的大豆糖蛋白羟自由基清除能力最高,为 5.87%,是SPI羟自由基清除率的1.69 倍;同时在90 ℃、5 h制得的大豆糖蛋白还具有最高的DPPH自由基清除率,比 SPI提高了2.68 倍。由大豆糖蛋白的紫外光谱二阶导数分析可知,经过美拉德反应后蛋白中色氨酸发生偏移,而从 SDS-PAGE的分析中也看出蛋白质与糖发生聚合。因此,大豆蛋白葡萄糖反应生成的大豆糖蛋白具有很强的抗氧化 性,并且抗氧化性与蛋白结构的变化密切相关。     

米肽-葡萄糖湿法接枝反应产物的功能性质

以米渣为原料制备的米肽与葡萄糖进行湿法接枝反应,考察影响反应产物功能性质(乳化及乳化稳定性、抗氧化性)的4 种因素。结果表明：随着反应温度和反应时间的增加,产物接枝度、褐变度增大,抗氧化性增强,时间过长则接枝度、乳化性及乳化稳定性逐渐降低;随着反应起始pH6～10 升高,米肽和接枝产物的乳化性均增加,抗氧化性和乳化稳定性先增后减,且产物的乳化性和抗氧化性均大于米肽,pH 值为8 时接枝产物还原力达0.798;随着反应底物质量浓度增加,米肽和接枝产物的乳化性均呈现先增后减的趋势,乳化稳定性有明显提高,抗氧化性增强;米肽和葡萄糖质量比对产物的乳化性作用明显,其质量比为1:2 时乳化性提高最显著,提高幅度达35.13%;其质量比对产物的抗氧化性影响不明显。     

美拉德反应修饰的鲢鱼肽抗氧化活性初探

美拉德反应修饰是改善肽抗氧化活性的新途径。本实验采用鲢鱼肽与葡萄糖作为反应原料,以不同的浓度反应0,2,4,6,8,10h,并分别对棕色变化、还原糖、游离氨基、还原力和DPPH自由基清除活性进行了测定,结果表明美拉德反应产物均表现出很好的抗氧化活性,还原力在一定的范围内随时间的增加而增强,E组(10g鲢鱼肽和5g葡萄糖)最大,在10h时为A组的6.09倍。清除DPPH自由基的活性则在2h时达到较高的值,E组具有最高的的自由基清除率为64.45%。美拉德反应产物的还原力与DPPH自由基清除活性不一致,而且其抗氧化能力不完全依赖于产物的褐变程度。     

Effect of substrate ratios and temperatures on development of Maillard reaction and antioxidant activity of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) protein hydrolysate–glucose system

The study of antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates is necessary during its processing in which Maillard reaction would often occur. To understand the effect of Maillard reaction on antioxidant activity of silver carp protein hydrolysates (SPH), the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared at different ratios between SPH and glucose by Maillard reaction in powdered state, respectively. MRPs possessed a strong 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power (P < 0.05). The hydrolysate and glucose heated with the ratio of 2:1 at 60 °C showed high browning intensity and good antioxidant properties (P < 0.05). According to the correlation coefficients of variables included in the hydrolysate–glucose system, good correlations were observed among the antioxidant activities, the absorbance at 294 nm and the loss of free amino groups. The results suggested that Maillard reaction has a good potential to improve the antioxidant activity of SPH.     

CHANGES IN SUGARS AND LYSINE IN BABY FOODS DURING STORAGE

The effect of storage on sugar content (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and free lysine in vegetable, meat, fish and fruit baby foods for a period of two years and at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25C were studied. The results showed that under these storage conditions a decrease occurred in fructose, glucose and sucrose for vegetable, meat and fish foods. A drop in sucrose was found in the fruit sample, together with an increase in fructose and glucose. The increase of reducing sugars in this sample is attributed to the hydrolysis of sucrose, an effect which is favorable because of storage temperature. A drop in free lysine was found for the four types of samples; this decrease was dependent on storage temperature but mainly on the time of storage. After one year, the levels of lysine were decreased by half or more at all temperatures. Although infants can get lysine from other sources such as milk and cereals, the lysine loss can be important leading to negative nutritional consequences if infants mainly eat baby foods stored at least for one year. The loss of reducing sugars and of lysine showed that during storage of these products a Maillard browning reaction between reducing sugar and lysine occurred.     

再生纤维素在皮革中的应用

对再生纤维和葡萄糖分别还原重铬酸盐制备铬鞣剂 ,以及纤维素在不同条件下还原性糖的生成量进行了研究 ,得到了最佳制备工艺条件 ,并对鞣剂进行了鞣革应用试验。结果表明 :不同还原剂的还原速率 ,随温度的变化 ,差别较大 ;酸量和时间对还原性糖的生成量影响较大 ;用再生纤维制备铬鞣剂 ,工艺可行 ,整个过程无三废污染 ,成革质量优于葡萄糖还原制备的铬鞣剂     

Technical Note: Effect of Sample Processing Procedures on Measurement of Starch in Corn Silage and Corn Grain

Methods for processing feedstuffs before analysis can affect analytical results. Effects of drying temperature (corn silage), preservation method (corn grain), and grinding method (corn silage and grain) on starch analysis values were evaluated. Corn silage samples dried at 55 or 105°C and grain samples dried at 55°C were ground to pass the 1-mm screen of an abrasion mill or cutting mill and analyzed for free glucose and starch corrected for free glucose. Starch analyses were performed in triplicate to assess the effect of treatment on precision of starch determination. Drying at 105°C decreased free glucose and tended to decrease starch detected in silage. Decreased free glucose and starch values in silages dried at 105°C may have been caused by the destruction of glucose and production of Maillard products through nonenzymatic browning. Maillard products with reducing activity could potentially interfere with the glucose oxidase-peroxidase glucose detection method used. Compared with the cutting mill, grinding samples through the abrasion mill increased the precision of starch measures in silage, likely due to the effect of the finer particle size produced by the abrasion mill allowing more accurate subsampling of a more homogeneous matrix. Starch values were greater for grain ground with an abrasion mill than with a cutting mill, with the difference greater for dry-rolled than for high-moisture corn. For starch analysis of corn silage and corn grain, drying at lower temperatures (55°C) in forced-air ovens and grinding through the 1-mm screen of an abrasion mill or its equivalent is recommended.     

山茱萸籽粕亚临界水降解动力学及多糖性质研究

本实验以山茱萸籽粕为原料,进行山茱萸籽粕亚临界水降解研究,测定不同降解温度、降解时间下液态产物的还原糖含量,采用Saeman模型模拟分析,建立降解动力学方程,得到降解动力学参数,并对降解物进行理化性质的分析。结果表明,Saeman模型能较好反映山茱萸籽粕亚临界水降解的过程,初步降解的反应活化能E_a1为29.47 kJ/mol、还原糖降解活化能E_a2为22.21 kJ/mol、指前因子K₁₀为101.49 min-1、K₂₀为20.28 min-1,在降解温度160 ℃、降解时间20 min条件下,能得到产量较高的还原糖。单糖组成分析表明,山茱萸籽多糖主要由葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸组成,其总糖含量高达78.82%;扫描电镜和红外光谱结构分析结果表明,多糖结构呈表面光滑,无规则颗粒状,粒径大小不一的球状结构物,为吡喃型糖苷环骨架;抗氧化活性分析结果表明,山茱萸籽多糖具有较好的自由基清除能力,在质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率分别为85.61%、63.40%、76.20%。本试验结果为山茱萸籽多糖的进一步分离纯化和理化特性、形态结构的分析提供了参考。     

咖啡香精的热反应制备工艺优化

通过正交试验确定热反应制备咖啡香精的工艺条件,并用气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对产物进行分析。结果表明,在氨基酸总添加量5g、还原糖总添加量4g、丙二醇100g、95%乙醇10g、去离子水40g、pH6～8时,优化的工艺条件是葡萄糖和果糖配比1:1.5、精氨酸和赖氨酸配比2.5:1、反应温度115℃、反应时间4.5h,此条件下所得咖啡香精的颜色和香气最好。样品经正己烷萃取、GC-MS分析,共检测出糠醇、麦芽酚、二甲基吡嗪、乙酰基吡咯、硫醇等25种挥发性风味物质,主要为吡嗪、吡咯、呋喃、酚等及其取代物。     

糖基化反应对花生分离蛋白乳化性的影响

为通过糖基化提高花生分离蛋白的乳化性,探讨了接枝度、不同还原糖种类、反应温度以及还原糖比例对花生分离蛋白乳化性的影响。结果表明:采用葡萄糖与花生分离蛋白反应所得产物的接枝度较麦芽糖高,即葡萄糖的反应性好于麦芽糖;采用葡萄糖与麦芽糖糖基化后花生分离蛋白的乳化性均得到提高,且葡萄糖所得乳化活性较高,而麦芽糖所得乳化稳定性较高;反应温度高于花生分离蛋白的变性温度(60℃)时,其乳化性反而降低;花生分离蛋白与糖的质量比为1∶2时比1∶1和1∶3更有利于改善蛋白质的乳化性;糖基化改性后,花生分离蛋白的乳化性接近于食品中常用的酪蛋白酸钠。     

美拉德反应法制备腊肉香精的工艺优化

为制备具有抗氧化性的腊肉香精,以川味烟熏腊肉酶解液为基料,研究美拉德反应制备腊肉香精的工艺条件。采用Friedman排序检验法,对不同还原糖种类及配比、氨基酸种类、反应时间、反应温度和起始pH进行单因素试验。在单因素基础上,采用L₁₈(37)正交表进行正交试验设计,以感官评价值和DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,得到制备抗氧化腊肉香精最佳工艺条件。结果表明:氨基酸为L-半胱氨酸,还原糖配比为葡萄糖(G)+木糖(X)(G+X质量比为3:1),原始pH(5.8~5.9),G+X(3:1)、L-半胱氨酸、盐酸硫胺素添加量分别为腊肉酶解液质量的4%、0.10%、0.30%,反应时间为40 min,反应温度为110℃。在此条件下得到的腊肉香精,具有饱满的腊肉香味,感官评分为8.3±0.5,DPPH清除率达到86.37%±0.51%,有较强的抗氧化性。     

Antioxidative Maillard Reaction Products from Reducing Sugars and Free Amino Acids in Cooked Ground Pork Patties

Fifteen preformed Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared by refluxing 0.2M of three individual reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, and dihydroxyacetone) with 0.2M of five free amino acids (arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and tryptophan). MRP were added (3% v/w basis) to fresh ground pork patties prior to cooking and cooked to internal temperature 68°C and stored ai 4°C for 10 days. Samples were analyzed for TBA value on dav 0. 5. and 10. MRP were effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation in groind‘pdrk patties. The most effective were xyloselysine, xylose-tryptophan, dihydroxyacetone-histidine, and dihydroxy-acetone-tryptophan when compared to controls. A significant interaction (P < 0.001) existed between reducing sugars and amino acids.     

梅鱼内脏酶解液美拉德反应工艺优化及挥发性物质分析

本文以综合感官评分为评价指标,对梅鱼内脏酶解液与还原糖美拉德反应的条件进行了优化。以吸光度和感官评分作为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优化美拉德反应条件,并对其反应产物的挥发性成分和抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明,当反应温度为120 ℃,反应时间为100 min,pH为9.0,葡萄糖与木糖之比为1:1时,梅鱼内脏酶解液美拉德反应的感官效果最高评分为7.51。在此条件下,通过对产物SPME-GC-MS分析,从梅鱼内脏酶解液美拉德反应产物中检测出致香成分89种,其中主要有46.79%醛类、7.26%醇类、1.31%吡嗪类、3.04%呋喃类、1.62%噻唑类等化合物。在最优条件下,通过美拉德反应后,梅鱼内脏酶解液的DPPH自由基清除能力从50.26%增加至73.59%,羟自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力也有所提高,证明美拉德反应提高了梅鱼内脏酶解液的抗氧化性。     

Level of Acrylamide Precursors Asparagine, Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Potatoes Sold at Retail in Italy and in the United States

The free amino acid asparagine and the reducing sugars glucose and fructose has been reported to serve as precursors for the heat‐induced formation of potentially toxic acrylamide in a variety of plant‐based food. To contribute to our knowledge about the levels of these precursors, we used ion‐exchange chromatography to measure free asparagine and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure free glucose, fructose, and sucrose in 9 potato varieties sold at retail in Italy and in 22 varieties sold in the United States. Asparagine levels (in mmol/kg of fresh wt) ranged from 1.17 for the Agata potatoes to 57.65 Russet potatoes, a 49.3‐fold variation from lowest to highest value. The corresponding levels for fructose ranged from 1.73 (Fingerling Ozette) to 33.63 (Red), a 19.4‐fold variation from the lowest to the highest value. For glucose, the concentration ranged from 1.11 (Jelli) to 34.73 (Yukon Gold B) potatoes, a 31.3‐fold variation from lowest to highest value. The corresponding values for sucrose ranged from 1.16 (Fingerling Ozette) to 40.61 (Marabel) potatoes, a 35fold variation. The American potato varieties Kennebec, White, and Fingerling Ozette and the Italian potato varieties Agria, Merit, and Marabel had very low levels of both asparagine and reducing sugars. The results may enable consumers, restaurants, and processors to select commercial potatoes with low levels of acrylamide precursors for baking or frying.     

Reducing sugars effect on available lysine loss of casein by moderate heat treatment

In order to investigate the effect of various reducing sugars on the available lysine loss by Maillard reaction, four model systems were prepared by mixing casein with glucose, fructose, lactose or maltose, followed by storage at 37 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. The available lysine contents were monitored periodically. Highest and lowest reaction rates were observed in the model systems containing glucose and fructose, respectively, at the three temperatures. The two disaccharides behaved very similarly, with reaction rates between those of the monosaccharides studied. The activation energies of glucose, lactose and maltose systems were similar (116–132 kJ mol⁻¹), while that of fructose was somewhat higher (166kJ mol⁻¹). This difference was supposed to be in part due to the different mechanism of tautomerization of fructose, highly dependent on temperature. Therefore, though the potential nutritional damage at moderate temperatures is lower when fructose is used instead of other reducing sugars, its higher activation energy can reverse the effect at higher temperatures.     

SIZE EXCLUSION HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMOTOGRAPHY OF WATER-EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS FROM HOT-PROCESSED, ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED PORK CARCASSES

The effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on both hot-processed, brine-chilled (BC) and conventionally processed (CON) pork loins were evaluated. Protein solubility changes from water extracts of treated pork longissimus were monitored by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC/HPLC) and the biuret protein reaction. Molecular weight profiles (SEC/HPLC) of water extracts from treated longissimus showed four major peaks that represent proteins with molecular weights greater than 10,000 daltons which were affected by ES. Electrical stimulation led to a decrease in the amount of proteins observed in these four peaks when the conventional method of chilling was employed. At the same time, an increase in smaller molecular weight compounds were observed (compounds < 10,000 daltons). Extractable biuret positive compounds showed no significant changes due to ES or method of chilling.